The aim of the article is to examine and present the policies, processes and effects of economic growth in China since 1949, i.e. the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Two research questions were formulated on this basis: how the processes of economic growth and development progressed in Mao Zadong’s times, and how the reforms during the Deng Xiaoping period influenced the economy of modern China. A historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature is mainly used in the paper, as well as an analysis of existing data. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the economic policy in the Maoist era, despite all its flaws and defects, made a huge contribution to the development of China, leading, inter alia, to reducing illiteracy and extreme poverty. Finally, the policy supplemented by more efficient market mechanisms led to the true prosperity of this country. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to notice the problems that are growing and in the next few years may become a barrier to further growth: high inequalities, an ageing population, and environmental issues. Given China’s ability to adapt and solve problems, we may hope that they will also resolve these problems. The challenges China is facing are serious, nevertheless, taking into account the way they have overcome, it can be hoped that the current problems will also be resolved.
{"title":"Polityka, wzrost i nierówności w Chinach od 1949 roku. Próba oceny","authors":"M. Zaremba","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to examine and present the policies, processes and effects of economic growth in China since 1949, i.e. the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Two research questions were formulated on this basis: how the processes of economic growth and development progressed in Mao Zadong’s times, and how the reforms during the Deng Xiaoping period influenced the economy of modern China. A historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature is mainly used in the paper, as well as an analysis of existing data. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the economic policy in the Maoist era, despite all its flaws and defects, made a huge contribution to the development of China, leading, inter alia, to reducing illiteracy and extreme poverty. Finally, the policy supplemented by more efficient market mechanisms led to the true prosperity of this country. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to notice the problems that are growing and in the next few years may become a barrier to further growth: high inequalities, an ageing population, and environmental issues. Given China’s ability to adapt and solve problems, we may hope that they will also resolve these problems. The challenges China is facing are serious, nevertheless, taking into account the way they have overcome, it can be hoped that the current problems will also be resolved.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"18 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120922787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.11
Maryla Bieniek-Majka, Urszula Stupałkowska
The main aim of this report is to prove that the war migrants in the low-industrialised areas are deepening structural problems on local job market. The Sepolno Krajenskie region was selected for evaluation as this region (compared to the entire voivodeship and country) is struggling with the problem of relatively high unemployment. In June 2022, the unemployment rate was almost double the average for Poland and over 40% higher than the average for the voivodeship. The target of the research was proven through the analysis-based deduction method of secondary and primary data obtained through a questionnaire survey in a group of war migrants living in the Sepolno Krajenskie region, a library query, and statistical data and information available through the Poviat Labour Office in Sepolno Krajenskie. Based on the data analysis, it was confirmed that the arrival of young Ukrainian women extended the already existing problem of the excess of women in the local population, which impacts the growing number of unemployed women (by 8.62% in July 2022 compared to December 2021 in Sepolno Krajenskie). Another challenge for the local job market is the fact that the female migrants are not able to take all available jobs as they are limited by the language barrier and the insufficient childcare offered to them. Moreover, about 13% of the children are in school age, so in the near future, they will become job-seekers as well. Assuming that some of the incoming migrants stay in Poland permanently (only every 4th woman has declared the will to do so), we can expect the average age of the inhabitants of the region to decrease in the long-term, the birth rate to increase and the predicted deficit of reproductive-age people to decrease, which may affect the economic development in the future.
{"title":"Uchodźcy z Ukrainy na powiatowym rynku pracy. Studium przypadku","authors":"Maryla Bieniek-Majka, Urszula Stupałkowska","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this report is to prove that the war migrants in the low-industrialised areas are deepening structural problems on local job market. The Sepolno Krajenskie region was selected for evaluation as this region (compared to the entire voivodeship and country) is struggling with the problem of relatively high unemployment. In June 2022, the unemployment rate was almost double the average for Poland and over 40% higher than the average for the voivodeship. The target of the research was proven through the analysis-based deduction method of secondary and primary data obtained through a questionnaire survey in a group of war migrants living in the Sepolno Krajenskie region, a library query, and statistical data and information available through the Poviat Labour Office in Sepolno Krajenskie. Based on the data analysis, it was confirmed that the arrival of young Ukrainian women extended the already existing problem of the excess of women in the local population, which impacts the growing number of unemployed women (by 8.62% in July 2022 compared to December 2021 in Sepolno Krajenskie). Another challenge for the local job market is the fact that the female migrants are not able to take all available jobs as they are limited by the language barrier and the insufficient childcare offered to them. Moreover, about 13% of the children are in school age, so in the near future, they will become job-seekers as well. Assuming that some of the incoming migrants stay in Poland permanently (only every 4th woman has declared the will to do so), we can expect the average age of the inhabitants of the region to decrease in the long-term, the birth rate to increase and the predicted deficit of reproductive-age people to decrease, which may affect the economic development in the future.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134495718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limiting itself within the framework of this article only to the issues of the theory of fair remuneration, the key questions are: what is the criterion of fair remuneration, where does it come from, and where to look for it? The main purpose of this article is to present a model of a fair wage in terms of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. In an economic interpretation, this is the principle of preservation of capital and the principle of its spontaneous and random dissipation, which is related to the second principle of thermodynamics. Based on thermodynamic knowledge of the functioning of the human body as an abstract heat engine, a thermodynamic model of a fair wage was presented, which consists in compensating the worker for the natural dissipation of their personal capital. It was confirmed that, as a result of the application of this principle of remuneration, the earnings of two working parents make it possible to bring two descendants to the level of human capital they have achieved: that is, this wage guarantees the preservation of human capital in the family.
