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Thermal challenges to building reliable embedded systems 构建可靠嵌入式系统的热挑战
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834936
Zebo Peng
More and more embedded systems are used in safety-critical areas such as automotive electronics and medical applications. These safety-critical applications impose stringent requirements on reliability, performance, low-power and testability of the underlying VLSI circuits. With silicon technology scaling, however, VLSI circuits operate very often at high temperature, which has negative impact on reliability, performance, power-efficiency and testability. This paper discusses several thermal impacts on VLSI circuits and their related challenges. It presents also a few emerging techniques that take temperature into account in the design and test processes.
越来越多的嵌入式系统被用于安全关键领域,如汽车电子和医疗应用。这些安全关键应用对底层VLSI电路的可靠性、性能、低功耗和可测试性提出了严格的要求。然而,随着硅技术的规模化,VLSI电路经常在高温下工作,这对可靠性、性能、功率效率和可测试性产生了负面影响。本文讨论了VLSI电路的几种热影响及其相关挑战。它还介绍了一些在设计和测试过程中考虑温度的新兴技术。
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引用次数: 1
An automatic synthesis tool for nanometer low dropout regulator using simulation based model and geometric programming 基于仿真模型和几何规划的纳米级低差稳压器自动合成工具
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834871
S. Hsu, Wei-Zen Chen, Jui-Pin Zheng, Sean Shih-Ying Liu, Po-Cheng Pan, Hung-Ming Chen
This paper presents an efficient synthesis framework for Low Dropout Regulator (LDOs) automatic design to facilitate varieties of power management ICs applications. A four-stage synthesizer is proposed to deal with topology selection, transistor sizing, and layout generation automatically. The proposed approach correctly describes device behaviors in moderate and strong inversion regions for current optimization. Without trivial trial and error procedure, the “SPICE accuracy” device size mapping is provided, and the resulting layout is compact and regular while meeting analog design constraints. Using the proposed synthesis tool for LDO automatic design, a prototype chip has been successfully fabricated in 65nm CMOS process. The experimental results validate our methodology in industrial cases with high performance and meet all the target specifications.
本文提出了一种高效的低差稳压器(LDOs)自动设计的综合框架,以方便各种电源管理集成电路的应用。提出了一种自动处理拓扑选择、晶体管尺寸和布局生成的四级合成器。该方法正确地描述了器件在中强反转区的行为,便于电流优化。无需繁琐的试验和错误程序,即可提供“SPICE精度”器件尺寸映射,并且最终布局紧凑且规则,同时满足模拟设计约束。利用所提出的LDO自动设计合成工具,在65nm CMOS工艺下成功制作了原型芯片。实验结果验证了我们的方法在工业案例中的高性能,并满足所有目标规格。
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引用次数: 0
Skillfully diminishing antenna effect in layer assignment stage 在分层阶段巧妙地减小天线效应
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834859
Chih-Chien Lin, Wen-Hao Liu, Yih-Lang Li
Antenna effect is an important issue that critically impacts the reliability and yield of integrated circuits. The dynamic-programming-based (DP-based) layer assignment method has been adopted to minimize antenna violation by enumerating all possible solutions and pruning inferior solutions. However, the complexities of modern circuits have significantly increased, likely causing the DP-based method to consume much more runtime and memory space. In this paper, we propose a skillful method to effectively Diminish Antenna effect in Layer Assignment Stage (DALAS). Unlike previous work that needs to search for separator locations and thus requires exploring much more solution space, DALAS does not need to search for separator locations and can deal with local and global antenna effects while trying to keep total via count and total overflow minimal. Experiment results show that DALAS is the first work to expel all antenna violations with similar via count to that produced by previous works [3][5] for the benchmarks in ISPD'08 Global Routing Contest.
天线效应是影响集成电路可靠性和成品率的一个重要问题。采用基于动态规划(dp)的分层分配方法,通过列举所有可能解并剔除劣解,使天线冲突最小化。然而,现代电路的复杂性已经显著增加,可能导致基于dp的方法消耗更多的运行时和内存空间。在本文中,我们提出了一种巧妙的方法来有效地消除层分配阶段(DALAS)中的天线效应。不像以前的工作需要搜索分离器位置,因此需要探索更多的解决方案空间,DALAS不需要搜索分离器位置,可以处理局部和全局天线效应,同时尽量保持总通过数和总溢出最小。实验结果表明,在ISPD’08全球路由竞赛的基准测试中,DALAS是第一个排除所有通过数与先前工作[3][5]相似的天线违规的工作。
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引用次数: 1
A 3X-oversampling hybrid clock and data recovery circuit with programmable bandwidth 具有可编程带宽的3x过采样混合时钟和数据恢复电路
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834881
Jia-An Jheng, W. Chang, Tai-Cheng Lee
A 3X-oversampling hybrid clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with programmable bandwidth has been fabricated in a 55-nm CMOS technology. The jitter tolerance analysis and the design of the proposed architecture are presented. The proposed hybrid CDR consists of a conventional phase-tracking CDR and a oversampling CDR for jitter tolerance improvement. Based on the input jitter magnitude and jitter tolerance specification requirements, different bandwidths will be selected. The measured results of jitter tolerance are 1.2 UI @ 10 MHz, 5.5 UI @ 1 MHz, and 35 UI @ 100 kHz, respectively. The total area of this design is 0.98 mm2, and the power consumption is 46.2 mW at 5-Gb/s input data rate from a 1.1V supply voltage.
