Vietnamese Abstract: Nghiên cứu kiểm định các yếu tố Văn hóa doanh nghiệp ảnh hưởng đến sự gắn bó của nhân viên Công ty TNHH Dây cáp điện Tai Sin Vietnam (Tai Sin), bằng việc khảo sát 282 nhân viên. Phương pháp phân tích Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích EFA cùng với phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng với phương tiện SPSS. Kết quả cho thấy mức độ ảnh hưởng của 06 yếu tố VHDN- theo tầm quan trọng giảm dần- đến Sự gắn bó của nhân viên gồm: Làm việc nhóm, Định hướng về kế hoạch tương lai, Giao tiếp trong tổ chức, Đào tạo và phát triển, Phần thưởng và công nhận, Sáng tạo trong công việc. Nghiên cứu đề ra một số hàm ý quản trị đến các nhà quản lý Công ty Tai Sin nhằm tăng cường sự gắn bó của nhân viên.
English Abstract: This research investigates the effect of corporate culture factors on staff commitment at Tai Sin Electric Cables VN Co. Ltd. (Tai Sin), by interviewing 282 staff. The methods of Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA and lineard regression were used with the support of SPSS software.
The results show that the effect of 06 corporate culture factors on staff commitment at Nha Be Co- by decreasing the importance: Group working, Orientation on future plans, Communication, Training and Development, Reward and Recognition, Creativity in work. The research also reveals some suggestions to Tai Sin management to enhance staff commitment.
{"title":"Ảnh hưởng của văn hóa doanh nghiệp đến sự gắn bó của nhân viên Công ty TNHH Dây cáp điện Tai Sin Vietnam (The Effect of Corporate Culture on Staff Commitment at Tai Sin Electric Cables (VN) Co., LTD","authors":"Giao Ha Nam Khanh, Voõ Ngoïc Leâ","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3859246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3859246","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Vietnamese Abstract:</b> Nghiên cứu kiểm định các yếu tố Văn hóa doanh nghiệp ảnh hưởng đến sự gắn bó của nhân viên Công ty TNHH Dây cáp điện Tai Sin Vietnam (Tai Sin), bằng việc khảo sát 282 nhân viên. Phương pháp phân tích Cronbach’s Alpha, phân tích EFA cùng với phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng với phương tiện SPSS.<br>Kết quả cho thấy mức độ ảnh hưởng của 06 yếu tố VHDN- theo tầm quan trọng giảm dần- đến Sự gắn bó của nhân viên gồm: Làm việc nhóm, Định hướng về kế hoạch tương lai, Giao tiếp trong tổ chức, Đào tạo và phát triển, Phần thưởng và công nhận, Sáng tạo trong công việc. Nghiên cứu đề ra một số hàm ý quản trị đến các nhà quản lý Công ty Tai Sin nhằm tăng cường sự gắn bó của nhân viên.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This research investigates the effect of corporate culture factors on staff commitment at Tai Sin Electric Cables VN Co. Ltd. (Tai Sin), by interviewing 282 staff. The methods of Cronbach’s Alpha, EFA and lineard regression were used with the support of SPSS software.<br><br>The results show that the effect of 06 corporate culture factors on staff commitment at Nha Be Co- by decreasing the importance: Group working, Orientation on future plans, Communication, Training and Development, Reward and Recognition, Creativity in work. The research also reveals some suggestions to Tai Sin management to enhance staff commitment.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121655895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper employs survey data from 110,398 firms in 108 developing countries to determine the firm and country characteristics that affect the probability that a firm is energy poor, i.e., the firm will report that electricity is an obstacle to the firm's operations. We find that firms that experienced power outages, manufacturing firms, foreign-owned firms and firms that are engaged in R&D or innovate are more likely to be energy poor. In contrast, majority-owned government firms, older firms and firms located in a city are less likely to be energy poor. The gender of the firm owner and the size of the firm are not correlated with firm energy poverty. Among firms that experienced power outages, firm energy poverty increases with the frequency as well as the duration of outages. Finally, we find that firms located in countries with weak institutions and in countries where residents have limited access to electricity are more likely to be energy poor.
