Determining the level of income inequality requires the adoption of a specific measurement methodology. The aim of the study was to review and discuss the methodologies used to measure income inequality. Four measures are presented, each based on different assumptions. These measures were the Gini coefficient, Theil coefficient, Kukuła coefficient and unevenness coefficient. The first three measures, and in particular the Gini coefficient, are commonly described in the literature, while the unevenness coefficient is the author’s proposal for measuring income inequality. The empirical material for the research consists of data on the distribution of disposable income by decile groups in households in Poland for the years 2005–2017. The most important issue in practice regarding the measurement of income inequality was the transfer principle. Depending on the methodology adopted, the transfer of income is treated differently. The Gini, Theil and Kukula coefficients respond to any change in the income distribution, while the unevenness coefficient only to changes above the average. In a situation where the Gini coefficient (Theil and Kukula) decreases (increases), the level of inequality decreases (increases), but it is not known which transfers led to such a result. The decreasing (growing) unevenness coefficient means that these were transfers from groups with shares in income above (below) the average for groups with shares below (above) the average.
{"title":"Wybrane koncepcje pomiaru nierówności dochodowych","authors":"G. Przekota","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Determining the level of income inequality requires the adoption of a specific measurement methodology. The aim of the study was to review and discuss the methodologies used to measure income inequality. Four measures are presented, each based on different assumptions. These measures were the Gini coefficient, Theil coefficient, Kukuła coefficient and unevenness coefficient. The first three measures, and in particular the Gini coefficient, are commonly described in the literature, while the unevenness coefficient is the author’s proposal for measuring income inequality. The empirical material for the research consists of data on the distribution of disposable income by decile groups in households in Poland for the years 2005–2017. The most important issue in practice regarding the measurement of income inequality was the transfer principle. Depending on the methodology adopted, the transfer of income is treated differently. The Gini, Theil and Kukula coefficients respond to any change in the income distribution, while the unevenness coefficient only to changes above the average. In a situation where the Gini coefficient (Theil and Kukula) decreases (increases), the level of inequality decreases (increases), but it is not known which transfers led to such a result. The decreasing (growing) unevenness coefficient means that these were transfers from groups with shares in income above (below) the average for groups with shares below (above) the average.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132350914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.10
Mateusz Łajewski
The aim of this article is to identify the processes involved in the management of municipal waste in communes and to determine their cost-intensity. The research was carried out on 40 randomly selected communes of the Podlaskie voivodeship, which ensure the representativeness for this region. The following research methods were used: studies of the literature on the subject, analysis of national and local legal acts, and analysis of reports on the implementation of the budget for 2019. In addition, the multiple regression method was used to determine the level of influence of the explanatory variables (costs attributed to the processes of the municipal waste management system) on the explained variable (total costs of the municipal waste management system). The research shows that in a process approach, this system includes seven processes: establishing the legal framework for the system’s operation; providing the technical infrastructure; determining the method of financing the service; selecting the service contractor; collecting and transporting municipal waste; managing municipal waste; as well as controlling and monitoring the system. The analysis of the budget execution reports of 40 communes in the Podlaskie voivodeship shows that the municipal waste management systems generating the highest costs are in municipalities and cities with poviat rights and the lowest in rural communes, while the highest level of costs per capita are in urban-rural communes. Moreover, a multiple regression analysis determined that processes 5 and 6 – collection and transport of municipal waste – as well as its management, are the most cost-intensive and also determine the total system costs.
