Infectious and non-infectious diseases pose a tremendous challenge to global public health. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Early diagnosis of diseases can lead to effective control and early intervention of the patient's condition. Conventional approach for diseases diagnosis are including culture and microscopy, immunology (ELISA, fluorescent immunoassays, magnetic immunoassays, RIA, lateral flow immunoassays) and PCR have drawbacks like these are expensive, inaccurate, and require skilled technicians and time consuming process, especially for the earlier and rapid detection of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, quantum dot have attracted widespread attention due to its immense potential in the area of diagnostic medicine for early detection of disease without relying on visible symptoms. This is largely due to their unique optical properties such as high brightness, narrow emission band, and resistance to photo bleaching, multiplexing capacity, and high surface-to-volume ratio and this will make them excellent candidates for intracellular tracking, diagnostics, in vivo imaging, and therapeutic delivery. In this mini review, we examine recent advances in the diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases, which has based on quantum dot nanomaterial. The current state-of-the-art and most promising quantum dot based technologies, including, QD based Lateral Flow Immunoassay, Quantum dot-based paper strip devices, QD based biomarkers, QD based biosensor devices etc. Quantum dot based techniques, devices are promising accessories in modern biomedical applications, and these techniques will go to become the future of next-generation diagnostics.
{"title":"Quantum Dots in Diagnostics of Infectious and Non- Infectious Diseases: Current Scenario and Future Prospectus","authors":"K. Pr","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000258","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious and non-infectious diseases pose a tremendous challenge to global public health. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Early diagnosis of diseases can lead to effective control and early intervention of the patient's condition. Conventional approach for diseases diagnosis are including culture and microscopy, immunology (ELISA, fluorescent immunoassays, magnetic immunoassays, RIA, lateral flow immunoassays) and PCR have drawbacks like these are expensive, inaccurate, and require skilled technicians and time consuming process, especially for the earlier and rapid detection of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, quantum dot have attracted widespread attention due to its immense potential in the area of diagnostic medicine for early detection of disease without relying on visible symptoms. This is largely due to their unique optical properties such as high brightness, narrow emission band, and resistance to photo bleaching, multiplexing capacity, and high surface-to-volume ratio and this will make them excellent candidates for intracellular tracking, diagnostics, in vivo imaging, and therapeutic delivery. In this mini review, we examine recent advances in the diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases, which has based on quantum dot nanomaterial. The current state-of-the-art and most promising quantum dot based technologies, including, QD based Lateral Flow Immunoassay, Quantum dot-based paper strip devices, QD based biomarkers, QD based biosensor devices etc. Quantum dot based techniques, devices are promising accessories in modern biomedical applications, and these techniques will go to become the future of next-generation diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130485832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antibiotic resistant pathogens spread through food are a public health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance and to investigate the presence of genes that produce antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from pounded yam collected from five sites in Yenagoa, Nigeria (Swali, Amarata, Kpansia, Tombia, and Akenfa). The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to examine antibiotic susceptibility to nine antibiotics (Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin and Tetracyclin), and the PCR method was utilized to find the blaTEM and mecA genes. A total of 150 pounded yam samples were collected and analyzed. Shigella spp, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, and Escherichia coli are among the bacteria that were recovered from the pounded yam samples. Except for Pseudomonas spp., all tested positive for multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more tested antibiotics), with the majority of these antibiotics being Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin. The Escherichia coli isolated from the street-vended pounded yam exhibited multidrug resistance against Ampicillin (37.5%), Erythromycin (43.8), Gentamycin (34.4), Streptomycin (21.9) and Tetracyclin (40.6). Bacillus spp also showed multidrug resistance against Chloramphenicol (36.4), Ammpicillin (36.4), Erythromycin (45.5), Gentamycin (36.4), Nitrofuratoin (36.4), Streptomycin (27.3) and Tetracyclin (36.4). Inhibition zones against Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin were clearly visible in Pseudomonas spp (100, 96.4, 64.3, 50.0, 82.1, 75.0, 64.3, 92.9, and 50.0% respectively). The highest resistance by number of bacterial isolates was found in Erythromycin (6 isolates showed resistance), followed by Tetracyclin (5 isolates showed resistance). Ampicillin and Streptomycin resistance was present in four isolates. Three representative isolates were selected for molecular identification of blaTEM and mecA which were amplified at 600bp and 500bp respectively. These genes were responsible for the antibiotic resistance seen in the isolates. According to this study, the pounded yam samples that were evaluated had food-borne disease strains that are multidrug resistant and a danger to the general public's health. The findings cast doubt on the quality of foods sold on the streets of Yenagoa, Nigeria.