{"title":"The Determinants of Electricity Constraints by Firms in Developing Countries","authors":"E. Asiedu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3877275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3877275","url":null,"abstract":"This paper employs survey data from 110,398 firms in 108 developing countries to determine the firm and country characteristics that affect the probability that a firm is energy poor, i.e., the firm will report that electricity is an obstacle to the firm's operations. We find that firms that experienced power outages, manufacturing firms, foreign-owned firms and firms that are engaged in R&D or innovate are more likely to be energy poor. In contrast, majority-owned government firms, older firms and firms located in a city are less likely to be energy poor. The gender of the firm owner and the size of the firm are not correlated with firm energy poverty. Among firms that experienced power outages, firm energy poverty increases with the frequency as well as the duration of outages. Finally, we find that firms located in countries with weak institutions and in countries where residents have limited access to electricity are more likely to be energy poor.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131060748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-17DOI: 10.21744/IRJEIS.V7N4.1719
Rodrigo Barra Novoa
Like other Latin American countries, Chile depends heavily on the activity of small and medium-sized companies to sustain some macro and microeconomic indicators. In particular, one of the productive development agencies that has taken a leading role in this objective is the Technical Cooperation Service (SERCOTEC). This institution has defined a set of support programs in different areas in order to meet the needs of this business segment. In this context, the article provides an overview of institutional learning, lessons learned, and economic impacts obtained by the Business Development Centers program, describing the central role of this innovative public policy that has responded actively and efficiently to the growth of the ventures and companies assisted between the years 2015-2019.
{"title":"Institutional Learning and Early Economic Impact Results Obtained by the Network of Business Development Centers in Chile","authors":"Rodrigo Barra Novoa","doi":"10.21744/IRJEIS.V7N4.1719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21744/IRJEIS.V7N4.1719","url":null,"abstract":"Like other Latin American countries, Chile depends heavily on the activity of small and medium-sized companies to sustain some macro and microeconomic indicators. In particular, one of the productive development agencies that has taken a leading role in this objective is the Technical Cooperation Service (SERCOTEC). This institution has defined a set of support programs in different areas in order to meet the needs of this business segment. In this context, the article provides an overview of institutional learning, lessons learned, and economic impacts obtained by the Business Development Centers program, describing the central role of this innovative public policy that has responded actively and efficiently to the growth of the ventures and companies assisted between the years 2015-2019.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128173209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-18DOI: 10.2499/P15738COLL2.134319
Jingxi Wang, Manuel A. Hernandez, Guoying Deng
Reducing urban-rural gaps in child health and nutrition is one of the most difficult challenges faced by many countries. This paper evaluates the impact of the Nutrition Improvement Program (NIP), a large-scale school meal program in rural China, on the health and nutritional status of compulsory education students aged 6-16. We use data from multiple rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004-2015 and implement a quasi-experimental approach exploiting cross-county variations in program implementation. We find that NIP participation is, on average, associated with a higher height-for-age z-score in the order of 0.22-0.42 standard deviations. The impacts are larger among students in a better health condition but small or not significant among the most disadvantaged. We do not observe heterogeneous effects across several individual and household characteristics. We also do not find significant effects on Body Mass Index-for-age and weight-for-age z scores. The results suggest that NIP partially improved students’ health over the first years of implementation, but more support is needed to achieve broader impacts that effectively reach all vulnerable students. Several robustness checks support our findings.