{"title":"Koszty systemu gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi w gminach w ujęciu procesowym","authors":"Mateusz Łajewski","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to identify the processes involved in the management of municipal waste in communes and to determine their cost-intensity. The research was carried out on 40 randomly selected communes of the Podlaskie voivodeship, which ensure the representativeness for this region. The following research methods were used: studies of the literature on the subject, analysis of national and local legal acts, and analysis of reports on the implementation of the budget for 2019. In addition, the multiple regression method was used to determine the level of influence of the explanatory variables (costs attributed to the processes of the municipal waste management system) on the explained variable (total costs of the municipal waste management system). The research shows that in a process approach, this system includes seven processes: establishing the legal framework for the system’s operation; providing the technical infrastructure; determining the method of financing the service; selecting the service contractor; collecting and transporting municipal waste; managing municipal waste; as well as controlling and monitoring the system. The analysis of the budget execution reports of 40 communes in the Podlaskie voivodeship shows that the municipal waste management systems generating the highest costs are in municipalities and cities with poviat rights and the lowest in rural communes, while the highest level of costs per capita are in urban-rural communes. Moreover, a multiple regression analysis determined that processes 5 and 6 – collection and transport of municipal waste – as well as its management, are the most cost-intensive and also determine the total system costs.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127883910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporary changes involving the computerization of everyday life affect its every sphere. This is especially true of the financial world. Until recently, the basic form of payments were of cash, whereas currently they constitute only a small part of all in trade. Even in everyday shopping, payment cards are already widely used, and traditional money is systematically being replaced by non-cash money. Taking these observations into account, the aim of the study was to identify the pace of changes in consumer attitudes in the use of selected services offered by the banking sector, i.e. the use of ATMs and the use of payment cards. The work was based on quarterly data for the period 2005 Q1 – 2020 Q1 provided by the National Bank of Poland. The analyses examined the rate of changes and their seasonal distribution. The analyzed data show that society uses fewer and fewer cash withdrawals from ATMs, although larger amounts are withdrawn. The fact that ATMs are used less frequently reduces their number. However, the non-cash payments market is constantly developing. This form is characterized by the highest growth dynamics. There are also changes in seasonal behavior. Today, more transactions are made in the second and third quarters. Quite unexpectedly, it was observed that the number of transactions in the fourth quarters was lower than the number of transactions in the second and third quarters. However, the fewest transactions are invariably carried out in the first quarters. Depending on the instrument, the differences amount to two to ten percentage points. In general, research shows that in a stable market, trust in non-cash money grows at the expense of cash. Only a crisis situation – in 2020 it was the declaration of a pandemic – there is a slightly increased interest in cash.
{"title":"Zmiany zachowań konsumenckich w zakresie przeprowadzania transakcji gotówkowych i bezgotówkowych","authors":"Anna Szczepańska-Przekota","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary changes involving the computerization of everyday life affect its every sphere. This is especially true of the financial world. Until recently, the basic form of payments were of cash, whereas currently they constitute only a small part of all in trade. Even in everyday shopping, payment cards are already widely used, and traditional money is systematically being replaced by non-cash money. Taking these observations into account, the aim of the study was to identify the pace of changes in consumer attitudes in the use of selected services offered by the banking sector, i.e. the use of ATMs and the use of payment cards. The work was based on quarterly data for the period 2005 Q1 – 2020 Q1 provided by the National Bank of Poland. The analyses examined the rate of changes and their seasonal distribution. The analyzed data show that society uses fewer and fewer cash withdrawals from ATMs, although larger amounts are withdrawn. The fact that ATMs are used less frequently reduces their number. However, the non-cash payments market is constantly developing. This form is characterized by the highest growth dynamics. There are also changes in seasonal behavior. Today, more transactions are made in the second and third quarters. Quite unexpectedly, it was observed that the number of transactions in the fourth quarters was lower than the number of transactions in the second and third quarters. However, the fewest transactions are invariably carried out in the first quarters. Depending on the instrument, the differences amount to two to ten percentage points. In general, research shows that in a stable market, trust in non-cash money grows at the expense of cash. Only a crisis situation – in 2020 it was the declaration of a pandemic – there is a slightly increased interest in cash.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128370451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contemporary processes of administration are of a complex character. It requires from policymakers who form the economic policy the choice of adequate and diverse methods and interaction techniques. One needs to be aware of the fact that creating suitable conditions for socio-economic development should take place on different levels of a country’s organisation. Stimulation of development is inscribed into the core and nature of local government actions and supporting social entrepreneurship constitutes one of the biggest challenges on the level of municipalities and counties. The aim of the study is to point to the meaning of social entrepreneurship in creating the foundations of social security. Social entrepreneurship is inseparably connected to one of the contemporary trends in the economy, namely the social economy. In Poland, the social economy has been gaining in popularity in recent years, following a number of negative social effects observed after the rough period of economic transformation and its ownership and structural transitions. In the study, the essence of social entrepreneurship has been characterised as an important action aimed at improving the feeling of social security. The reference has been made to Świętokrzyskie voivodeship, in which the meaning of social entrepreneurship has been pointed and attributed by policymakers responsible for the development policy. The stimulation of social economy subjects may be an important supplement of regional policy aimed at attracting external investments (with shortages of capital connected to the regional policy). This results from the fact that launching business in the social economy sector does not require significant capital outlay, and may constitute a chance for involving young people who want to test themselves in a role of budding entrepreneurs. Promotion of social entrepreneurship might as well contribute to the reinforcement of social cohesion as well as building regional social capital by including into the labour market some groups that are “forgotten” and feel it difficult to find themselves on the open labour market. The article is of an overview character.