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Detection of Blatem and MecA Genes in Bacteria Isolated from Street Vended Pounded Yam in Yenagoa, Nigeria","authors":"Ajumobi Ve","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000260","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistant pathogens spread through food are a public health concern. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antibiotic resistance and to investigate the presence of genes that produce antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from pounded yam collected from five sites in Yenagoa, Nigeria (Swali, Amarata, Kpansia, Tombia, and Akenfa). The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to examine antibiotic susceptibility to nine antibiotics (Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin and Tetracyclin), and the PCR method was utilized to find the blaTEM and mecA genes. A total of 150 pounded yam samples were collected and analyzed. Shigella spp, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, and Escherichia coli are among the bacteria that were recovered from the pounded yam samples. Except for Pseudomonas spp., all tested positive for multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more tested antibiotics), with the majority of these antibiotics being Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin. The Escherichia coli isolated from the street-vended pounded yam exhibited multidrug resistance against Ampicillin (37.5%), Erythromycin (43.8), Gentamycin (34.4), Streptomycin (21.9) and Tetracyclin (40.6). Bacillus spp also showed multidrug resistance against Chloramphenicol (36.4), Ammpicillin (36.4), Erythromycin (45.5), Gentamycin (36.4), Nitrofuratoin (36.4), Streptomycin (27.3) and Tetracyclin (36.4). Inhibition zones against Augmentin, Ofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Streptomycin, and Tetracyclin were clearly visible in Pseudomonas spp (100, 96.4, 64.3, 50.0, 82.1, 75.0, 64.3, 92.9, and 50.0% respectively). The highest resistance by number of bacterial isolates was found in Erythromycin (6 isolates showed resistance), followed by Tetracyclin (5 isolates showed resistance). Ampicillin and Streptomycin resistance was present in four isolates. Three representative isolates were selected for molecular identification of blaTEM and mecA which were amplified at 600bp and 500bp respectively. These genes were responsible for the antibiotic resistance seen in the isolates. According to this study, the pounded yam samples that were evaluated had food-borne disease strains that are multidrug resistant and a danger to the general public's health. The findings cast doubt on the quality of foods sold on the streets of Yenagoa, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123392917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The availability of genetic resource provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop new cultivars with desirable characteristics and these characteristics encompass various traits preferred by farmers (high yield potential, larger seed size, etc) as well as traits favored by breeders (pests and disease resistance). Genetic resources are also essential for conservation, as they provide a basis for identifying threatened species and developing conservation strategies. Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is an underutilized perennial herb with bluish-black tuberous rhizome having the characteristic of aromatic and medicinal properties. There is an ample genetic diversity of Curcuma plants with medicinal importance around the world. Authentication and ensuring the genuineness of Curcuma are crucial aspects for marker-based analysis. Therefore, genetic variation serves as the base for the identification and characterisation of the plants. Molecular marker technology is widely used in genetic diversity analysis, germplasm resource identification, and molecular marker-assisted breeding technique. Multiple molecular markers have been used for characterization and identification of species for its sustainable utilization and conservation. The molecular investigation, which involves techniques like RAPD, SCAR, ISSR, and AFLP for fingerprinting, plays a crucial role in establishing molecular markers to assess the authenticity and diversity of plant species. Various marker analyses have demonstrated a significant degree of genetic variation among the species and these patterns tend to differ due to environmental influences and genetic factors. This review facilitates a complete information about the molecularassisted genetic diversity study of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Black turmeric) which may be used as a database while exploring the diversity analysis.
