The study of the nature and character of the war has probably been the subject of research since the first organized clash between the two opposing groups. My purpose in this paper is to elaborate on specific aspects of evolution of nature and character of war. First, based on the analysis of different theories of study of war and warfare, which includes examination of how warfare has evolved over a long history, analyzing important issues related to evolution of war, consider different considerations specifically what was and is the catalyst for changes in the character of war vs. unchanging nature of war. It is important to analyze the evolution of warfare, regard to revolutions in military affairs and the analysis of four generations of war. Revolutions in the military affairs have analyzed the issue in three directions: technological development, doctrinal innovations, and orga-nizational adaptations, which have been an essential process in light of developments taking place in chronological order throughout the world. Four Generations War Analysis is catalysts for change to understand the real drivers of the generational shift. The discussion of the fourth generation of war leads to the important issue what we today call the dilemmas posed by modern warfare, which brought war into the abstract dimension. Military theorists such as Martin van Creveld, Mary Kaldor, and Max Boot, have analyzed and saw the nature and character of war from a new prism, but to this day abstract nature of war “fog of war” remain unexplained, unresolved issue for modern military theorist
{"title":"Evolution of war. Issues of variability or invariance of Nature and Character of War","authors":"Kakhaber Chapodze","doi":"10.33674/220199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/220199","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the nature and character of the war has probably been the\u0000subject of research since the first organized clash between the two opposing\u0000groups. My purpose in this paper is to elaborate on specific aspects\u0000of evolution of nature and character of war. First, based on the analysis\u0000of different theories of study of war and warfare, which includes\u0000examination of how warfare has evolved over a long history, analyzing\u0000important issues related to evolution of war, consider different considerations\u0000specifically what was and is the catalyst for changes in the character of war\u0000vs. unchanging nature of war. It is important to analyze the evolution of\u0000warfare, regard to revolutions in military affairs and the analysis of four\u0000generations of war. Revolutions in the military affairs have analyzed the issue\u0000in three directions: technological development, doctrinal innovations, and\u0000orga-nizational adaptations, which have been an essential process in light\u0000of developments taking place in chronological order throughout the world.\u0000Four Generations War Analysis is catalysts for change to understand the real\u0000drivers of the generational shift. The discussion of the fourth generation\u0000of war leads to the important issue what we today call the dilemmas posed by\u0000modern warfare, which brought war into the abstract dimension. Military\u0000theorists such as Martin van Creveld, Mary Kaldor, and Max Boot, have\u0000analyzed and saw the nature and character of war from a new prism, but to\u0000this day abstract nature of war “fog of war” remain unexplained, unresolved\u0000issue for modern military theorist","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116675131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstrakt: Mimo iż temat migracji ludności nie jest tematem nowym (występował już w przeszłości) jest zagadnienie aktualnym, gdyż nieprzerwanie tocząca się wojna w Syrii, niestabilna sytuacja w Afryce oraz we wschodniej części Europy nierzadko zmusza mieszkającą tam ludność do opuszczenia swojego miejsca zamieszkania i ucieczki. W artykule znajdujemy odwołanie do współczesnego kryzysu migracyjnego. Przedstawiono podstawowe terminy z zakresu migracji. W celu odpowiedniego wprowadzenia czytelnika w przedstawianą w artykule tematykę, zostały przytoczone różne definicje pojęcia migrant. Zaprezentowane zostały różnice w pojmowaniu takich pojęć jak: migracja, imigracja, emigracja, reemigracja, deportacja, uchodźstwo, repatriacja. Ukazano podstawowe rodzaje migracji, a także wskazano przyczyny i powody skłaniające migrantów do wyjazdu ze swojego kraju pochodzenia. Opisano migracje jako zjawisko, które jest znane od początków ludzkości nawet powody są podobne. Zmienia się jedynie natężenie zjawiska. Artykuł jest również próbą obalenia mitów związanych z zagrożeniem ze strony migrantów. Przedstawiono obawy jakie pojawiają się przy podejmowaniu decyzji o ewentualnym przyjmowaniu migrantów. Ukazano korzyści i ujemne strony wynikające z przyjmowania migrantów. W dalszej część artykułu zostały przedstawione terminy z zakresu terroryzmu. Autor próbuje ukazać wpływ migracji na zagrożenie terroryzmem i na jego wzrost na kontynencie europejskim. Przedstawiono również główne miejsca emigracji Polaków. W Polsce działają organy i instytucje, których głównym zadaniem jest przeciwdziałanie, zapobieganie oraz zwalczanie terroryzmu. Ukazano przestępstwo o charakterze terrorystycznym definiowane przez polski Kodeks karny. Mam nadzieje, że artykuł chociaż w