{"title":"Termodynamiczne ujęcie teorii godziwego wynagradzania","authors":"J. Renkas","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Limiting itself within the framework of this article only to the issues of the theory of fair remuneration, the key questions are: what is the criterion of fair remuneration, where does it come from, and where to look for it? The main purpose of this article is to present a model of a fair wage in terms of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. In an economic interpretation, this is the principle of preservation of capital and the principle of its spontaneous and random dissipation, which is related to the second principle of thermodynamics. Based on thermodynamic knowledge of the functioning of the human body as an abstract heat engine, a thermodynamic model of a fair wage was presented, which consists in compensating the worker for the natural dissipation of their personal capital. It was confirmed that, as a result of the application of this principle of remuneration, the earnings of two working parents make it possible to bring two descendants to the level of human capital they have achieved: that is, this wage guarantees the preservation of human capital in the family.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122257825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence (AI) in the twenty-first century is a scientific discipline with one of the greatest development potentials. The article deals with the methodological, political, social, and business (economic) aspects of the development of AI (pl. Sztuczna inteligencja, SI). The multidimensional context of measuring the development of AI overlaps the decisions about monitoring and analysing the development of artificial intelligence. These decisions were taken, inter alia, by the European Commission, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland and the OECD. The main trends in monitoring and analysing the development of artificial intelligence are global in nature, but preferences specific to local conditions (national, environmental) are also clear. The aim of the article is to identify the conditions for the development of artificial intelligence in Poland in the years 2006–2020 with the use of the applied concepts of measuring its development. The methods of statistics, cybernetics and computer science were used, and the literature (from the last two decades of the 20th century and from the 21st century) and data (from 2006 to 2020) from domestic and foreign sources were used. Aspects of the dynamics of the development of AI resulting from the authors’ experience and strategic analyses for the Polish government are exposed, with particular emphasis on Polish conditions. The article justifies that it is necessary to eliminate barriers to the development of AI in Poland, i.e. stereotypes of decision-makers’ thinking, shortage of AI analysts, low level of AI applications in the economy.
{"title":"Instrumentalizacja sztucznej inteligencji w polityce aktywności naukowej w Polsce","authors":"J. Sala, H. Tańska","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in the twenty-first century is a scientific discipline with one of the greatest development potentials. The article deals with the methodological, political, social, and business (economic) aspects of the development of AI (pl. Sztuczna inteligencja, SI). The multidimensional context of measuring the development of AI overlaps the decisions about monitoring and analysing the development of artificial intelligence. These decisions were taken, inter alia, by the European Commission, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland and the OECD. The main trends in monitoring and analysing the development of artificial intelligence are global in nature, but preferences specific to local conditions (national, environmental) are also clear. The aim of the article is to identify the conditions for the development of artificial intelligence in Poland in the years 2006–2020 with the use of the applied concepts of measuring its development. The methods of statistics, cybernetics and computer science were used, and the literature (from the last two decades of the 20th century and from the 21st century) and data (from 2006 to 2020) from domestic and foreign sources were used. Aspects of the dynamics of the development of AI resulting from the authors’ experience and strategic analyses for the Polish government are exposed, with particular emphasis on Polish conditions. The article justifies that it is necessary to eliminate barriers to the development of AI in Poland, i.e. stereotypes of decision-makers’ thinking, shortage of AI analysts, low level of AI applications in the economy.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130309342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.10
Dominika Werczyńska
Poland, as a country bordering the war zone, became the main escape destination for refugees from Ukraine. The sudden wave of migration was an enormous challenge for the authorities and local governments, which had to take costly measures to deal with the crisis. The expenses incurred may bring benefits to the Polish economy in the future, providing the immigrants remain in the country even after the end of the war in Ukraine. By taking up employment, young people can fill the gaps in the labour market, increase tax revenues and improve the demographic situation. The aim of the study was to assess selected effects of the migration crisis for Poland, and compare the measures taken to assist refugees and the sources of their financing by selected cities of the Silesian agglomeration. The work analyses the data on the level of unemployment for Poland and selected cities. A comparative analysis of the activities undertaken by the cities of Katowice and Bytom and the financial outlays incurred for this purpose was carried out. The research shows that refugees arriving in the country were quickly absorbed by the labour market, and their presence did not negatively affect the level of wages in the economy. The assistance offered by the cities of Katowice and Bytom enabled the migrants to adapt to the new reality. Both cities carried out very similar activities, such as providing accommodation, food, and medical assistance. The support provided to migrants was financed from the city budget and external funds.