{"title":"Molecular Marker Based Genetic Diversity Study of Curcuma Caesia Roxb. – A Mini Review","authors":"Sahoo S","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000266","url":null,"abstract":"The availability of genetic resource provides an opportunity for plant breeders to develop new cultivars with desirable characteristics and these characteristics encompass various traits preferred by farmers (high yield potential, larger seed size, etc) as well as traits favored by breeders (pests and disease resistance). Genetic resources are also essential for conservation, as they provide a basis for identifying threatened species and developing conservation strategies. Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) is an underutilized perennial herb with bluish-black tuberous rhizome having the characteristic of aromatic and medicinal properties. There is an ample genetic diversity of Curcuma plants with medicinal importance around the world. Authentication and ensuring the genuineness of Curcuma are crucial aspects for marker-based analysis. Therefore, genetic variation serves as the base for the identification and characterisation of the plants. Molecular marker technology is widely used in genetic diversity analysis, germplasm resource identification, and molecular marker-assisted breeding technique. Multiple molecular markers have been used for characterization and identification of species for its sustainable utilization and conservation. The molecular investigation, which involves techniques like RAPD, SCAR, ISSR, and AFLP for fingerprinting, plays a crucial role in establishing molecular markers to assess the authenticity and diversity of plant species. Various marker analyses have demonstrated a significant degree of genetic variation among the species and these patterns tend to differ due to environmental influences and genetic factors. This review facilitates a complete information about the molecularassisted genetic diversity study of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Black turmeric) which may be used as a database while exploring the diversity analysis.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129229778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intravenous (IV)-bolus administered vancomycin-D-arginine (STM-001) was previously shown to be effective against E. coli in a mouse model of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) at a putative low, humanized-dose. Herein, we investigated if a switch in its route of administration from IV to SC during a 3-day treatment window, could still maintain the conjugate's antimicrobial effects. Mice were treated with IV STM-001, BID at 50 mg/kg four days following infection driven by a carbapenem-resistant E. coli (NDM-1 positive) strain. Thereafter, identical treatment was maintained with IV or switched to SC on days 5 and 6 or just during day 6. Bacterial burdens in urine were determined kinetically as well as in various organs on day 7. As compared to vehicle groups which ranged throughout from log10 mean (± SEM) of 4.79 ± 0.51 to log10 mean (± SEM) of 5.56 ± 0.53 CFU/mL urine), SC STM-001 treatment groups reduced urinary burden to log10 mean (± SEM) from of 1.89 ± 0.33 to log10 mean (± SEM) 2.47 ± 0.47 CFU/mL, (p < 0.05 Cf. to vehicle), very similar to IV treatment throughout. In kidney, bladder, liver and spleen, irrespective of the mode of administration, STM-001 was highly effective in lowering bacterial load from baseline, ranging from mean log10 1.4 to 2.65 CFU/tissue reductions (p < 0.05). These data underscore the promise of SC-administered STM-001 as an alternative parenteral route to IV administration in the effective targeting of highly resistant E. coli strains. STM-001 could represent an attractive clinical candidate for outpatient subcutaneous antimicrobial therapy (OSCAT) in contrast with demanding outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) to treat cUTIs in the clinic.
{"title":"Switch from IV to SC Administration of Vancomycin-D-Arginine (STM-001) Maintains Effectivity to Combat NDM-1 E. Coli Burden in a Murine Model of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI)","authors":"Neville Lf","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000267","url":null,"abstract":"Intravenous (IV)-bolus administered vancomycin-D-arginine (STM-001) was previously shown to be effective against E. coli in a mouse model of complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) at a putative low, humanized-dose. Herein, we investigated if a switch in its route of administration from IV to SC during a 3-day treatment window, could still maintain the conjugate's antimicrobial effects. Mice were treated with IV STM-001, BID at 50 mg/kg four days following infection driven by a carbapenem-resistant E. coli (NDM-1 positive) strain. Thereafter, identical treatment was maintained with IV or switched to SC on days 5 and 6 or just during day 6. Bacterial burdens in urine were determined kinetically as well as in various organs on day 7. As compared to vehicle groups which ranged throughout from log10 mean (± SEM) of 4.79 ± 0.51 to log10 mean (± SEM) of 5.56 ± 0.53 CFU/mL urine), SC STM-001 treatment groups reduced urinary burden to log10 mean (± SEM) from of 1.89 ± 0.33 to log10 mean (± SEM) 2.47 ± 0.47 CFU/mL, (p < 0.05 Cf. to vehicle), very similar to IV treatment throughout. In kidney, bladder, liver and spleen, irrespective of the mode of administration, STM-001 was highly effective in lowering bacterial load from baseline, ranging from mean log10 1.4 to 2.65 CFU/tissue reductions (p < 0.05). These data underscore the promise of SC-administered STM-001 as an alternative parenteral route to IV administration in the effective targeting of highly resistant E. coli strains. STM-001 could represent an attractive clinical candidate for outpatient subcutaneous antimicrobial therapy (OSCAT) in contrast with demanding outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) to treat cUTIs in the clinic.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132984504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was conducted to determine the effects of Ficus exasparata (sand paper plant) on albino mice experimentally infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei. The mice were grouped into four of five mice each. The mice in groups A,B, and C were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei berghei while those in the group D were not inoculated with the parasite to serve as the control group. Group A and B were treated with the ethanoic leaf extract of Ficus exasparata with 100mg/body weight/day and 200mg/body weight/day respectively for six days after inoculation with the parasite. The extract significantly suppressed the malaria parasite in the treated groups when compared with the control group. Phytochemical analysis of Ficus exasparata showed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoid, Saponins and Glycosides. The statistical tool used was Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC). The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between doses 100mg and 200mg, but there was a significant suppression of the parasite. It is therefore concluded, that Ficus exasparata extract is capable of treating infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei.