małym stopniu przyczyni się do przybliżenia społeczeństwu zjawiska współczesnych migracji i terroryzmu. Abstract: Even though, the subject of the migration of population is not a new topic (it appeared in the past), it is still an up-to-date issue because such facts as the war in Syria uninterruptedly taking place, the unstable situation in Africa and in the eastern part of Europe, frequently force the people living there to leave their place of residence and escape. In this article we can find the reference to the contemporary migration crisis. The basic terms concerning migration have been presented. Different definition of the idea ‘migrant’ have been mentioned in order to introduce the reader appropriately to the topic presented in the article. The differences have been presented in understanding such ideas as: migration, immigration, emigration, re-emigration, deportation, refugee status and repatriation. The basic types of migration have been shown and the reasons for making migrants to leave the country of their origin have been indicated. Migration has been described as a phenomenon, which has been known since the beginning of mankind and even the reasons are similar. Only the intensity of this phenomenon
{"title":"ZWIĄZEK WSPÓŁCZESNYCH MIGRACJI Z ZAGROŻENIEM TERRORYZMEM W EUROPIE","authors":"Sylwia Sławińska","doi":"10.33674/220185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/220185","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrakt: \u0000Mimo iż temat migracji ludności nie jest tematem nowym (występował już \u0000w przeszłości) jest zagadnienie aktualnym, gdyż nieprzerwanie tocząca się wojna w Syrii, niestabilna sytuacja w Afryce oraz we wschodniej części Europy nierzadko zmusza mieszkającą tam ludność do opuszczenia swojego miejsca zamieszkania i ucieczki. \u0000W artykule znajdujemy odwołanie do współczesnego kryzysu migracyjnego. Przedstawiono podstawowe terminy z zakresu migracji. W celu odpowiedniego wprowadzenia czytelnika \u0000w przedstawianą w artykule tematykę, zostały przytoczone różne definicje pojęcia migrant. Zaprezentowane zostały różnice w pojmowaniu takich pojęć jak: migracja, imigracja, emigracja, reemigracja, deportacja, uchodźstwo, repatriacja. Ukazano podstawowe rodzaje migracji, a także wskazano przyczyny i powody skłaniające migrantów do wyjazdu ze swojego kraju pochodzenia. Opisano migracje jako zjawisko, które jest znane od początków ludzkości nawet powody są podobne. Zmienia się jedynie natężenie zjawiska. Artykuł jest również próbą obalenia mitów związanych z zagrożeniem ze strony migrantów. Przedstawiono obawy jakie pojawiają się przy podejmowaniu decyzji o ewentualnym przyjmowaniu migrantów. Ukazano korzyści i ujemne strony wynikające z przyjmowania migrantów. W dalszej część artykułu zostały przedstawione terminy z zakresu terroryzmu. Autor próbuje ukazać wpływ migracji na zagrożenie terroryzmem i na jego wzrost na kontynencie europejskim. Przedstawiono również główne miejsca emigracji Polaków. W Polsce działają organy i instytucje, których głównym zadaniem jest przeciwdziałanie, zapobieganie oraz zwalczanie terroryzmu. Ukazano przestępstwo o charakterze terrorystycznym definiowane przez polski Kodeks karny. Mam nadzieje, że artykuł chociaż w małym stopniu przyczyni się do przybliżenia społeczeństwu zjawiska współczesnych migracji i terroryzmu.\u0000\u0000\u0000Abstract: \u0000Even though, the subject of the migration of population is not a new topic (it appeared in the past), it is still an up-to-date issue because such facts as the war in Syria uninterruptedly taking place, the unstable situation in Africa and in the eastern part of Europe, frequently force the people living there to leave their place of residence and escape. In this article we can find the reference to the contemporary migration crisis. The basic terms concerning migration have been presented. Different definition of the idea ‘migrant’ have been mentioned in order to introduce the reader appropriately to the topic presented in the article. The differences have been presented in understanding such ideas as: migration, immigration, emigration, re-emigration, deportation, refugee status and repatriation. The basic types of migration have been shown and the reasons for making migrants to leave the country of their origin have been indicated. Migration has been described as a phenomenon, which has been known since the beginning of mankind and even the reasons are similar. Only the intensity of this phenomenon","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129141680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstrakt: Temat analizy dotyczy utożsamiania zjawisk migracji i terroryzmu w czasach współczesnych. Analizując powyższą problematykę autorka przybliżyła rys historyczny obu zjawisk, choć głównie skupiła się na czasach współczesnych. Celem badawczym analizy jest wskazanie podobieństw występujących w obu zjawiskach. W tym zakresie autorka wskazała na istotne fakty wpływające na natężenie migracji oraz terroryzmu. Przedstawiła również reakcje społeczeństw oraz instytucji państwowych, uwzględniając także stanowisko Unii Europejskiej. Niewątpliwie oba te zjawiska wpływają na politykę wewnętrzną i zagraniczną państw europejskich. Szczególnie w ostatnich latach zaostrzona została polityka wobec migrantów oraz terrorystów. Mimo to państwa mają problem związany z kontrolą procesów