{"title":"Przedsiębiorczość społeczna w tworzeniu podstaw bezpieczeństwa społecznego wspólnot lokalnych","authors":"Agata Szydlik-Leszczyńska, M. Leszczyński","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary processes of administration are of a complex character. It requires from policymakers who form the economic policy the choice of adequate and diverse methods and interaction techniques. One needs to be aware of the fact that creating suitable conditions for socio-economic development should take place on different levels of a country’s organisation. Stimulation of development is inscribed into the core and nature of local government actions and supporting social entrepreneurship constitutes one of the biggest challenges on the level of municipalities and counties. The aim of the study is to point to the meaning of social entrepreneurship in creating the foundations of social security. Social entrepreneurship is inseparably connected to one of the contemporary trends in the economy, namely the social economy. In Poland, the social economy has been gaining in popularity in recent years, following a number of negative social effects observed after the rough period of economic transformation and its ownership and structural transitions. In the study, the essence of social entrepreneurship has been characterised as an important action aimed at improving the feeling of social security. The reference has been made to Świętokrzyskie voivodeship, in which the meaning of social entrepreneurship has been pointed and attributed by policymakers responsible for the development policy. The stimulation of social economy subjects may be an important supplement of regional policy aimed at attracting external investments (with shortages of capital connected to the regional policy). This results from the fact that launching business in the social economy sector does not require significant capital outlay, and may constitute a chance for involving young people who want to test themselves in a role of budding entrepreneurs. Promotion of social entrepreneurship might as well contribute to the reinforcement of social cohesion as well as building regional social capital by including into the labour market some groups that are “forgotten” and feel it difficult to find themselves on the open labour market. The article is of an overview character.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116284936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the evolution of social media through the prism of the sociological theories of Joseph Schumpeter and Karl Mannheim. The methodology of the sociology of knowledge, which was described in the first part of the work, was used for the analysis. According to Mannheim and Schumpeter, innovation plays a key role in the evolution of human consciousness. Consciousness influences the shape of social existence – relations of production and division of labour. Innovation appears in history as a mental product, but it is used to reform the economic relations prevailing in a given period. The article combines the analysis of ideological content related to social media with the concept of creative destruction presented by Schumpeter. From an ideological perspective, we have seen a transformation from utopia to ideology in the history of social media. According to Mannheim’s historical dialectic scheme, utopian slogans, such as the demand for democracy, gratuity and fun, could not be realized under market conditions. They have become ideological postulates disguising the actual activities of media corporations. The economic innovation of ‘audience labour’ prevent them from being implemented. The theory of ‘digital labour’, which was formulated by Christian Fuchs, is based on the concept of ‘audience labour’: prosumers create data which is then ‘sold’ to advertisers. It is unpaid and voluntary work that is ‘monetized’ by targeted advertising. This new system determines, on the one hand, the success of such giants as Facebook, whose business model is based on advertisements, and, on the other hand, the destruction of more traditional types of the advertising, especially advertising in newspapers and magazines.