{"title":"Potency of Ficus Exasparata Leaf Extract on Albino Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei Berghei","authors":"Dominic Aa","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000261","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to determine the effects of Ficus exasparata (sand paper plant) on albino mice experimentally infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei. The mice were grouped into four of five mice each. The mice in groups A,B, and C were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei berghei while those in the group D were not inoculated with the parasite to serve as the control group. Group A and B were treated with the ethanoic leaf extract of Ficus exasparata with 100mg/body weight/day and 200mg/body weight/day respectively for six days after inoculation with the parasite. The extract significantly suppressed the malaria parasite in the treated groups when compared with the control group. Phytochemical analysis of Ficus exasparata showed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoid, Saponins and Glycosides. The statistical tool used was Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMC). The statistical analysis showed no significant difference between doses 100mg and 200mg, but there was a significant suppression of the parasite. It is therefore concluded, that Ficus exasparata extract is capable of treating infection with Plasmodium berghei berghei.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114649705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Big animals, including non-human primates, livestock, and dogs, play crucial roles in biomedical research and are crucial suppliers of meat and milk. Tropical regions' livestock performance has been hampered by environmental factors that promote the growth of parasites and illnesses and create heat stress in livestock. Heat stress interferes with an animal's ability to maintain homeostasis, which has an adverse effect on the meat and milk quality. In the tropical regions, a number of tactics have been used in an effort to get over these obstacles, but there are still no concrete answers in place. Biotechnologies have had a significant impact on cattle production in tropical nations during the past 20 years, including in vitro fertilization and genomic selection. The cutting-edge instrument in the cattle production toolbox is genome editing (GnEd). In breeding programs for tropical cattle, the potential to boost the genetic advantage in fewer generations through genome editing and genomic selection.
{"title":"Revolutionizing Livestock Breeding: The Power of Genome Editing in Cattle Farming","authors":"Borawake Sk","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000262","url":null,"abstract":"Big animals, including non-human primates, livestock, and dogs, play crucial roles in biomedical research and are crucial suppliers of meat and milk. Tropical regions' livestock performance has been hampered by environmental factors that promote the growth of parasites and illnesses and create heat stress in livestock. Heat stress interferes with an animal's ability to maintain homeostasis, which has an adverse effect on the meat and milk quality. In the tropical regions, a number of tactics have been used in an effort to get over these obstacles, but there are still no concrete answers in place. Biotechnologies have had a significant impact on cattle production in tropical nations during the past 20 years, including in vitro fertilization and genomic selection. The cutting-edge instrument in the cattle production toolbox is genome editing (GnEd). In breeding programs for tropical cattle, the potential to boost the genetic advantage in fewer generations through genome editing and genomic selection.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms are bacteria and fungi associated with the plant holobiont that can positively affect the health and growth of plants. Their beneficial activity is associated with a mixture of organic compounds produced and released outside the cell, including phytohormones such as auxins and auxin-related compounds. This mini-review describes the importance of using microbial exo-metabolites as postbiotics for developing innovative second-generation plant biostimulants for sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Importance of Microbial Exo-Metabolites as Postbiotics for Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"Luziatelli F, N. A, Nardilli F, Ruzzi M","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000257","url":null,"abstract":"Plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms are bacteria and fungi associated with the plant holobiont that can positively affect the health and growth of plants. Their beneficial activity is associated with a mixture of organic compounds produced and released outside the cell, including phytohormones such as auxins and auxin-related compounds. This mini-review describes the importance of using microbial exo-metabolites as postbiotics for developing innovative second-generation plant biostimulants for sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121544411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic identification and differentiation of typical coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) and atypical coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) from other Staphylococci isolated form bovine milk. Out of 111 milk samples, 67 Staphylococcus strains were isolated, phenotypically, based on resistance to Acriflavine; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was detected in 44 isolates of them (30 CPSA strains and 14 CNSA strains). Twenty five from CPSA and 5 from CNSA isolates were positive for slime production on Congo red agar plates. Genotypically, the all five tested typical Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) as well as three atypical Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) strains encoded all investigated genes (nuc, spa-x and clfA), while the other two atypical CNSA strains, one encoded only nuc gene and the other encoded both nuc and clfA genes. Acriflavine sensitivity test must be included in the routine of phenotypic identification S. aureus as the gold method together with tube coagulase test. PCR analysis is most important confirmation method by detection of nuc gene. Genotypically both typical and atypical S. aureus isolates are virulent. Typical and atypical S. aureus isolated from isolated from bovine milk samples sold in dairy shops were with higher percentage than subclinical mastitic milk samples threating public health hazard. Attention must be paid toward detection and identification of atypical tube coagulase negative S. aureus strains.