migracyjnych, co wiąże się z przenikaniem na terytorium państwa osób niepożądanych, w tym osób mających powiązania z organizacjami terrorystycznymi. Z całą pewnością są to interesujące zjawiska o charakterze społecznym i politycznym. Abstract: The analysis regards equation of migration and terrorism in modern times. When analysing the problem, I explained the historical overview of both phenomena, though my main focus was put on modern times. The objective of the analysis is to indicate the similarities occurring in both phenomena. Here, I have indicated the relevant facts influencing the intensity of migration and terrorism. I have also shown the reactions of societies and state institutions, including the position of the European Union. Undoubtedly, both phenomena influence the domestic and foreign policies of the European countries. Especially in the last years, the policy towards migrants and terrorists has been toughened. Nevertheless, the countries find it problematic to control the migration processes, which is connected with infiltration of unwanted persons to the territory of a country, including people connected with terrorist organisations. Most certainly, the aforementioned are very interesting phenomena of social and political nature.
{"title":"DLACZEGO SPOŁECZNOŚCI EUROPEJSKIE UTOŻSAMIAJĄ MIGRACJĘ ZE ZJAWISKIEM TERRORYZMU","authors":"Nicole Pietrzak","doi":"10.33674/220186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/220186","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrakt: \u0000Temat analizy dotyczy utożsamiania zjawisk migracji i terroryzmu w czasach współczesnych. Analizując powyższą problematykę autorka przybliżyła rys historyczny obu zjawisk, choć głównie skupiła się na czasach współczesnych. Celem badawczym analizy jest wskazanie podobieństw występujących w obu zjawiskach. W tym zakresie autorka wskazała na istotne fakty wpływające na natężenie migracji oraz terroryzmu. Przedstawiła również reakcje społeczeństw oraz instytucji państwowych, uwzględniając także stanowisko Unii Europejskiej. Niewątpliwie oba te zjawiska wpływają na politykę wewnętrzną i zagraniczną państw europejskich. Szczególnie w ostatnich latach zaostrzona została polityka wobec migrantów oraz terrorystów. Mimo to państwa mają problem związany z kontrolą procesów migracyjnych, co wiąże się z przenikaniem na terytorium państwa osób niepożądanych, w tym osób mających powiązania z organizacjami terrorystycznymi. Z całą pewnością są to interesujące zjawiska o charakterze społecznym i politycznym. \u0000\u0000\u0000Abstract: \u0000The analysis regards equation of migration and terrorism in modern times. When analysing the problem, I explained the historical overview of both phenomena, though my main focus was put on modern times. The objective of the analysis is to indicate the similarities occurring in both phenomena. Here, I have indicated the relevant facts influencing the intensity of migration and terrorism. I have also shown the reactions of societies and state institutions, including the position of the European Union. Undoubtedly, both phenomena influence the domestic and foreign policies of the European countries. Especially in the last years, the policy towards migrants and terrorists has been toughened. Nevertheless, the countries find it problematic to control the migration processes, which is connected with infiltration of unwanted persons to the territory of a country, including people connected with terrorist organisations. Most certainly, the aforementioned are very interesting phenomena of social and political nature.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117280235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artykuł przybliża kwestię rosyjskiej wojny hybrydowej przeciwko Ukrainie i jej agresywną strategię manipulowania obrazu Ukrainy na świecie. Autorzy zagłę-bili się w problem ujawniając rosyjską ingerencję w wewnętrzne sprawy Ukra-iny. Autorzy są zdania, iż agresja Rosji popierana jest ideologicznie przez wszystkie kraje tzw. rosyjskiego świata. W artykule podkreślono, że wspomina-ny „rosyjski świat”, ustanowiony na początku XXI w., jest nawiązaniem ideo-wym do tradycji panslawistycznego panowania w Europie. Zdaniem Autorów wojna hybrydowa prowadzona przeciwko Ukrainie od 2014 r. jest wyrazem realizowania idei „rosyjskiego świata”, a agresywna działalność Rosji stanowi zagrożenie dla sąsiednich państw i społeczności międzynarodowej The article discloses Russia’s hybrid warfare against Ukraine and its belliger-ent strategy to manipulate the Russians’ vision of Ukraine. The authors criti-cally delved into the problem of Russia’s justifying its aggression and interfer-ence in the internal affairs of Ukraine. The authors are convinced that Russia’s undeniable aggression was urged by the Russian World’s ideological and polit-ical practices. The authors emphasized that the Russian world, being officially established in early 21st century, developed and adjusted its tradition of pan Slavic domineering, which was propagated so far as in early 19th century. The authors as well as other scholars draw the conclusion that the Russia’s aggres-sion against Ukraine, waged out as a hybrid warfare in 2014 and resulted in the Russian World ideology, which main target is Ukraine, but, what is more important, Russia’s hybrid war poses the threat to both neighboring counties and the international community.
