This study is based on evaluating different factors that affect country as a brand. As the brand should have proper positioning and differentiation strategies, the country should also stand for something different, unique, and should have proper positioning. The country identity and brand image has strong impact on its economy. Through literature review the major factors were identified that affect the brand image of the country, and its impact on the economy, as a result of consumer purchase intention towards its products and brands. The most important factor identified through literature were tourism, country exports, country policies, and the people of the country themselves. The study also recommends what a country governments and decision makers should do to make a country differentiated through its tourism, country policies, and through its communication strategies. As the differentiation strategies also should be aligned with the country core competencies, the recommendations are also based on country core competencies. The impact of these major factors are evaluated on the country exports, its tourism, its image, as on its economy.
{"title":"Creating a country brand identity: A Review of Literature","authors":"S. A. Saeed","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1227","url":null,"abstract":"This study is based on evaluating different factors that affect country as a brand. As the brand should have proper positioning and differentiation strategies, the country should also stand for something different, unique, and should have proper positioning. The country identity and brand image has strong impact on its economy. Through literature review the major factors were identified that affect the brand image of the country, and its impact on the economy, as a result of consumer purchase intention towards its products and brands. The most important factor identified through literature were tourism, country exports, country policies, and the people of the country themselves. The study also recommends what a country governments and decision makers should do to make a country differentiated through its tourism, country policies, and through its communication strategies. As the differentiation strategies also should be aligned with the country core competencies, the recommendations are also based on country core competencies. The impact of these major factors are evaluated on the country exports, its tourism, its image, as on its economy.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126031566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study estimates the impact of demand and supply side factors on the export performance of Pakistan. Using unrestricted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period 1971 to 2015, the study analyzes export performance using data both at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The study finds, firstly, that exports are elastic to changes in world income and relative export price at the aggregate level. Secondly, at a disaggregate level, only exports of manufactured goods, leather and cotton cloth are elastic with respect to world income. Similarly, demand for all export categories is inelastic to changes in relative export price. On the supply side, exports at both aggregate and disaggregate levels are significantly elastic to changes in domestic production capacity and relative price. The study concludes that demand and supply side factors are equally important in explaining the export behavior at the aggregate level, whereas at a disaggregated level, the supply side factors exercise relatively high impact on export performance.
{"title":"Estimated Export Demand and Supply Functions for Pakistan: A Disaggregated Analysis","authors":"Sayed Irshad Hussain, Ummad Mazhar","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.341","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates the impact of demand and supply side factors on the export performance of Pakistan. Using unrestricted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period 1971 to 2015, the study analyzes export performance using data both at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The study finds, firstly, that exports are elastic to changes in world income and relative export price at the aggregate level. Secondly, at a disaggregate level, only exports of manufactured goods, leather and cotton cloth are elastic with respect to world income. Similarly, demand for all export categories is inelastic to changes in relative export price. On the supply side, exports at both aggregate and disaggregate levels are significantly elastic to changes in domestic production capacity and relative price. The study concludes that demand and supply side factors are equally important in explaining the export behavior at the aggregate level, whereas at a disaggregated level, the supply side factors exercise relatively high impact on export performance.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134641405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to examine the economic corns of demutualization and gauge the stability and soundness of demutualized indexes and predict financial drivers of demutualization using Probit Extreme Bounds Analysis. The sample of the study includes 29 exchanges of the World. We find that demutualized exchanges are more attractive in case of hot and stable state markets than full-fledged local mutual exchanges. Conversely, market capitalization is categorized as a robust financial driver influencing exchanges propensity to demutualize. In addition, this study finds that demutualization of exchanges leads towards international alliances, market integration, unfold flourishing and growth avenues which enhance potential synergies between stock market related activities and therefore lead to stock market growth.