{"title":"Skutki kryzysu migracyjnego oraz sposoby ich łagodzenia na przykładzie wybranych miast aglomeracji śląskiej","authors":"Dominika Werczyńska","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Poland, as a country bordering the war zone, became the main escape destination for refugees from Ukraine. The sudden wave of migration was an enormous challenge for the authorities and local governments, which had to take costly measures to deal with the crisis. The expenses incurred may bring benefits to the Polish economy in the future, providing the immigrants remain in the country even after the end of the war in Ukraine. By taking up employment, young people can fill the gaps in the labour market, increase tax revenues and improve the demographic situation. The aim of the study was to assess selected effects of the migration crisis for Poland, and compare the measures taken to assist refugees and the sources of their financing by selected cities of the Silesian agglomeration. The work analyses the data on the level of unemployment for Poland and selected cities. A comparative analysis of the activities undertaken by the cities of Katowice and Bytom and the financial outlays incurred for this purpose was carried out. The research shows that refugees arriving in the country were quickly absorbed by the labour market, and their presence did not negatively affect the level of wages in the economy. The assistance offered by the cities of Katowice and Bytom enabled the migrants to adapt to the new reality. Both cities carried out very similar activities, such as providing accommodation, food, and medical assistance. The support provided to migrants was financed from the city budget and external funds.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"10 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120840992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article is to evaluate the differences in wage levels and to analyse the differentiation of wages by PKD (Polish version of NACE classification) section in the Świętokrzyskie region in 2013–2020. The average monthly gross wages and salaries according to the PKD section in the Świętokrzyskie region were used for this purpose, on the basis of which the percentage deviations from the average wage in the region and the growth dynamics were calculated. An analysis of wages and salaries was also carried out for Poland and compared with inflation. For the analysis and evaluation, statistical data published in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Statistical Office in Kielce and the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw for 2013–2020 were used. In the Świętokrzyskie region there was a relatively large differentiation in salaries. The highest salaries were in the section of financial and insurance activities. High wages resulted from the fact that this section was developing very dynamically in the analysed period. On the other hand, the financial and insurance activity in the market economy gained in importance, and specialists in this field had to be well rewarded. Salaries were also high in public administration and national defence, while the lowest were in the accommodation and catering section. The Świętokrzyskie region is not very attractive in terms of economy and tourism. In the analysed period, the growth rate of average monthly gross wages and salaries by sections in the region was diversified and higher than the inflation rate, although inflation was rising.
{"title":"Zróżnicowanie wynagrodzeń między sekcjami PKD w województwie świętokrzyskim","authors":"P. Antoszak","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to evaluate the differences in wage levels and to analyse the differentiation of wages by PKD (Polish version of NACE classification) section in the Świętokrzyskie region in 2013–2020. The average monthly gross wages and salaries according to the PKD section in the Świętokrzyskie region were used for this purpose, on the basis of which the percentage deviations from the average wage in the region and the growth dynamics were calculated. An analysis of wages and salaries was also carried out for Poland and compared with inflation. For the analysis and evaluation, statistical data published in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Statistical Office in Kielce and the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw for 2013–2020 were used. In the Świętokrzyskie region there was a relatively large differentiation in salaries. The highest salaries were in the section of financial and insurance activities. High wages resulted from the fact that this section was developing very dynamically in the analysed period. On the other hand, the financial and insurance activity in the market economy gained in importance, and specialists in this field had to be well rewarded. Salaries were also high in public administration and national defence, while the lowest were in the accommodation and catering section. The Świętokrzyskie region is not very attractive in terms of economy and tourism. In the analysed period, the growth rate of average monthly gross wages and salaries by sections in the region was diversified and higher than the inflation rate, although inflation was rising.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128084724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has left its mark on the global economy. The issues raised in the study present the impact of the pandemic on the construction sector in Poland. The verification of the financial condition of enterprises was carried out with the use of three of R. Jagiełło’s discriminatory models– construction sector, T. Maślanka’s model 4 and B. Prusak’s model 1. 22 enterprises; 18 limited liability companies and 4 stock-offering companies were included in the research sample, and the research period was 2018–2020. The conducted analysis made it possible to assess the financial condition of the surveyed companies, including the identification of entities at risk of bankruptcy. T. Maślanka’s model showed a deterioration of the financial condition in the first year of the pandemic (2020) compared to the previous year (2019) in 13 companies, which is 59% of the sample, but only one company reached a value that put it at risk of bankruptcy. B. Prusak’s model shows the decline in the function value of 10 companies (45% of the surveyed units) while R. Jagiełło’s model showed a worse financial condition in 8 enterprises (36% of the total research sample).