{"title":"Rosyjska wizja Ukrainy i Ukraińców przejawem wojny hybrydowej","authors":"Yuri Makar, Liudmila Novoskoltseva","doi":"10.33674/2201823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/2201823","url":null,"abstract":"Artykuł przybliża kwestię rosyjskiej wojny hybrydowej przeciwko Ukrainie i jej agresywną strategię manipulowania obrazu Ukrainy na świecie. Autorzy zagłę-bili się w problem ujawniając rosyjską ingerencję w wewnętrzne sprawy Ukra-iny. Autorzy są zdania, iż agresja Rosji popierana jest ideologicznie przez wszystkie kraje tzw. rosyjskiego świata. W artykule podkreślono, że wspomina-ny „rosyjski świat”, ustanowiony na początku XXI w., jest nawiązaniem ideo-wym do tradycji panslawistycznego panowania w Europie. Zdaniem Autorów wojna hybrydowa prowadzona przeciwko Ukrainie od 2014 r. jest wyrazem realizowania idei „rosyjskiego świata”, a agresywna działalność Rosji stanowi zagrożenie dla sąsiednich państw i społeczności międzynarodowej\u0000\u0000The article discloses Russia’s hybrid warfare against Ukraine and its belliger-ent strategy to manipulate the Russians’ vision of Ukraine. The authors criti-cally delved into the problem of Russia’s justifying its aggression and interfer-ence in the internal affairs of Ukraine. The authors are convinced that Russia’s undeniable aggression was urged by the Russian World’s ideological and polit-ical practices. The authors emphasized that the Russian world, being officially established in early 21st century, developed and adjusted its tradition of pan Slavic domineering, which was propagated so far as in early 19th century. The authors as well as other scholars draw the conclusion that the Russia’s aggres-sion against Ukraine, waged out as a hybrid warfare in 2014 and resulted in the Russian World ideology, which main target is Ukraine, but, what is more important, Russia’s hybrid war poses the threat to both neighboring counties and the international community.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129985489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Krzysztof Surdyk, Konflikt ukraiński w rozgrywkach geopolitycznych, Difin, Warszawa 2018,","authors":"Przemysław Furgacz","doi":"10.33674/2201824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/2201824","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132742422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hybrid wars of the modern times include aggressive economic actions aimed at diminishing the defender’s ability to counteract hostile attempts to achieve various military and political goals. The Russia-Ukraine confrontation delivers a good example of modern economic warfare. This paper reviews its basic methods and demonstrates that economic aggression comprises a very important component of Russia’s hostile strategy towards Ukraine. It also reveals some specific features of the Ukrainian economy that enable the economic aggression of Russia. The tools of economic warfare are presented as direct and indirect ones. Among the results of economic wars for Ukraine the following are emphasized: untying of Ukrainian economy from the Russian one, redirection of foreign trade towards the EU and Asia, acceleration of structural and economic reforms.