采用55纳米CMOS工艺,制作了具有可编程带宽的3x过采样混合时钟和数据恢复(CDR)电路。给出了系统的抖动容限分析和结构设计。提出的混合CDR由传统的相位跟踪CDR和提高抖动容限的过采样CDR组成。根据输入抖动幅度和抖动公差规格要求,选择不同的带宽。抖动容差的测量结果分别为1.2 UI @ 10 MHz, 5.5 UI @ 1 MHz和35 UI @ 100 kHz。本设计的总面积为0.98 mm2,功耗为46.2 mW,输入数据速率为5gb /s,电源电压为1.1V。
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引用次数: 1
A fast transient and under/overshoot suppression DC-DC Buck converter with ACP control 具有ACP控制的快速瞬态和欠/超调抑制DC-DC降压变换器
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834887
Jing Lin, J. Shiau, Chien-Hung Tsai
In this paper, a novel state ACP (adaptive current position) is presented, which allows Buck converter to achieve fast load transient response. The PWM (pulse width modulation) and PFM (pulse frequency modulation) modes increase light-load efficiency and maintain good regulation over a wide load range. When the load rapidly changes from light to heavy, ACP can enhance the transient response, to minimize the settling time and suppresses under/overshoot voltage. Unlike other system, the proposed controller can operate without current-sensor. ACP can force the inductor current to catch up with load current quickly. Switch on high-side power MOS a period of time then change to PWM state. By using the information from pseudo current roof, the exact on-time and off-time at different Vin can be calculated. Also, we can speculate the time to execute ACP without current-sensor. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the superior dynamic response over that of a conventional digital Buck converter.
本文提出了一种新的自适应电流位置状态ACP (adaptive current position),使Buck变换器能够实现快速的负载瞬态响应。PWM(脉冲宽度调制)和PFM(脉冲频率调制)模式增加了轻负载效率,并在宽负载范围内保持良好的调节。当负载从轻到重快速变化时,ACP可以增强暂态响应,最大限度地减少稳定时间,抑制欠/过调电压。与其他系统不同的是,该控制器可以在没有电流传感器的情况下运行。ACP可以迫使电感电流快速赶上负载电流。开关高侧功率MOS一段时间,然后切换到PWM状态。利用伪电流顶的信息,可以计算出不同电压点的准确通断时间。此外,我们还可以推测在没有电流传感器的情况下执行ACP的时间。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法的动态响应优于传统数字Buck变换器。
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引用次数: 0
An FPGA implementation of high-throughput key-value store using Bloom filter 基于布隆滤波器的高吞吐量键值存储的FPGA实现
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834868
J. Cho, Kiyoung Choi
This paper presents an efficient implementation of key-value store using Bloom filters on FPGA. Bloom filters are used to reduce the number of unnecessary accesses to the hash tables, thereby improving the performance. Additionally, for better hash table utilization, we use a modified cuckoo hashing algorithm for the implementation. They are implemented in FPGA to further improve the performance. Experimental results show significant performance improvement over existing approaches.
本文提出了一种在FPGA上利用布隆滤波器实现键值存储的有效方法。布隆过滤器用于减少对哈希表不必要的访问次数,从而提高性能。此外,为了更好地利用哈希表,我们使用了一种改进的布谷鸟哈希算法来实现。它们在FPGA中实现,以进一步提高性能。实验结果表明,与现有方法相比,该方法的性能有显著提高。
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引用次数: 15
Keep-Out-Zone analysis for three-dimensional ICs 三维集成电路的保出区分析
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834862
Mostafa Said, M. El-Sayed, Farhad Mehdipour, N. Miyakawa
One of main challenges of 3D-integration is the area overhead which has two main causes: first the huge TSV diameter which is usually in the range of microns, and the second reason is the Keep-Out-Zone (KOZ) overhead due to the high induced thermal stresses during fabrication. The area overhead besides the fabrication process itself inversely affects the overall yield and fabrication cost, so the increase in area will reduce the yield and increase the fabrication cost. In this paper, the effect of KOZ overhead on the overall area, yield, and fabrication cost is investigated. Also various parameters that might change KOZ overhead are examined. We show that the share of area overhead caused by KOZ is considerably higher compared to that of TSVs. Further, the impact of KOZ is considered for obtaining more accurate estimation on W2W overall yield and fabrication cost of a 3D-IC.