{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Identification of Typical and Atypical Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Bovine Milk Samples","authors":"Hamouda Sm","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000254","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic identification and differentiation of typical coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) and atypical coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) from other Staphylococci isolated form bovine milk. Out of 111 milk samples, 67 Staphylococcus strains were isolated, phenotypically, based on resistance to Acriflavine; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was detected in 44 isolates of them (30 CPSA strains and 14 CNSA strains). Twenty five from CPSA and 5 from CNSA isolates were positive for slime production on Congo red agar plates. Genotypically, the all five tested typical Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) as well as three atypical Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) strains encoded all investigated genes (nuc, spa-x and clfA), while the other two atypical CNSA strains, one encoded only nuc gene and the other encoded both nuc and clfA genes. Acriflavine sensitivity test must be included in the routine of phenotypic identification S. aureus as the gold method together with tube coagulase test. PCR analysis is most important confirmation method by detection of nuc gene. Genotypically both typical and atypical S. aureus isolates are virulent. Typical and atypical S. aureus isolated from isolated from bovine milk samples sold in dairy shops were with higher percentage than subclinical mastitic milk samples threating public health hazard. Attention must be paid toward detection and identification of atypical tube coagulase negative S. aureus strains.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132538923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus) is a perennial medicinal plant with record of relevance in folkloric and modern medicine. Its root, stem-bark, and the leaves have been focused upon in many researches. However, little has been documented about the antibacterial effect of the inflore-infructescence part of the plant compared to the leaf which is mostly used. An in vitro antibacterial potential of the leaf and the inflore-infructescence was comparatively assessed by the agar-well diffusion method on eight bacterial isolates namely; Escherichia coli (ECO), Bacillus cereus (BAC), klebsiella aerogens (KLE), Proteus vulgaris (PRO), Staphylococcus aureus (STA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSD), Salmonella typhi (TYP), and Moraxella catarrhalis (MOR). The results showed that the pattern of antibacterial activity of the leaf extract was; BAC > TYP > ECO > KLE (26.67±1.15a , 22.67±2.31b , 20.67±1.15c , and 13.33±1.15d ) while PSD, STA, PRO, and MOR were resistant. The inflore-infructescence presented the order; BAC > MOR > ECO > TYP > KLE (31.33 ± 1.15a, 26.67 ± 1.15b, 25.33 ± 0.58b, 23.33 ± 1.15c, and 21.33 ± 1.15d). PSD, STA and PRO were resistant to both extracts. Inhibition zones from the test isolates were significantly higher in the inflore-infructescence assay than the leaf while the Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MICs) were lower in the infloreinfructescence assay (0.049 mg/mL – 1.563 mg/mL) than the leaf (0.049 mg/mL – 6.25 mg/mL). The extracts and some of the commercial antibiotics (septrin and amoxicillin) had no inhibitory effect on PSD. ECO was resistant to all the tested antibiotics but highly sensitive to the test extracts while PRO was highly resistant both to the extracts in this study and all the antibiotics in the control experiment. It was concluded that ethanolic extracts of the inflore-infructescence of P. alliacea in this study demonstrated a significant antibacterial activity higher than the leaf while the duo’s activities compared to that of the control commercial antibiotics.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of InfloreInfructescence and Leaf of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae)","authors":"Arogbodo Jo","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000250","url":null,"abstract":"Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus) is a perennial medicinal plant with record of relevance in folkloric and modern medicine. Its root, stem-bark, and the leaves have been focused upon in many researches. However, little has been documented about the antibacterial effect of the inflore-infructescence part of the plant compared to the leaf which is mostly used. An in vitro antibacterial potential of the leaf and the inflore-infructescence was comparatively assessed by the agar-well diffusion method on eight bacterial isolates namely; Escherichia coli (ECO), Bacillus cereus (BAC), klebsiella aerogens (KLE), Proteus vulgaris (PRO), Staphylococcus aureus (STA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSD), Salmonella typhi (TYP), and Moraxella