{"title":"Economic Corns of Demutualization of Exchanges: Predicting Robust Financial Drivers of Demutualization Using Probit Extreme Bounds Analysis","authors":"Abdul Wahid, Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1168","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the economic corns of demutualization and gauge the stability and soundness of demutualized indexes and predict financial drivers of demutualization using Probit Extreme Bounds Analysis. The sample of the study includes 29 exchanges of the World. We find that demutualized exchanges are more attractive in case of hot and stable state markets than full-fledged local mutual exchanges. Conversely, market capitalization is categorized as a robust financial driver influencing exchanges propensity to demutualize. In addition, this study finds that demutualization of exchanges leads towards international alliances, market integration, unfold flourishing and growth avenues which enhance potential synergies between stock market related activities and therefore lead to stock market growth.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"13 34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115076367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few consumers are developed plans to cheat or by-pass the given systems as well as bought items and returned those items after using few days. The major objective of this research study is to investigate the relation between individual birthplace ( i.e. rural birthplace, urban birthplace) and the consumer unethical behavior. The study also aims to determine the relationship among consumer unethical behavior, moral ideology, and urban birthplace. To meet the objectives of study, data have been obtained from 355 respondents that are living in Lahore and Gujranwala. The results reveal that moral ideology is influenced by rural birthplace as well as urban birthplace. However, the results also exhibit thatconsumers of rural birthplace are found more ethical than urban birthplace. The results show that the role of individual birthplace is not influenced byconsumer unethical behaviour(CUB)but has a statistically significant relationship with moral ideology.
{"title":"Investigating the connection between consumer unethical behaivour and birthplace: Evidence from Pakistan","authors":"Shahan Cheema, M. Ilyas, A. Hassan, Talha Butt","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.2310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.2310","url":null,"abstract":"Few consumers are developed plans to cheat or by-pass the given systems as well as bought items and returned those items after using few days. The major objective of this research study is to investigate the relation between individual birthplace ( i.e. rural birthplace, urban birthplace) and the consumer unethical behavior. The study also aims to determine the relationship among consumer unethical behavior, moral ideology, and urban birthplace. To meet the objectives of study, data have been obtained from 355 respondents that are living in Lahore and Gujranwala. The results reveal that moral ideology is influenced by rural birthplace as well as urban birthplace. However, the results also exhibit thatconsumers of rural birthplace are found more ethical than urban birthplace. The results show that the role of individual birthplace is not influenced byconsumer unethical behaviour(CUB)but has a statistically significant relationship with moral ideology.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131056808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CSR has been an important matter for companies; however, concerns about CSR issues are also intensified. Despite the prominence of CSR, research is yet to investigate how CSR practices influence customers purchase intentions. The study aims to investigate the CSR effect on purchase intention. It took step ahead to operationalize CSR into dimensions (social CSR, environmental CSR, and legal CSR) and evaluate each dimension to measure the impact on purchase intention. Secondly, mediating effect of satisfaction, commitment and trust is examined. Data is collected from cellular users of Telecom sector of Pakistan; convenience sampling technique is adopted with sample size of 327 individuals. EFA and CFA are conducted to evaluate factors whereas SEM is executed to test hypotheses. Findings showed significant relationship exists between CSR dimensions and purchase intention. Moreover, partial mediation exists between CSR dimensions and purchase intention. Result encourages mangers of Telecom sector to keep investing on CSR activities. Customers are inclined towards companies who practice CSR; it acts as a safety net buffer and protects companies from unpredictable negative events. Theoretically the present study made a number of contributions. Firstly, it examined the dimensions of CSR which previously taken as a one construct. Secondly, the effect of each dimension on purchase intention is evaluated. Future study can examine the impact of dimensions of CSR in other context such as: FMCG, mobile industry, hospitality sector, oil and gas, and chemical sector etc and proposed hypotheses can also be tested in developed economies by investigating the significance of social, ethical and legal assumptions in context of corporate social responsibility.
{"title":"Impact of Dimensions of CSR on Purchase Intention with Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction, Commitment and Trust","authors":"Farhina Hameed, A. Qayyum, Younus Awan","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.300","url":null,"abstract":"CSR has been an important matter for companies; however, concerns about CSR issues are also intensified. Despite the prominence of CSR, research is yet to investigate how CSR practices influence customers purchase intentions. The study aims to investigate the CSR effect on purchase intention. It took step ahead to operationalize CSR into dimensions (social CSR, environmental CSR, and legal CSR) and evaluate each dimension to measure the impact on purchase intention. Secondly, mediating effect of satisfaction, commitment and trust is examined. Data is collected from cellular users of Telecom sector of Pakistan; convenience sampling technique is adopted with sample size of 327 individuals. EFA and CFA are conducted to evaluate factors whereas SEM is executed to test hypotheses. Findings showed significant relationship exists between CSR dimensions and purchase intention. Moreover, partial mediation exists between CSR dimensions and purchase intention. Result encourages mangers of Telecom sector to keep investing on CSR activities. Customers are inclined towards companies who practice CSR; it acts as a safety net buffer and protects companies from unpredictable negative events. Theoretically the present study made a number of contributions. Firstly, it examined the dimensions of CSR which previously taken as a one construct. Secondly, the effect of each dimension on purchase intention is evaluated. Future study can examine the impact of dimensions of CSR in other context such as: FMCG, mobile industry, hospitality sector, oil and gas, and chemical sector etc and proposed hypotheses can also be tested in developed economies by investigating the significance of social, ethical and legal assumptions in context of corporate social responsibility.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123515566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study discusses the employees’ perception of performance appraisal in higher education institutes of Pakistan and the factors that affect the perception of fairness. The sample of the study comprised of 124 participants from the higher educational institutes in of Pakistan. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire designed for this study. The results suggest that effectiveness of the manager, perceived employee-manager relationship, frequency and quality of feedback given to the employee and setting up of clear expectations and goals, reflect positively on the perception of fairness in the performance appraisal system of an organization, thereby providing an insight on the effects of fairness of a performance management system on organizational relationships in the public sector context. The study will help expand organizational relationships for improved productivity and sustainability.