3d集成的主要挑战之一是面积开销,这有两个主要原因:首先是巨大的TSV直径,通常在微米范围内,第二个原因是由于制造过程中产生的高诱导热应力而导致的隔离区(KOZ)开销。除了制造工艺本身外,面积开销对整体良率和制造成本产生反作用,因此面积的增加会降低良率,增加制造成本。本文研究了KOZ开销对总面积、成品率和制造成本的影响。此外,还检查了可能改变KOZ开销的各种参数。我们表明,与tsv相比,KOZ引起的面积开销份额要高得多。此外,为了更准确地估计3d集成电路的W2W总良率和制造成本,还考虑了KOZ的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Energy efficiency in the Internet of Things — Critical or nice-to-have? 物联网中的能源效率——至关重要还是值得拥有?
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834913
Yen-kuang Chen
Summary form only given. Many people predict Internet of Things will become the next big wave of IT industry. Some people predicts there are a trillions of dollars businesses in the IoT era, as IoT will significant improve our lives. However, are energy efficiency VLSI designs critical to the success of IoT? Or, they are just nice-to-have. In this talk, we plan to discuss the following topics: What are the key computing and communication technology barriers in the IoT era? What kind of VLSI designs in the most important part in IoT?
只提供摘要形式。很多人预测物联网将成为IT产业的下一个大浪潮。有人预测,物联网时代将有数万亿美元的业务,因为物联网将显著改善我们的生活。然而,节能VLSI设计对物联网的成功至关重要吗?或者,它们只是拥有的美好。在本次演讲中,我们计划讨论以下主题:物联网时代的关键计算和通信技术障碍是什么?在物联网中最重要的部分是什么样的VLSI设计?
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引用次数: 0
On efficient error-tolerability evaluation and maximization for image processing applications 图像处理应用中误差容忍度的有效评估与最大化
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834866
Tong-Yu Hsieh, Kuan-Hsien Li, Yi-Han Peng
With the advance of semiconductor manufacturing technology, low yield issue of a circuit/system has received much attention. Error-tolerance is an innovative concept that can significantly improve yield of integrated circuits (IC's) by identifying defective yet acceptable chips. In this paper we first employ an Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) circuit to illustrate the potential of yield improvement in a JPEG2000 decoder via error-tolerance. We then carefully analyze error distribution induced by faults in the IDWT design. The analysis results reveal that the identification of acceptable chips will be challenging and needs to be carefully addressed. We also conduct an architectural error-tolerability analysis on the target design and show that one can easily identify the internal locations where errors are unacceptable, and can therefore re-design only the circuitry associated with these locations so as to reduce the significance of errors as well as design costs. In addition we also discuss possible image post-processing methods to further increase the acceptability of the designs.
随着半导体制造技术的进步,电路/系统的低良率问题受到越来越多的关注。容错是一个创新的概念,它可以通过识别有缺陷但可接受的芯片来显著提高集成电路的良率。在本文中,我们首先采用逆离散小波变换(IDWT)电路来说明通过容错提高JPEG2000解码器成品率的潜力。然后,我们仔细分析了IDWT设计中由故障引起的误差分布。分析结果显示,可接受芯片的识别将是具有挑战性的,需要仔细解决。我们还对目标设计进行了架构容错性分析,并表明可以很容易地识别出错误不可接受的内部位置,因此可以只重新设计与这些位置相关的电路,从而降低错误的重要性和设计成本。此外,我们还讨论了可能的图像后处理方法,以进一步提高设计的可接受性。
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引用次数: 1
A novel power noise simulation methodology for chip design using Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging 基于晶圆级芯片规模封装的新型功率噪声模拟方法
Pub Date : 2014-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/VLSI-DAT.2014.6834875
Yipin Wu, Zhigang Hao, Jin-Seop Han, Joy Tsai
Switching activity in digital circuits produce current peaks which result in voltage fluctuation on the power network, and the accompanying digital power noise may cause WIFI desense. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel simulation method for application to WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging), in which RDL (Redistribution Layer) routing is only partially occupied by power mesh. The proposed method correctly models the coupling effect from on-die power mesh's current, via mutual inductance, into the WIFI RX path. The proposed method is applied to a wireless combo chip to confirm that simulation correlates well with silicon measurement. As a result, we are able to demonstrate that on-die power mesh optimization can lead to significant reduction in WIFI de-sense.
数字电路的开关活动会产生电流峰值,从而导致电网电压波动,同时伴随的数字功率噪声会引起WIFI密集。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种新的模拟方法,用于WLCSP(晶圆级芯片规模封装),其中RDL(重新分配层)路由仅部分被电源网格占用。该方法正确地模拟了片上电源网格电流通过互感进入WIFI RX路径的耦合效应。将该方法应用于无线组合芯片,验证了仿真与硅测量的良好相关性。因此,我们能够证明片上功率网格优化可以显着降低WIFI去感。
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引用次数: 0
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Technical Papers of 2014 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test
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