Introduction: Breast cancer is a type of cancer developed in the breast organ. Breast cancer occurs when breast tissue cells get out of the control of the cell cycle checkpoints and proliferate abnormally. Breast cancer rates are rising in developing Asian countries, especially Iran. Identifying people with early-stage breast cancer is of great importance, as it can prevent death. Materials & Methods: Data were extracted on the variables of height, weight, breast cancer stage, and body mass index (BMI) related to 109 female patients under treatment for breast cancer who had visited Namazi hospital, Shiraz, during the early stages of the symptoms between the years 2017-2019. In this study, the ANOVA test was used to compare the mean BMI scores at different breast cancer stages. Results: Our results showed a significant difference between mean BMI and breast cancer stage. As the stage of breast cancer in patients increased, the BMI increased as well. Entering advanced stages of breast cancer greatly increased the BMI. Age had no effect on the increase or decrease of BMI. Individuals with BMIs above 30 had stages 3 and 4 of breast cancer (P≤0.5). Discussion: Increased BMI and obesity are prognostic factors for advanced breast cancer stages and the mortality resulting from it. Therefore, early detection of the disease is an essential factor for prevention.
{"title":"Association between Weight, Body Mass Index, and Breast Cancer Stage in Iranian Women","authors":"Zarei A","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000245","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Breast cancer is a type of cancer developed in the breast organ. Breast cancer occurs when breast tissue cells get out of the control of the cell cycle checkpoints and proliferate abnormally. Breast cancer rates are rising in developing Asian countries, especially Iran. Identifying people with early-stage breast cancer is of great importance, as it can prevent death. Materials & Methods: Data were extracted on the variables of height, weight, breast cancer stage, and body mass index (BMI) related to 109 female patients under treatment for breast cancer who had visited Namazi hospital, Shiraz, during the early stages of the symptoms between the years 2017-2019. In this study, the ANOVA test was used to compare the mean BMI scores at different breast cancer stages. Results: Our results showed a significant difference between mean BMI and breast cancer stage. As the stage of breast cancer in patients increased, the BMI increased as well. Entering advanced stages of breast cancer greatly increased the BMI. Age had no effect on the increase or decrease of BMI. Individuals with BMIs above 30 had stages 3 and 4 of breast cancer (P≤0.5). Discussion: Increased BMI and obesity are prognostic factors for advanced breast cancer stages and the mortality resulting from it. Therefore, early detection of the disease is an essential factor for prevention.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132619906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbes in general and fungi especially are promising biotechnological tools that are used for green synthesis of numerous products. Fungi in particular are potent producers of many industrially important compounds. β-Glucans are a group of biologically-active fibres or polysaccharides from natural sources with proven medical significance. β-Glucans are known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating activities. On the other hand, cyclosporin is a cyclic undecapeptide with a variety of biological activities including immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. It is an extremely powerful immunosuppressant and is approved for the use in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection in kidney, liver, heart, lung, and combined heart–lung transplants. Hence, this review aims to focus on β-glucan as immunostimulatory and Cyclosporine A as Immunosuppressants
{"title":"Fungi between Immunostimulatory and Immunosuppressive","authors":"Elkhateeb Wa","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000239","url":null,"abstract":"Microbes in general and fungi especially are promising biotechnological tools that are used for green synthesis of numerous products. Fungi in particular are potent producers of many industrially important compounds. β-Glucans are a group of biologically-active fibres or polysaccharides from natural sources with proven medical significance. β-Glucans are known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating activities. On the other hand, cyclosporin is a cyclic undecapeptide with a variety of biological activities including immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. It is an extremely powerful immunosuppressant and is approved for the use in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection in kidney, liver, heart, lung, and combined heart–lung transplants. Hence, this review aims to focus on β-glucan as immunostimulatory and Cyclosporine A as Immunosuppressants","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122070668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small open reading frames play important roles in growth and development regulation in plant species. However, their sequences and functions remain poorly understood in many plant species including Cucumis sativus which is Asia's fourth most important vegetable. The breeding of climate-resilient cucumbers is of great importance to ensure their sustainability under extreme climate conditions. In this study, we aim to predict the intergenic sORFs from C. sativus var. hardwickii and determine their expression profiles in transcriptome datasets. We identified a total of 50,191 coding sORFs from var. hardwickii genome. In addition, 1,311 transcribed sORFs were detected in RNA-seq datasets of var. hardwickii and shared homology to sequences deposited in the cucumber EST database, and among these, 91 transcribed sORFs with translation potential were detected. The findings of this study provide insight into sequence diversity and expression patterns of sORFs in C. sativus, which could help in developing climate-resilient cucumbers.