{"title":"Large-Scale School Meal Programs and Student Health: Evidence from Rural China","authors":"Jingxi Wang, Manuel A. Hernandez, Guoying Deng","doi":"10.2499/P15738COLL2.134319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/P15738COLL2.134319","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing urban-rural gaps in child health and nutrition is one of the most difficult challenges faced by many countries. This paper evaluates the impact of the Nutrition Improvement Program (NIP), a large-scale school meal program in rural China, on the health and nutritional status of compulsory education students aged 6-16. We use data from multiple rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 2004-2015 and implement a quasi-experimental approach exploiting cross-county variations in program implementation. We find that NIP participation is, on average, associated with a higher height-for-age z-score in the order of 0.22-0.42 standard deviations. The impacts are larger among students in a better health condition but small or not significant among the most disadvantaged. We do not observe heterogeneous effects across several individual and household characteristics. We also do not find significant effects on Body Mass Index-for-age and weight-for-age z scores. The results suggest that NIP partially improved students’ health over the first years of implementation, but more support is needed to achieve broader impacts that effectively reach all vulnerable students. Several robustness checks support our findings.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125601180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan is home to about 216 million people and most of the population is earning less than 10 $ a day. Pakistan, like any other beautiful European country, is a huge market for tourism as it offers not only the beauty of nature but also the diversity of cultures. In fact, tourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in mountainous areas as it creates new jobs and reduces unemployment for them. But unfortunately, the number of tourists visiting Pakistan fluctuates from year to year. Therefore, the aim of my thesis is to find out the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry with some potential neighboring countries to find out where Pakistan stands and in terms of competition, it lacks, to find out the role of the government in improving this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for improving this industry. The Primary data was collected from domestic and international tourists through interviews, and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country in 2019 when I was in Pakistan and data collected from tourist operators was done there. The Secondary data was collected from my personal visit to PTDC and the Ministry of Tourism in 2019. Estimated results have reprimanded the fact that poor access, development, weakness, margins, and the country's persistent social/political problems are the factors that have reduced the proportion of tourist visits to Pakistan. Secondly, the government of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have been a catalyst for the tourism industry. The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that Pakistan's tourism industry fluctuates greatly in the alternate years, ie the reasons for this decline from 2005 to 2016 are linked to the country's political and social problems and Lack of active participation of Tourism officials. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture, and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around Pakistan but unfortunately, due to insurgency and unavailability of facilities their travel rate Decreased. But the recent year from 2017-2019 Pakistan's new government take immediate steps and Pakistan tourism industry growth has been increasing in recent years. But still, we are back behind in the tourism industry in our neighboring countries like China and India where the tourism industry having more and more powerful every year. My suggestions for the development of this industry are that governments should take the tourism industry seriously and improve the tourism infrastructure, overcome the insurgency in the country as soon as possible, and strengthen relations with the outside world. Establish, present image, positive image of Pakistan through media etc. so that the status and quality of Pakistan's tourism industry can be improved globally. Research limitations encounter
巴基斯坦拥有大约2.16亿人口，其中大多数人每天的收入不到10美元。像其他美丽的欧洲国家一样，巴基斯坦是一个巨大的旅游市场，因为它不仅提供自然美景，还提供文化多样性。事实上，旅游业是最赚钱和最具创业精神的行业，特别是对生活在山区的人来说，因为它为他们创造了新的就业机会，减少了失业率。但不幸的是，访问巴基斯坦的游客数量每年都在波动。因此，我的论文的目的是找出影响巴基斯坦旅游业的积极和消极因素，将我们的旅游业的表现与一些潜在的邻国进行比较，找出巴基斯坦在竞争方面所处的位置，找出政府在改善这个行业方面的作用，并提出一些可能的策略来改善这个行业。主要数据是在2019年我在巴基斯坦期间，通过对国内外游客的访谈和调查问卷收集的，并从旅游运营商那里收集了数据。二级数据是我在2019年亲自访问PTDC和旅游部时收集的。估计的结果谴责了这样一个事实，即交通不便、发展、弱势、边缘和该国持续存在的社会/政治问题是减少巴基斯坦游客访问比例的因素。其次，巴基斯坦政府也未能实施本可促进旅游业发展的政策和战略。从收集的数据中得出的结论是，巴基斯坦的旅游业在隔年波动很大，即2005年至2016年这种下降的原因与该国的政治和社会问题以及缺乏旅游官员的积极参与有关。国内外游客都喜欢巴基斯坦的自然、文化和食物，其中80%的人想去巴基斯坦旅行，但不幸的是，由于叛乱和设施不可用，他们的旅行率下降了。但最近一年，从2017年到2019年，巴基斯坦新政府立即采取措施，巴基斯坦旅游业近年来一直在增长。但是，我们的旅游业仍然落后于我们的邻国，比如中国和印度，那里的旅游业每年都在变得越来越强大。我对旅游业发展的建议是政府应该重视旅游业，完善旅游基础设施，尽快克服国内的叛乱，加强与外界的关系。通过媒体等，树立、呈现巴基斯坦的正面形象，提高巴基斯坦旅游业在全球的地位和质量。在数据收集过程中遇到的研究限制包括PTDC和旅游部的信息共享有限，因为他们的数据没有及时更新。其次，自2020年以来，世界遭受covid-19的困扰，幕后有许多限制和限制，例如由于covid，没有人可以旅行。所以，我使用了通过帮助社交媒体团体和在线调查进行在线调查的想法。本研究的重要方面或价值在于，从潜在游客的角度考虑了几乎所有影响旅游业的重要因素，最后提出了一些建议，这些建议将使这个行业目前恶化的情况变得更糟，可以改善所需的情况。旅游，巴基斯坦，战略，潜力，国内外旅游，因素，发展。引言部分介绍了巴基斯坦作为一个旅游国家的一些信息，问题的陈述，研究的目的，研究的意义和目的以及研究的局限性。巴基斯坦是一个旅游国家。巴基斯坦，如图1所示，在1947年8月14日脱离英属印度独立后，成为一个现代国家。巴基斯坦四省都有丰富的遗产和文化，拥有雄伟而崎岖的山脉、郁郁葱葱的田野、沙漠、河流、湖泊、海岸，以及友好好客的人民，是不同口味游客的天堂。巴基斯坦因其北部的山区、兴都库什山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和大喜马拉雅山脉而闻名于世，这些地区形成了世界上最高峰最密集的地区。巴基斯坦的卡拉姆(斯瓦特山谷)被称为亚洲的瑞士。巴基斯坦的罕萨(Hunza)和吉德拉尔(Chitral)山谷是一小群自称是亚历山大大帝(Alexander The Great)军队后裔的泛灵论者卡拉沙(Kalasha)社区的家园。