catarrhalis (MOR). The results showed that the pattern of antibacterial activity of the leaf extract was; BAC > TYP > ECO > KLE (26.67±1.15a , 22.67±2.31b , 20.67±1.15c , and 13.33±1.15d ) while PSD, STA, PRO, and MOR were resistant. The inflore-infructescence presented the order; BAC > MOR > ECO > TYP > KLE (31.33 ± 1.15a, 26.67 ± 1.15b, 25.33 ± 0.58b, 23.33 ± 1.15c, and 21.33 ± 1.15d). PSD, STA and PRO were resistant to both extracts. Inhibition zones from the test isolates were significantly higher in the inflore-infructescence assay than the leaf while the Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MICs) were lower in the infloreinfructescence assay (0.049 mg/mL – 1.563 mg/mL) than the leaf (0.049 mg/mL – 6.25 mg/mL). The extracts and some of the commercial antibiotics (septrin and amoxicillin) had no inhibitory effect on PSD. ECO was resistant to all the tested antibiotics but highly sensitive to the test extracts while PRO was highly resistant both to the extracts in this study and all the antibiotics in the control experiment. It was concluded that ethanolic extracts of the inflore-infructescence of P. alliacea in this study demonstrated a significant antibacterial activity higher than the leaf while the duo’s activities compared to that of the control commercial antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134255889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic is the most severe public health challenge the world has encountered. Although necessary precautions laid by the government are being followed to control the spread of the disease, vaccination is the only long-term answer to such a global issue. The COVID-19 vaccines have been rapidly developed and approved for emergency use. However, many people were hesitant to vaccinate against COVID-19 which reduced the success rate of vaccination programs. Through this research, we aim to study the reasons contributing to vaccine hesitancy and their probability of occurrence amongst the Indian population. A survey focusing on vaccine hesitancy and side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine was conducted and the data obtained were analyzed to understand the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy and the impact of side effects on the vaccination drive. The hesitation of people towards getting vaccinated revolves around a variety of aspects including, brand name, lack of confidence in vaccines and vaccination drive, conspiracy theories, educational and socio-economic status, underlying health issues, etc. Of notice, concern about side effects, and possible long-term side effects were the most important determinants. The severity of the short-term effects was found to be very low, implying that vaccination is completely safe and that people should get vaccinated against this virus as soon as possible and should not worry about side effects that are milder and shortlived. However, the real scenario of long-term side effects cannot be determined for now.
{"title":"Evaluation of Vaccine Hesitancy and the Influence of Side Effects on Vaccination Drive amidst Covid-19 Pandemic in India","authors":"Rawal Mk","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000248","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is the most severe public health challenge the world has encountered. Although necessary precautions laid by the government are being followed to control the spread of the disease, vaccination is the only long-term answer to such a global issue. The COVID-19 vaccines have been rapidly developed and approved for emergency use. However, many people were hesitant to vaccinate against COVID-19 which reduced the success rate of vaccination programs. Through this research, we aim to study the reasons contributing to vaccine hesitancy and their probability of occurrence amongst the Indian population. A survey focusing on vaccine hesitancy and side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine was conducted and the data obtained were analyzed to understand the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy and the impact of side effects on the vaccination drive. The hesitation of people towards getting vaccinated revolves around a variety of aspects including, brand name, lack of confidence in vaccines and vaccination drive, conspiracy theories, educational and socio-economic status, underlying health issues, etc. Of notice, concern about side effects, and possible long-term side effects were the most important determinants. The severity of the short-term effects was found to be very low, implying that vaccination is completely safe and that people should get vaccinated against this virus as soon as possible and should not worry about side effects that are milder and shortlived. However, the real scenario of long-term side effects cannot be determined for now.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134289764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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