小型开放阅读框在植物生长发育调控中起着重要作用。然而，在包括亚洲第四大蔬菜黄瓜在内的许多植物物种中，它们的序列和功能仍然知之甚少。培育适应气候变化的黄瓜对保证其在极端气候条件下的可持续性具有重要意义。在这项研究中，我们的目的是预测C. sativus var. hardwickii的基因间sorf，并确定它们在转录组数据集中的表达谱。我们从var. hardwickii基因组中共鉴定出50,191个编码sorf。此外，在var. hardwickii的RNA-seq数据集中，检测到1311个转录的sorf与黄瓜EST数据库中存储的序列具有同源性，其中91个转录的sorf具有翻译潜力。本研究结果为深入了解黄瓜中sorf的序列多样性和表达模式提供了依据，为黄瓜的气候抗逆性研究提供了依据。
{"title":"In Silico Prediction of Small Open Reading Frames from Intergenic Regions of Cucumis sativus L. Var. Hardwickii","authors":"Teo Ch","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000242","url":null,"abstract":"Small open reading frames play important roles in growth and development regulation in plant species. However, their sequences and functions remain poorly understood in many plant species including Cucumis sativus which is Asia's fourth most important vegetable. The breeding of climate-resilient cucumbers is of great importance to ensure their sustainability under extreme climate conditions. In this study, we aim to predict the intergenic sORFs from C. sativus var. hardwickii and determine their expression profiles in transcriptome datasets. We identified a total of 50,191 coding sORFs from var. hardwickii genome. In addition, 1,311 transcribed sORFs were detected in RNA-seq datasets of var. hardwickii and shared homology to sequences deposited in the cucumber EST database, and among these, 91 transcribed sORFs with translation potential were detected. The findings of this study provide insight into sequence diversity and expression patterns of sORFs in C. sativus, which could help in developing climate-resilient cucumbers.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126375558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A convectional plant breeder faces the challenge of how to more effectively and efficiently perform selection and accelerate breeding progress to satisfy the requirements of changing demands for crop cultivars. However, with the development and advancement of molecular marker technology, the fate of plant breeding has shifted from year to year. Recently, different types of molecular markers have been developed, and advancements in sequencing technologies have greatly increased plant improvement. To further our understanding of molecular markers, several reviews have been published in recent decades. However, with the advancement of newly emerging technologies and techniques, the reviewers did not discuss several recently emerged technologies and techniques in plant breeding. Therefore, this article is intended to be reviewed as an overview of recent breakthroughs in DNA markers and their applications in breeding of crops for early and senior researchers with little or no experience with molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection, gene pyramiding, MAS, and gene mapping has contributed to a deeper understanding of molecular markers, provided deeper insights into the variability available for crops, and considerably supplemented current breeding techniques. Next-generation sequencing technologies assist in the identification of novel molecular markers for complex and unstructured populations through genotyping-by-sequencing, gene mapping, QTL mapping, and association mapping. Altogether, the classification of molecular markers and their potential application in plants are discussed.