{"title":"Sustainable Tourism Potential and Strategies for Development as an Industry in Pakistan, Factors Affecting Tourism","authors":"Choudhry Umer Sultan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3774908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3774908","url":null,"abstract":"<br>Pakistan is home to about 216 million people and most of the population is earning less than 10 $ a day. Pakistan, like any other beautiful European country, is a huge market for tourism as it offers not only the beauty of nature but also the diversity of cultures. In fact, tourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in mountainous areas as it creates new jobs and reduces unemployment for them. But unfortunately, the number of tourists visiting Pakistan fluctuates from year to year.<br>Therefore, the aim of my thesis is to find out the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry with some potential neighboring countries to find out where Pakistan stands and in terms of competition, it lacks, to find out the role of the government in improving this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for improving this industry.<br>The Primary data was collected from domestic and international tourists through interviews, and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country in 2019 when I was in Pakistan and data collected from tourist operators was done there. The Secondary data was collected from my personal visit to PTDC and the Ministry of Tourism in 2019. <br>Estimated results have reprimanded the fact that poor access, development, weakness, margins, and the country's persistent social/political problems are the factors that have reduced the proportion of tourist visits to Pakistan. Secondly, the government of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have been a catalyst for the tourism industry. <br>The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that Pakistan's tourism industry fluctuates greatly in the alternate years, ie the reasons for this decline from 2005 to 2016 are linked to the country's political and social problems and Lack of active participation of Tourism officials. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture, and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around Pakistan but unfortunately, due to insurgency and unavailability of facilities their travel rate Decreased. But the recent year from 2017-2019 Pakistan's new government take immediate steps and Pakistan tourism industry growth has been increasing in recent years. But still, we are back behind in the tourism industry in our neighboring countries like China and India where the tourism industry having more and more powerful every year.<br>My suggestions for the development of this industry are that governments should take the tourism industry seriously and improve the tourism infrastructure, overcome the insurgency in the country as soon as possible, and strengthen relations with the outside world. Establish, present image, positive image of Pakistan through media etc. so that the status and quality of Pakistan's tourism industry can be improved globally.<br>Research limitations encounter","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124527123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spanish Abstract: En este documento ponemos en perspectiva la evolución de la política industrial y las propuestas que determinaron el avance de la industria nacional, en respuesta a la disminución de las fases de producción durante el ciclo económico de des aceleración ocurrido durante la Gran Depresión de 1934. Destaca el importante cambio que se produjo en la mente de los empresarios para convertir un abismo en la oportunidad para superar el shock externo de la economía mundial. Los objetivos de desarrollo encontrados en las ideas de Allyn Young y sus discípulos sobre la innovación, hicieron de la caída en la producción una oportunidad para empezar a incursionar en la fabricación de bienes y servicios a pesar de las situaciones críticas mostradas en el sector externo. Los responsables políticos que se encuentran dispuestos a aprovechar el efecto de la demanda agregada local la convirtieron en oportunidades de inversión para capitalizar y modernizar nuevas empresas emergentes. Algunas provenían del sector artesanal otros hacían parte de la línea de producción moderna donde la división del trabajo ayudó a aumentar la productividad.
English Abstract: In this paper we take into perspective the industrial policy developments and proposals that determined the advancement of domestic industry, in response to the declining production phases while the downturn economic cycle during the Great Depression sunked the economy. It highlights the important change that occurred in the minds of entrepreneurs to turn a dawn into an opportunity to overcome the external shock of the world economy. Development goals found in the ideas launched by Allyn Young and his disciples on innovation, making of a downfall the opportunity to start dabbling in innovative manufacturing despite critical situations shown in the external sector. Policy makers found in reactions of local aggregate demand investment opportunities to capitalize and modernize new emerging companies. Some in the artisanal sector others in a modern line of production where the division of labor helped to rise productivity.