{"title":"PERCEPTION OF FAIRNESS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND ITS REFLECTION ON ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS","authors":"S. A. Mirza","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v20i1.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v20i1.250","url":null,"abstract":"The study discusses the employees’ perception of performance appraisal in higher education institutes of Pakistan and the factors that affect the perception of fairness. The sample of the study comprised of 124 participants from the higher educational institutes in of Pakistan. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire designed for this study. The results suggest that effectiveness of the manager, perceived employee-manager relationship, frequency and quality of feedback given to the employee and setting up of clear expectations and goals, reflect positively on the perception of fairness in the performance appraisal system of an organization, thereby providing an insight on the effects of fairness of a performance management system on organizational relationships in the public sector context. The study will help expand organizational relationships for improved productivity and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132487739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Like other developing countries, Pakistan also suffers from low saving base. Historically, foreign aid has played a crucial role in filling the gap between saving and investment in case of Pakistan, albeit with considerable volatility. We analyze the impact of foreign aid and its volatility in on economic growth in Pakistan over the period of 1974-2015; foreign aid effectiveness has been evaluated in the presence of sound macroeconomic policies by constructing an index of macroeconomic policy using principal component method. The study concluded that foreign aid and its volatility has negative impact on economic growth in Pakistan under currently prevailing macroeconomic policies. This study departs from existing studies in two ways. First, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach has been used in this study to control for potential endogenity related to aid inflow. Secondly, aid volatility, measured through Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, has been incorporated in aid-growth nexus to gauge its impact of growth performance of the country
{"title":"AID VOLATILITY, MACROECONOMIC POLICY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PAKISTAN","authors":"Sadia Mansoor","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.893","url":null,"abstract":"Like other developing countries, Pakistan also suffers from low saving base. Historically, foreign aid has played a crucial role in filling the gap between saving and investment in case of Pakistan, albeit with considerable volatility. We analyze the impact of foreign aid and its volatility in on economic growth in Pakistan over the period of 1974-2015; foreign aid effectiveness has been evaluated in the presence of sound macroeconomic policies by constructing an index of macroeconomic policy using principal component method. The study concluded that foreign aid and its volatility has negative impact on economic growth in Pakistan under currently prevailing macroeconomic policies. This study departs from existing studies in two ways. First, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach has been used in this study to control for potential endogenity related to aid inflow. Secondly, aid volatility, measured through Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, has been incorporated in aid-growth nexus to gauge its impact of growth performance of the country","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116317116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Employee Training is one of the leading contemporary human resource aspects, it is perfect approach leading towards effective employee development and is used as renowned technique for creating new leaders and enriching employee’s skills. Training is nowadays a no-way-option for almost all organizations. Training acts crucially at dual dimensions; it enhances employee performance and works on organizational development. This study plans to evaluate the role of training and training design and delivery towards the employee competencies leading to employee’s perceived performance in banking sector. Methodology: It is quantitative research with post-positivist approach. Data was collected from 152 bankers from different banks in Karachi through a survey questionnaire. Data was analyzed by applying descriptive analysis and statistical tests. Results: Results revealed that there exists substantial relationship between (IV-1) On-Job-Training, (IV-2) Training Design and Delivery and (DV) Perceived Performance, although (IV-3) Off-Job-Training proved as weak predictor. The study produced useful information for future researches.