{"title":"Molecular Markers in Breeding of Crops: Recent Progress and Advancements","authors":"Gudeta Dida","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000244","url":null,"abstract":"A convectional plant breeder faces the challenge of how to more effectively and efficiently perform selection and accelerate breeding progress to satisfy the requirements of changing demands for crop cultivars. However, with the development and advancement of molecular marker technology, the fate of plant breeding has shifted from year to year. Recently, different types of molecular markers have been developed, and advancements in sequencing technologies have greatly increased plant improvement. To further our understanding of molecular markers, several reviews have been published in recent decades. However, with the advancement of newly emerging technologies and techniques, the reviewers did not discuss several recently emerged technologies and techniques in plant breeding. Therefore, this article is intended to be reviewed as an overview of recent breakthroughs in DNA markers and their applications in breeding of crops for early and senior researchers with little or no experience with molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection, gene pyramiding, MAS, and gene mapping has contributed to a deeper understanding of molecular markers, provided deeper insights into the variability available for crops, and considerably supplemented current breeding techniques. Next-generation sequencing technologies assist in the identification of novel molecular markers for complex and unstructured populations through genotyping-by-sequencing, gene mapping, QTL mapping, and association mapping. Altogether, the classification of molecular markers and their potential application in plants are discussed.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115245912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current review presents the advantages and health benefits of the fast growing homogenization techniques for improving food processing using the high-speed homogenization (HSH) and the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) to overcome the main problems encountering food manufacturers, merchandizers and end consumers which are the short shelf-life or nonconformity of food products. HSH and HPH are considered as an efficient alternative tool to thermal processes that cause many undesirable effects such as nonenzymatic browning (NEB), off-flavor or degradation of bioactive components. HPH treatment contributes to microbial load reduction and enzyme inactivation with increase of functionality in terms of health effect by increasing bioavailability by favoring the release of bioactive compounds, modified structures of biopolymers with improvement of novel interactions within particles networking. Homogenizers vary according to the purpose needed to achieve. Laboratory Homogenizers provide research and development (R&D) scientists with more experimentation options and capabilities for emulsions, dispersions, cell rupture, and liposomes with the capability of innovations, improve existing products, and more efficient manufacturing. While the Pilot and Industrial Homogenizers offer unique flexibility to meet every customer’s particular requirements in reproducing the same product quality as developed in the laboratory with increasingly higher levels of plant integration with complete automation, controls and data acquisition. Many laboratory and industrial applications were cited here to highlight the significance of this powerful technology.
{"title":"High-Speed and High-Pressure Homogenization Techniques for Optimization of Food Processing, Quality, and Safety","authors":"Rania I.M. Almoselhy","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000243","url":null,"abstract":"The current review presents the advantages and health benefits of the fast growing homogenization techniques for improving food processing using the high-speed homogenization (HSH) and the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) to overcome the main problems encountering food manufacturers, merchandizers and end consumers which are the short shelf-life or nonconformity of food products. HSH and HPH are considered as an efficient alternative tool to thermal processes that cause many undesirable effects such as nonenzymatic browning (NEB), off-flavor or degradation of bioactive components. HPH treatment contributes to microbial load reduction and enzyme inactivation with increase of functionality in terms of health effect by increasing bioavailability by favoring the release of bioactive compounds, modified structures of biopolymers with improvement of novel interactions within particles networking. Homogenizers vary according to the purpose needed to achieve. Laboratory Homogenizers provide research and development (R&D) scientists with more experimentation options and capabilities for emulsions, dispersions, cell rupture, and liposomes with the capability of innovations, improve existing products, and more efficient manufacturing. While the Pilot and Industrial Homogenizers offer unique flexibility to meet every customer’s particular requirements in reproducing the same product quality as developed in the laboratory with increasingly higher levels of plant integration with complete automation, controls and data acquisition. Many laboratory and industrial applications were cited here to highlight the significance of this powerful technology.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122052723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Earth is constantly subjected to dramatic changes due to uncontrolled human activities and this has led to climatic variations associated with global warming resulting in unparalleled greenhouse gas emissions. One of the major causes is solid waste accumulation by human activities ranging from agricultural to industrial activities. The relation between solid waste and climatic change had forced scientists to propose a solid waste management plan to reuse, recycle and create energy from solid waste preventing its accumulation and subsequent pollution. When we consider human activities which are environmentally hazardous; plastic waste accumulation, agricultural wastes disposal and fossil fuel burning holds prominent positions. Plastic wastes. The accumulation of plastic wastes and agricultural wastes pose serious problems of disposal. Plastic wastes are often incinerated or left to be dumped in landfills. Similarly, agricultural wastes are also burnt, releasing a lot of toxic gases into the atmosphere. A common solution to curb both the problems is to streamline the production of bioplastic using agricultural waste (mostly lignocellulose) as a substrate. The third major environmental threat is the increased motor vehicle emission leading to air pollution associated with health threat. The extent of risk ranges from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Carbon dioxide emission by the increasing use of fossil fuels by ever increasing world population not only depletes the resource but also will result in anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, utilization of lignocellulosic waste material as raw material for monomers for bioplastic as well as for bioethanol production can be considered as a productive approach to address all the three problems mentioned above. In addition utilization of fermentation residue after bio products extraction can be used as a soil enriching agent. The intention is converting lignocellulosic waste to zero waste.