{"title":"Conocimiento Técnico y Despertar de las Manufacturas en Colombia. 1925-1945. (Technical Knowledge and Awakening of Manufacturing in Colombia. 1925-1945)","authors":"José Pérez-Toro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3714010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3714010","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> En este documento ponemos en perspectiva la evolución de la política industrial y las propuestas que determinaron el avance de la industria nacional, en respuesta a la disminución de las fases de producción durante el ciclo económico de des aceleración ocurrido durante la Gran Depresión de 1934. Destaca el importante cambio que se produjo en la mente de los empresarios para convertir un abismo en la oportunidad para superar el shock externo de la economía mundial. Los objetivos de desarrollo encontrados en las ideas de Allyn Young y sus discípulos sobre la innovación, hicieron de la caída en la producción una oportunidad para empezar a incursionar en la fabricación de bienes y servicios a pesar de las situaciones críticas mostradas en el sector externo. Los responsables políticos que se encuentran dispuestos a aprovechar el efecto de la demanda agregada local la convirtieron en oportunidades de inversión para capitalizar y modernizar nuevas empresas emergentes. Algunas provenían del sector artesanal otros hacían parte de la línea de producción moderna donde la división del trabajo ayudó a aumentar la productividad.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In this paper we take into perspective the industrial policy developments and proposals that determined the advancement of domestic industry, in response to the declining production phases while the downturn economic cycle during the Great Depression sunked the economy. It highlights the important change that occurred in the minds of entrepreneurs to turn a dawn into an opportunity to overcome the external shock of the world economy. Development goals found in the ideas launched by Allyn Young and his disciples on innovation, making of a downfall the opportunity to start dabbling in innovative manufacturing despite critical situations shown in the external sector. Policy makers found in reactions of local aggregate demand investment opportunities to capitalize and modernize new emerging companies. Some in the artisanal sector others in a modern line of production where the division of labor helped to rise productivity.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124475836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study gives an overview of the socio-economic consequences and implications of the COVID-19 outbreak in Africa. While it is common knowledge that the damage caused by the pandemic to the global economy is real, the existing socio-economic crises in Africa could further degenerate. What remains salient is that the huge economic costs would be borne by regions bereft of strong institutional regulatory setup and proactive approach to effectively ameliorate the impact of the outbreak, in both short-run and long-run, to bounce back in relation to the magnitude of the shocks suffered. It is indeed affirmed that in most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, such resilient measures seem to be absent or non-existent. Given the degree of behavioral responses and attendant vulnerabilities generated, African socio-economic problems may be potentially exacerbated with the majority of the population face severe hardships in the continent, as socio-economic conditions could be worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the immediate policy option for African countries is to address the prevalent health challenge in the continent; strengthen health services for effective restructuring; and put in place well-defined stimulus measures to aid in the resurgence of economic growth. Although the use of good and tested vaccines should be encouraged to curb the spread of COVID-19 in Africa, developed countries’ support, and global coordination and cooperation are essential to curtail the economic damage and to facilitate robust recovery and development trajectory globally.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Socioeconomic Crises in Africa: Overview of the Prevailing Incidents","authors":"Fisayo Fagbemi, S. Asongu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3755217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3755217","url":null,"abstract":"The study gives an overview of the socio-economic consequences and implications of the COVID-19 outbreak in Africa. While it is common knowledge that the damage caused by the pandemic to the global economy is real, the existing socio-economic crises in Africa could further degenerate. What remains salient is that the huge economic costs would be borne by regions bereft of strong institutional regulatory setup and proactive approach to effectively ameliorate the impact of the outbreak, in both short-run and long-run, to bounce back in relation to the magnitude of the shocks suffered. It is indeed affirmed that in most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, such resilient measures seem to be absent or non-existent. Given the degree of behavioral responses and attendant vulnerabilities generated, African socio-economic problems may be potentially exacerbated with the majority of the population face severe hardships in the continent, as socio-economic conditions could be worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the immediate policy option for African countries is to address the prevalent health challenge in the continent; strengthen health services for effective restructuring; and put in place well-defined stimulus measures to aid in the resurgence of economic growth. Although the use of good and tested vaccines should be encouraged to curb the spread of COVID-19 in Africa, developed countries’ support, and global coordination and cooperation are essential to curtail the economic damage and to facilitate robust recovery and development trajectory globally.