{"title":"Socjologia wiedzy społeczeństwa cyfrowego – „praca cyfrowa” a ideologia mediów społecznościowych","authors":"J. Kozubowski","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the evolution of social media through the prism of the sociological theories of Joseph Schumpeter and Karl Mannheim. The methodology of the sociology of knowledge, which was described in the first part of the work, was used for the analysis. According to Mannheim and Schumpeter, innovation plays a key role in the evolution of human consciousness. Consciousness influences the shape of social existence – relations of production and division of labour. Innovation appears in history as a mental product, but it is used to reform the economic relations prevailing in a given period. The article combines the analysis of ideological content related to social media with the concept of creative destruction presented by Schumpeter. From an ideological perspective, we have seen a transformation from utopia to ideology in the history of social media. According to Mannheim’s historical dialectic scheme, utopian slogans, such as the demand for democracy, gratuity and fun, could not be realized under market conditions. They have become ideological postulates disguising the actual activities of media corporations. The economic innovation of ‘audience labour’ prevent them from being implemented. The theory of ‘digital labour’, which was formulated by Christian Fuchs, is based on the concept of ‘audience labour’: prosumers create data which is then ‘sold’ to advertisers. It is unpaid and voluntary work that is ‘monetized’ by targeted advertising. This new system determines, on the one hand, the success of such giants as Facebook, whose business model is based on advertisements, and, on the other hand, the destruction of more traditional types of the advertising, especially advertising in newspapers and magazines.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"142 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129230171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15584/NSAWG.2019.2.14
Ewa Prałat
{"title":"Public e-procurement tools in European Union","authors":"Ewa Prałat","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2019.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2019.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15584/nsawg.2019.1.14
Adam Rogoda
{"title":"„Nowa ekonomia strukturalna” – czy nowy paradygmat polskiej polityki rozwoju?","authors":"Adam Rogoda","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2019.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2019.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124576167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kształtowanie ładu strukturalnego w oparciu o teoretyczne podstawy konsensusu społecznego","authors":"F. Piontek, B. Piontek","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2019.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2019.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126918454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Kaliszczak, K. P. Z. I. E. dr, Jadwiga Pawłowska-Mielech, Katedra Metod Ilościowych i Informatyki Gospodarczej Uniwe dr
{"title":"Nowoczesne technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne jako determinanta rozwoju MSP","authors":"L. Kaliszczak, K. P. Z. I. E. dr, Jadwiga Pawłowska-Mielech, Katedra Metod Ilościowych i Informatyki Gospodarczej Uniwe dr","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2019.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2019.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127935304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While assessing the effectiveness of anti-crisis macroeconomic policy from the point of view of the length and depth of the recession induced by a crisis, it can be concluded that governments and central banks have fulfilled their role correctly (Mishkin, 2009) – the recession measured by a decrease in the GDP was relatively shallow and short, obviously with some exceptions, such as Greece, where the symptoms of recovery in the real sphere are still not visible today. On the other hand, however, there are many doubts about the future effectiveness of monetary policy instruments – nominal rates of a central bank cannot be further reduced; the policy pertaining to the establishment of the level of minimum reserves of banks has practically ceased to be of any importance in view of the enormous funds amassed by banks. These are dilemmas pertaining to the required reaction of the central banks upon the appearance of speculative bubbles (Mishkin, 2011). Many controversies arise in connection with the side effects of the expansive monetary policy implemented by the main central banks in the world (BIS, 2012). An exceptionally loose monetary policy constitutes a serious hazard for the appearance of speculative bubbles in some markets, and emerging economies must face challenges connected with investors’ actions who, within the so-called ‘carry trade’, destabilise the exchange rates and increase the inflation pressure in countries such as Brazil and India. The aim of this paper is to indicate that the monetary policy conducted since 2008 by the most important central banks in the world is significantly contributing to the deepening of the level of income inequality in contemporary economies. In the first part of the text, apart from preliminary remarks, the structural reasons for macroeconomic inequities, which have accumulated since 2007, will be presented. Next, the channels of influence of this monetary policy on the income structure in the current situation of the global economy will be analysed.
{"title":"Expansionary monetary policy and its side effects","authors":"Jacek Tomkiewicz","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2019.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2019.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"While assessing the effectiveness of anti-crisis macroeconomic policy from the point of view of the length and depth of the recession induced by a crisis, it can be concluded that governments and central banks have fulfilled their role correctly (Mishkin, 2009) – the recession measured by a decrease in the GDP was relatively shallow and short, obviously with some exceptions, such as Greece, where the symptoms of recovery in the real sphere are still not visible today. On the other hand, however, there are many doubts about the future effectiveness of monetary policy instruments – nominal rates of a central bank cannot be further reduced; the policy pertaining to the establishment of the level of minimum reserves of banks has practically ceased to be of any importance in view of the enormous funds amassed by banks. These are dilemmas pertaining to the required reaction of the central banks upon the appearance of speculative bubbles (Mishkin, 2011). Many controversies arise in connection with the side effects of the expansive monetary policy implemented by the main central banks in the world (BIS, 2012). An exceptionally loose monetary policy constitutes a serious hazard for the appearance of speculative bubbles in some markets, and emerging economies must face challenges connected with investors’ actions who, within the so-called ‘carry trade’, destabilise the exchange rates and increase the inflation pressure in countries such as Brazil and India. The aim of this paper is to indicate that the monetary policy conducted since 2008 by the most important central banks in the world is significantly contributing to the deepening of the level of income inequality in contemporary economies. In the first part of the text, apart from preliminary remarks, the structural reasons for macroeconomic inequities, which have accumulated since 2007, will be presented. Next, the channels of influence of this monetary policy on the income structure in the current situation of the global economy will be analysed.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115802141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：