{"title":"Effective Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Waste to Biodegradable Products for a Cleaner Earth","authors":"N. P, K. I, D. B","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000230","url":null,"abstract":"Earth is constantly subjected to dramatic changes due to uncontrolled human activities and this has led to climatic variations associated with global warming resulting in unparalleled greenhouse gas emissions. One of the major causes is solid waste accumulation by human activities ranging from agricultural to industrial activities. The relation between solid waste and climatic change had forced scientists to propose a solid waste management plan to reuse, recycle and create energy from solid waste preventing its accumulation and subsequent pollution. When we consider human activities which are environmentally hazardous; plastic waste accumulation, agricultural wastes disposal and fossil fuel burning holds prominent positions. Plastic wastes. The accumulation of plastic wastes and agricultural wastes pose serious problems of disposal. Plastic wastes are often incinerated or left to be dumped in landfills. Similarly, agricultural wastes are also burnt, releasing a lot of toxic gases into the atmosphere. A common solution to curb both the problems is to streamline the production of bioplastic using agricultural waste (mostly lignocellulose) as a substrate. The third major environmental threat is the increased motor vehicle emission leading to air pollution associated with health threat. The extent of risk ranges from carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects. Carbon dioxide emission by the increasing use of fossil fuels by ever increasing world population not only depletes the resource but also will result in anthropogenic climate change. Therefore, utilization of lignocellulosic waste material as raw material for monomers for bioplastic as well as for bioethanol production can be considered as a productive approach to address all the three problems mentioned above. In addition utilization of fermentation residue after bio products extraction can be used as a soil enriching agent. The intention is converting lignocellulosic waste to zero waste.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"332 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116444727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyaluronan (HA) as a naturally polysaccharide has several physiological functions in health and disease. Depending on molecular weight (Mw), HA regulates different biological processes which have led to increased interest in determination of Mw and size distribution of HA. The Mw varies when HA is being extracted from different tissues or biological fluids and it is always polydisperse in molecular mass even when extracted from a single source. The molecular mass of the HA is an important aspect of its biological activity and physicochemical properties in sample characterization. In this review, we survey methods related to technologies for the detection of HA and determining its Mw and concentration and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them will be compared
{"title":"The Strengths and Weaknesses of Methods for Determination of Hyaluronan Molecular Weight","authors":"K. M.","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000237","url":null,"abstract":"Hyaluronan (HA) as a naturally polysaccharide has several physiological functions in health and disease. Depending on molecular weight (Mw), HA regulates different biological processes which have led to increased interest in determination of Mw and size distribution of HA. The Mw varies when HA is being extracted from different tissues or biological fluids and it is always polydisperse in molecular mass even when extracted from a single source. The molecular mass of the HA is an important aspect of its biological activity and physicochemical properties in sample characterization. In this review, we survey methods related to technologies for the detection of HA and determining its Mw and concentration and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them will be compared","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130556691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Costa Rc, Castro-Faria-Neto Hc, Azevedo Ms, Dalina Am