{"title":"Role of Employee Training in Enhancing Perceived Performance through competencies in Services Industry- A Study of Pakistani Banking Sector","authors":"Saima Hussain, Faisal Qamar Soomro","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.2284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.2284","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Employee Training is one of the leading contemporary human resource aspects, it is perfect approach leading towards effective employee development and is used as renowned technique for creating new leaders and enriching employee’s skills. Training is nowadays a no-way-option for almost all organizations. Training acts crucially at dual dimensions; it enhances employee performance and works on organizational development. This study plans to evaluate the role of training and training design and delivery towards the employee competencies leading to employee’s perceived performance in banking sector. Methodology: It is quantitative research with post-positivist approach. Data was collected from 152 bankers from different banks in Karachi through a survey questionnaire. Data was analyzed by applying descriptive analysis and statistical tests. Results: Results revealed that there exists substantial relationship between (IV-1) On-Job-Training, (IV-2) Training Design and Delivery and (DV) Perceived Performance, although (IV-3) Off-Job-Training proved as weak predictor. The study produced useful information for future researches.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124295571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of trade credit financing used by listed manufacturing firms in Pakistan. For this purpose, balanced panel data are used that consist of 327 manufacturing firms listed on KSE Pakistan and time period from 2005 to 2013. Results of system GMM estimator applied on dynamic panel data set reveal that trade credit financing used by listed manufacturing firms is significantly affected by its first lag, trade credit extended to customers, availability of short term bank credit, their sales growth, profitability, creditworthiness, collateral and financial leverage. Positive coefficient for first lag of trade credit financing shows that firms’ trade credit financing is dynamic. The speed of making adjustment in trade credit financing is found relatively high due to low cost of making adjustment. Findings of this study has managerial implication for trade credit financing decision of listed manufacturing firms. For future research, investigation of the effect of financial development on trade credit financing behavior of firms is proposed.
{"title":"DETERMINANTS OF TRADE CREDIT FINANCING: CASE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS LISTED IN PAKISTAN","authors":"N. Ahmad, Talat Afza","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.1295","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of trade credit financing used by listed manufacturing firms in Pakistan. For this purpose, balanced panel data are used that consist of 327 manufacturing firms listed on KSE Pakistan and time period from 2005 to 2013. Results of system GMM estimator applied on dynamic panel data set reveal that trade credit financing used by listed manufacturing firms is significantly affected by its first lag, trade credit extended to customers, availability of short term bank credit, their sales growth, profitability, creditworthiness, collateral and financial leverage. Positive coefficient for first lag of trade credit financing shows that firms’ trade credit financing is dynamic. The speed of making adjustment in trade credit financing is found relatively high due to low cost of making adjustment. Findings of this study has managerial implication for trade credit financing decision of listed manufacturing firms. For future research, investigation of the effect of financial development on trade credit financing behavior of firms is proposed.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"39 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114006710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multilingualism has become a significant feature of today’s linguistic scenario. When languages are in contact, one of them tends to dominate the others on account of the role given or due to the attitude of the language users. Language contact results in language-mixing. Language-mixing in formal, written, corpora in Pakistan manifests the spread of English. The present study aimed to investigate frequency of the occurrence of language-mixing in Urdu newspapers. Thus it investigated the extent to which language-mixing is prevalent and the processes it takes when it occurs in Pakistani Urdu newspapers. Two Urdu newspapers (published in morning) were taken (from February 1 to 15, 2014) as sample. The data from Urdu newspapers for linguistic analysis were analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study showed that language-mixing is frequently done in Urdu newspapers and it takes various processes-insertion, hybridization and synthesis.
{"title":"PATTERNS AND PROCESSES OF LANGUAGE-MIXING IN PAKISTANI URDU NEWSPAPERS","authors":"Huma Akhtar, M. Fareed, Syed Muhammad Sajid Siraj","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v20i1.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v20i1.481","url":null,"abstract":"Multilingualism has become a significant feature of today’s linguistic scenario. When languages are in contact, one of them tends to dominate the others on account of the role given or due to the attitude of the language users. Language contact results in language-mixing. Language-mixing in formal, written, corpora in Pakistan manifests the spread of English. The present study aimed to investigate frequency of the occurrence of language-mixing in Urdu newspapers. Thus it investigated the extent to which language-mixing is prevalent and the processes it takes when it occurs in Pakistani Urdu newspapers. Two Urdu newspapers (published in morning) were taken (from February 1 to 15, 2014) as sample. The data from Urdu newspapers for linguistic analysis were analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the study showed that language-mixing is frequently done in Urdu newspapers and it takes various processes-insertion, hybridization and synthesis.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128023965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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