{"title":"Sytuacja finansowa przedsiębiorstw z sektora budownictwo w Polsce w czasie pandemii COVID-19","authors":"Aleksandra Kłosowska","doi":"10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2022.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has left its mark on the global economy. The issues raised in the study present the impact of the pandemic on the construction sector in Poland. The verification of the financial condition of enterprises was carried out with the use of three of R. Jagiełło’s discriminatory models– construction sector, T. Maślanka’s model 4 and B. Prusak’s model 1. 22 enterprises; 18 limited liability companies and 4 stock-offering companies were included in the research sample, and the research period was 2018–2020. The conducted analysis made it possible to assess the financial condition of the surveyed companies, including the identification of entities at risk of bankruptcy. T. Maślanka’s model showed a deterioration of the financial condition in the first year of the pandemic (2020) compared to the previous year (2019) in 13 companies, which is 59% of the sample, but only one company reached a value that put it at risk of bankruptcy. B. Prusak’s model shows the decline in the function value of 10 companies (45% of the surveyed units) while R. Jagiełło’s model showed a worse financial condition in 8 enterprises (36% of the total research sample).","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116683107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.11
M. Woźniak
The author of the article assumes that the deposit of values is an important driving force of the will to discover the function of responsibility, to search ex ante for effective means of action for life in well-being and at the same time to be ethical, and therefore it cannot be ignored in solving human development risks, including ecological risk reduction. From an axiological perspective, the sense of economic efficiency, growth of business assets and competitiveness become evident if they is anchored in the coordination mechanisms, institutions, regulatory tools and action strategies that bring positive effects in well-being relating to the entire space of integrated development, including not only the economic, social, and natural, but also spiritual and human biology, political, knowledge, technological, and consumption spheres, respecting the synergies and entropies arising from the coupling between them. From this research perspective, reflections on the ethical foundations of education and upbringing for the respect of nature and the family are presented. They are preceded by the presentation of the most important concepts of constraints on development from the sphere of nature and the criticism of the promoted programmes of nature conservation. From these reflections, it was concluded that it is advisable to activate the mechanisms of bottom-up innovation pushing and enforcing pro-ecological strategies coherent with harmonised development in all spheres of human existence. It was also pointed out that there is a need to modernise human capital based on axiologically ordered goals, also using for this purpose the institutions of family and religion.
{"title":"Ochrona zasobów natury i rodziny w perspektywie aksjologicznej","authors":"M. Woźniak","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The author of the article assumes that the deposit of values is an important driving force of the will to discover the function of responsibility, to search ex ante for effective means of action for life in well-being and at the same time to be ethical, and therefore it cannot be ignored in solving human development risks, including ecological risk reduction. From an axiological perspective, the sense of economic efficiency, growth of business assets and competitiveness become evident if they is anchored in the coordination mechanisms, institutions, regulatory tools and action strategies that bring positive effects in well-being relating to the entire space of integrated development, including not only the economic, social, and natural, but also spiritual and human biology, political, knowledge, technological, and consumption spheres, respecting the synergies and entropies arising from the coupling between them. From this research perspective, reflections on the ethical foundations of education and upbringing for the respect of nature and the family are presented. They are preceded by the presentation of the most important concepts of constraints on development from the sphere of nature and the criticism of the promoted programmes of nature conservation. From these reflections, it was concluded that it is advisable to activate the mechanisms of bottom-up innovation pushing and enforcing pro-ecological strategies coherent with harmonised development in all spheres of human existence. It was also pointed out that there is a need to modernise human capital based on axiologically ordered goals, also using for this purpose the institutions of family and religion.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127875671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article is to assess the degree of differentiation of digital development in the European Union countries and to determine the factors that differentiate them. The research is based on data from Eurostat databases. The analysis included 20 indicators describing individual aspects of the digital development of countries, i.e. the use of digital technologies by individuals and households, activities of individuals in the field of e-administration, Internet use, ICT usage in enterprises and the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. The study was conducted for all European Union countries, except for Malta, for which the data was found to be too deficient. In order to comprehensively present the problem of differentiation in the digital development of the studied European Union countries, the methods of linear and non-linear ordering were used. Linear ordering made it possible to indicate the position of individual countries in relation to the others due to digital development and its individual elements, while non-linear ordering allowed for their grouping into homogeneous groups using the full set of diagnostic variables. The conducted research confirmed the existence of significant disproportions in the digital development of the European Union countries and the still large spatial differentiation in the level of digital development between the southern and northern parts of the community. The analysis of inequalities within individual areas showed that the disproportions in access to the Internet and the necessary equipment are much smaller than the level of inequality related to the use of digital technologies in enterprises or in the public space. This implies efforts to strengthen digital skills.