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a severe and usually fatal syndrome with an aggressive thrombotic process in unusual sites (notably, sinus veins of the brain and/or splanchnic veins) that accompanies profound thrombocytopenia. If not well managed, VITT may progress to a more severe systemic disease such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. VITT was associated with two adenoviral vector vaccines, mainly ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson) was first reported in late February 2021 and mid-April 2021, respectively. This thrombotic phenomenon closely resembled that of autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Yet, in 2021, the MHRA (Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) claim no association between thrombosis and vaccines. Not long after, three scientific societies from Norway, Germany, and the UK reported in the press and social media the detection of thrombocytopenia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and anti-platelet factor 4 (anti-PF4) antibodies in patients succeeding adenovirus-based vaccination. The immune response against PF4; (also known as CXCL4) in VITT is probably triggered by the proinflammatory milieu; compounds such as human cell-line proteins, non-assembled adenoviral proteins, and potentially EDTA (edetic acid) could be contributing to the prothrombotic state. This review will address functional aspects of PF4 in the thromboinflammatory phenomena, its role in the current anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral-based vaccines, and evidence for its role in triggering VITT. Physicians as well as the public need to be aware of this new disease to quickly provide accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
疫苗诱导的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症(VITT)是一种严重且通常致命的综合征，在不寻常的部位(特别是脑窦静脉和/或内脏静脉)伴有严重的血小板减少症。如果处理不当，VITT可能发展为更严重的全身性疾病，如弥散性血管内凝血。VITT与两种腺病毒载体疫苗相关，主要是ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(阿斯利康)和Ad26.COV2。S (Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson)分别于2021年2月下旬和2021年4月中旬首次报道。这种血栓形成现象与自身免疫性肝素诱导的血小板减少症非常相似。然而，在2021年，药品和保健产品监管机构(MHRA)和欧洲药品管理局(EMA)声称血栓与疫苗之间没有关联。不久之后，来自挪威、德国和英国的三个科学学会在媒体和社交媒体上报道，在腺病毒疫苗接种后的患者中检测到血小板减少症伴脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)和抗血小板因子4(抗pf4)抗体。PF4的免疫应答;(也称为CXCL4)在VITT中可能是由促炎环境触发的;诸如人类细胞系蛋白、非组装腺病毒蛋白和潜在的EDTA(乙酸)等化合物可能有助于血栓形成前状态。本综述将探讨PF4在血栓炎症现象中的功能方面，其在当前抗sars - cov -2腺病毒疫苗中的作用，以及其在触发VITT中的作用。医生和公众都需要了解这种新疾病，以便迅速提供准确的诊断和及时的治疗。
{"title":"Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: Where does The PF4 Fit?","authors":"Costa Rc, Castro-Faria-Neto Hc, Azevedo Ms, Dalina Am","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000233","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a severe and usually fatal syndrome with an aggressive thrombotic process in unusual sites (notably, sinus veins of the brain and/or splanchnic veins) that accompanies profound thrombocytopenia. If not well managed, VITT may progress to a more severe systemic disease such as disseminated intravascular coagulation. VITT was associated with two adenoviral vector vaccines, mainly ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson) was first reported in late February 2021 and mid-April 2021, respectively. This thrombotic phenomenon closely resembled that of autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Yet, in 2021, the MHRA (Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) claim no association between thrombosis and vaccines. Not long after, three scientific societies from Norway, Germany, and the UK reported in the press and social media the detection of thrombocytopenia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and anti-platelet factor 4 (anti-PF4) antibodies in patients succeeding adenovirus-based vaccination. The immune response against PF4; (also known as CXCL4) in VITT is probably triggered by the proinflammatory milieu; compounds such as human cell-line proteins, non-assembled adenoviral proteins, and potentially EDTA (edetic acid) could be contributing to the prothrombotic state. This review will address functional aspects of PF4 in the thromboinflammatory phenomena, its role in the current anti-SARS-CoV-2 adenoviral-based vaccines, and evidence for its role in triggering VITT. Physicians as well as the public need to be aware of this new disease to quickly provide accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132566029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), which have recently become very popular among many researchers, catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds. Polyphenol oxidases are generally found in plants. Among them, persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is known as a good source for polyphenol oxidases. In this study, the polyphenol oxidase enzyme was purified from persimmon fruit using aqueous two-phase (ATPS). The optimized system was composed of 18% (w/w) PEG4000, 7% (w/w) NaH2 P04 and 1% (w/w) NaCl (pH 8.5, 25°C and 5 g). The PPO enzyme was obtained from the system by 4.8-fold purification with 191% activity recovery. The molecular weight of the enzyme, 28 kDa, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In summary, it has been shown that the PPO enzyme can be obtained from persimmon in a short time and at low cost using a non-chromatographic method-ATPS.