{"title":"ECONOMIC WARS WITHIN THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFRONTATION","authors":"S. Slukhai","doi":"10.33674/2201817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/2201817","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid wars of the modern times include aggressive economic actions aimed at diminishing the defender’s ability to counteract hostile attempts to achieve various military and political goals. The Russia-Ukraine confrontation delivers a good example of modern economic warfare. This paper reviews its basic methods and demonstrates that economic aggression comprises a very important component of Russia’s hostile strategy towards Ukraine. It also reveals some specific features of the Ukrainian economy that enable the economic aggression of Russia. The tools of economic warfare are presented as direct and indirect ones. Among the results of economic wars for Ukraine the following are emphasized: untying of Ukrainian economy from the Russian one, redirection of foreign trade towards the EU and Asia, acceleration of structural and economic reforms.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"268 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134159960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Three Seas concept has returned in Polish foreign policy in the form of regional projects implemented by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Covering primarily transport, energy security and digitization, but not forgetting about military security. The goal of jointly undertaken undertakings is to quickly catch up the region's many years of arrears with Western Europe. Twelve countries from the region, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, got involved in Three Seas stating that the agreement does not constitute competition for the EU or NATO. At many common points of this action differences arise due to personal interests of some countries. Polish-Lithuanian relations are part of the Three Seas project, which improved after a long time, after the presidential election in Lithuania won by Gitanas Nauseda. The first meetings of the presidents of Poland and Lithuania have already shown their similar positions on many issues concerning both countries. It is hope for further favourable development of bilateral and multilateral contacts in the region.
{"title":"IDEA TRÓJMORZA, A STOSUNKI POLSKO-LITEWSKIE (THE IDEA OF THE THREE SEAS AND POLISH-LITHUANIAN RELATIONS)","authors":"A. Czichos","doi":"10.33674/20194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/20194","url":null,"abstract":"The Three Seas concept has returned in Polish foreign policy in the form of regional projects implemented by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Covering primarily transport, energy security and digitization, but not forgetting about military security. The goal of jointly undertaken undertakings is to quickly catch up the region's many years of arrears with Western Europe. Twelve countries from the region, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, got involved in Three Seas stating that the agreement does not constitute competition for the EU or NATO. At many common points of this action differences arise due to personal interests of some countries. Polish-Lithuanian relations are part of the Three Seas project, which improved after a long time, after the presidential election in Lithuania won by Gitanas Nauseda. The first meetings of the presidents of Poland and Lithuania have already shown their similar positions on many issues concerning both countries. It is hope for further favourable development of bilateral and multilateral contacts in the region.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131024024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polemika dotycząca recenzji książki „Konflikt ukraiński w rozgrywkach geopolitycznych” napiszanej przez Leszka Sykulskiego","authors":"Krzysztof Sudryk","doi":"10.33674/2201826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/2201826","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128573435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.
{"title":"THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE","authors":"Wiktor Mozgin","doi":"10.33674/20193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/20193","url":null,"abstract":"Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123896626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been established and promoted the strong belief in the Georgian public, however also in the international community, that despite significant human, territorial and state loss, as well as psychological damage and failure Georgia experienced as a consequence of the 2008 conflict with Russia, the smaller country gained victory over the bigger one in terms of the information war. There is attempt in the paper to find out if the above-mentioned view has been argumented sufficiently, taking into consideration two major factors: 1. The EU-backed “Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia,” known informally as the “Tagliavini Report”, blaming Georgian former government of Mikheil Saakashvili „to fire the first shot” in the subsequent confrontation; 2. The smaller nation-state syndrome as of the victim in the conflictual interaction with the bigger one, playing important role not only in the Russian-Georgian, but also Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations.
{"title":"HAS GEORGIA WON THE INFORMATION WAR AGAINST RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN CONFLICT OF 2008?","authors":"Khatuna Chapichadze","doi":"10.33674/2201818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33674/2201818","url":null,"abstract":"There has been established and promoted the strong belief in the Georgian public, however also in the international community, that despite significant human, territorial and state loss, as well as psychological damage and failure Georgia experienced as a consequence of the 2008 conflict with Russia, the smaller country gained victory over the bigger one in terms of the information war. There is attempt in the paper to find out if the above-mentioned view has been argumented sufficiently, taking into consideration two major factors: 1. The EU-backed “Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia,” known informally as the “Tagliavini Report”, blaming Georgian former government of Mikheil Saakashvili „to fire the first shot” in the subsequent confrontation; 2. The smaller nation-state syndrome as of the victim in the conflictual interaction with the bigger one, playing important role not only in the Russian-Georgian, but also Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian relations.","PeriodicalId":256788,"journal":{"name":"Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122232158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：