{"title":"Nierówności w rozwoju cyfrowym w krajach Unii Europejskiej","authors":"Paweł Ulman, Małgorzata Ćwiek","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to assess the degree of differentiation of digital development in the European Union countries and to determine the factors that differentiate them. The research is based on data from Eurostat databases. The analysis included 20 indicators describing individual aspects of the digital development of countries, i.e. the use of digital technologies by individuals and households, activities of individuals in the field of e-administration, Internet use, ICT usage in enterprises and the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. The study was conducted for all European Union countries, except for Malta, for which the data was found to be too deficient. In order to comprehensively present the problem of differentiation in the digital development of the studied European Union countries, the methods of linear and non-linear ordering were used. Linear ordering made it possible to indicate the position of individual countries in relation to the others due to digital development and its individual elements, while non-linear ordering allowed for their grouping into homogeneous groups using the full set of diagnostic variables. The conducted research confirmed the existence of significant disproportions in the digital development of the European Union countries and the still large spatial differentiation in the level of digital development between the southern and northern parts of the community. The analysis of inequalities within individual areas showed that the disproportions in access to the Internet and the necessary equipment are much smaller than the level of inequality related to the use of digital technologies in enterprises or in the public space. This implies efforts to strengthen digital skills.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123279674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The digitalisation process implies many benefits for its active participants. However, some companies, individuals and social groups are excluded from this process, which leads to digital inequalities. The aim of the article is to evaluate Polish regions (NUTS 2) in terms of their digital inclusion and to indicate the importance of EU funds in supporting digital inclusion in Poland. It is claimed that the role of external financial support from EU funds is important in promoting digital inclusion in Polish regions. Support for ICT development is becoming very important in Poland and its regions. In the perspective of 2014–2020, an operational programme dedicated to promoting the development and use of ICT was developed: Digital Poland 2014–2020 Operational Programme. Also within the framework of regional operational programmes implemented in the regions of Poland, including Silesia, priorities or undertakings related to the support for ICT development were identified. This requires the implementation of a wide range of projects, from the improvement of access to the Internet, through the improvement of accessibility and quality of public e-services, to further development of digital competences. Without prompt actions in this regard, the problem of digital exclusion in Poland and its regions will further intensify.
{"title":"Rola funduszy UE w promowaniu inkluzji cyfrowej w polskich regionach","authors":"Małgorzata Dziembała","doi":"10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15584/NSAWG.2021.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The digitalisation process implies many benefits for its active participants. However, some companies, individuals and social groups are excluded from this process, which leads to digital inequalities. The aim of the article is to evaluate Polish regions (NUTS 2) in terms of their digital inclusion and to indicate the importance of EU funds in supporting digital inclusion in Poland. It is claimed that the role of external financial support from EU funds is important in promoting digital inclusion in Polish regions. Support for ICT development is becoming very important in Poland and its regions. In the perspective of 2014–2020, an operational programme dedicated to promoting the development and use of ICT was developed: Digital Poland 2014–2020 Operational Programme. Also within the framework of regional operational programmes implemented in the regions of Poland, including Silesia, priorities or undertakings related to the support for ICT development were identified. This requires the implementation of a wide range of projects, from the improvement of access to the Internet, through the improvement of accessibility and quality of public e-services, to further development of digital competences. Without prompt actions in this regard, the problem of digital exclusion in Poland and its regions will further intensify.","PeriodicalId":265236,"journal":{"name":"Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130658844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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