{"title":"Application of Aqueous Two-Phase System to the Purification of Persimmon Polyphenol Oxidase","authors":"Kale E, Yuzugullu Karakus Y","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000232","url":null,"abstract":"Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), which have recently become very popular among many researchers, catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds. Polyphenol oxidases are generally found in plants. Among them, persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is known as a good source for polyphenol oxidases. In this study, the polyphenol oxidase enzyme was purified from persimmon fruit using aqueous two-phase (ATPS). The optimized system was composed of 18% (w/w) PEG4000, 7% (w/w) NaH2 P04 and 1% (w/w) NaCl (pH 8.5, 25°C and 5 g). The PPO enzyme was obtained from the system by 4.8-fold purification with 191% activity recovery. The molecular weight of the enzyme, 28 kDa, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In summary, it has been shown that the PPO enzyme can be obtained from persimmon in a short time and at low cost using a non-chromatographic method-ATPS.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125051738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Dermatophyte comprises of a vast range of filamentous pathogenic fungi that infect keratinous tissues of skin (the stratum corneum layer), hair, and nail in humans and animals via their keratinase enzymes which are capable of causing superficial infections. Aim: This study aimed to isolate and characterized dermatophytes isolated from students bathing places. Methodology: Four sampling sites were chosen from both male and female students bathing places; the floor, walls, sinks and door handles. Three hundred samples were collected and cultured on sterile plates containing Potato dextrose agar using spread plate method. The plates were incubated at 350C for 72 hours. Results: Out of three hundred samples collected from the various sampling sites, a total of four hundred and ten fungi were isolated, 286 (70%) were dermatophytes belonging to three genera (Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermorphyton) while124 (30%) were non dermatophytes. The female bathing places yielded 167(58%) and 48(39%) dermatophytes and Candida species respectively higher than male counterparts which yielded 119 (42%) dermatophytes without any species of Candida. There was no significant difference between the isolates from female and male bathrooms P ≥ 0.05. Conclusion: Hence the students bathing places were found to be rich in pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi and need thorough disinfectants to avoid dermatophytes infections’ like Tinea pedis, Tinea corporis Tinea capitis and Tinea cruris.
{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Dermatophytes from Students Bathing Places","authors":"Ebere Me","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000235","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dermatophyte comprises of a vast range of filamentous pathogenic fungi that infect keratinous tissues of skin (the stratum corneum layer), hair, and nail in humans and animals via their keratinase enzymes which are capable of causing superficial infections. Aim: This study aimed to isolate and characterized dermatophytes isolated from students bathing places. Methodology: Four sampling sites were chosen from both male and female students bathing places; the floor, walls, sinks and door handles. Three hundred samples were collected and cultured on sterile plates containing Potato dextrose agar using spread plate method. The plates were incubated at 350C for 72 hours. Results: Out of three hundred samples collected from the various sampling sites, a total of four hundred and ten fungi were isolated, 286 (70%) were dermatophytes belonging to three genera (Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermorphyton) while124 (30%) were non dermatophytes. The female bathing places yielded 167(58%) and 48(39%) dermatophytes and Candida species respectively higher than male counterparts which yielded 119 (42%) dermatophytes without any species of Candida. There was no significant difference between the isolates from female and male bathrooms P ≥ 0.05. Conclusion: Hence the students bathing places were found to be rich in pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi and need thorough disinfectants to avoid dermatophytes infections’ like Tinea pedis, Tinea corporis Tinea capitis and Tinea cruris.","PeriodicalId":257510,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132642059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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