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128622286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender wage inequality has been studied for decades, applying highly standardized regression decomposition techniques. It is common to find that education and experience explain small parts of the wage gap while differences in occupation and sector are important. Using three different surveys, all from 2017, we analyse the gender wage gap for urban workers in Myanmar. We start from a standard Mincer-type wage equation in which we condition on the workers level of education and years of experience. Subsequently we control for differences in occupational choice and sector of employment. Finally, we compare wages for men and women with similar characteristics, working in the exact same manufacturing enterprises. Our results show that the urban labour markets in Myanmar stand out as remarkable. In Myanmar, selection into wage work leads to an urban workforce in which the female wage-workers have higher levels of education than their male counterparts. Thus, female workers should, on average, have higher wages than male workers. Even so, the observed gender wage gap is 14-35 percent, depending on the survey analysed. Differences in educational attainment and selection into occupations and sectors cannot account for this wage gap. Instead, it is associated with a lower base wage for women and lower remuneration of women’s experience. Digging deeper, we go beyond the traditional standardized methods and utilize a matched employer-employee dataset to generate one-to-one comparisons of female and male production workers with the same level of education and experience who are employed in the same manufacturing enterprises. Even in this setting, in which the male and female workers are closely matched, we find an average wage gap of 13 percent. Our analysis thus indicates substantial discrimination against women in Myanmar’s urban labour markets, with the situation being worst for uneducated women in low wage jobs.
{"title":"The Gender Wage Gap in Myanmar: Adding Insult to Injury?","authors":"H. Hansen, John Rand, Ngu Wah Win","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3740822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3740822","url":null,"abstract":"Gender wage inequality has been studied for decades, applying highly standardized regression decomposition techniques. It is common to find that education and experience explain small parts of the wage gap while differences in occupation and sector are important. Using three different surveys, all from 2017, we analyse the gender wage gap for urban workers in Myanmar. We start from a standard Mincer-type wage equation in which we condition on the workers level of education and years of experience. Subsequently we control for differences in occupational choice and sector of employment. Finally, we compare wages for men and women with similar characteristics, working in the exact same manufacturing enterprises. Our results show that the urban labour markets in Myanmar stand out as remarkable. In Myanmar, selection into wage work leads to an urban workforce in which the female wage-workers have higher levels of education than their male counterparts. Thus, female workers should, on average, have higher wages than male workers. Even so, the observed gender wage gap is 14-35 percent, depending on the survey analysed. Differences in educational attainment and selection into occupations and sectors cannot account for this wage gap. Instead, it is associated with a lower base wage for women and lower remuneration of women’s experience. Digging deeper, we go beyond the traditional standardized methods and utilize a matched employer-employee dataset to generate one-to-one comparisons of female and male production workers with the same level of education and experience who are employed in the same manufacturing enterprises. Even in this setting, in which the male and female workers are closely matched, we find an average wage gap of 13 percent. Our analysis thus indicates substantial discrimination against women in Myanmar’s urban labour markets, with the situation being worst for uneducated women in low wage jobs.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121068330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonprofit organizations have been recently mandated to disclose the details of their executives' compensation packages. Contract information is now accessible not only to current and prospective donors, but also to rival nonprofit organizations competing for donations in the fundraising market. Our aim is to investigate the impact of publicly available contract information on fundraising competition of nonprofit organizations. We argue that, although such provision makes contract information available to multiple stakeholders and increases the transparency of the nonprofit sector, it also induces nonprofits to use managerial incentive contracts strategically. In particular, we find that the observability of incentive contracts relaxes existing fundraising competition. This is beneficial in terms of nonprofits' outputs, in particular when these organizations are trapped in a situation of excessive fundraising activities. However, we show that publicly available contract information distorts nonprofits' choice of projects, thus potentially inducing socially inefficient project clustering.
{"title":"Mandatory Disclosure of Managerial Contracts in Nonprofit Organizations","authors":"M. Kopel, Marco A. Marini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3743041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3743041","url":null,"abstract":"Nonprofit organizations have been recently mandated to disclose the details of their executives' compensation packages. Contract information is now accessible not only to current and prospective donors, but also to rival nonprofit organizations competing for donations in the fundraising market. Our aim is to investigate the impact of publicly available contract information on fundraising competition of nonprofit organizations. We argue that, although such provision makes contract \u0000information available to multiple stakeholders and increases the transparency of the nonprofit sector, it also induces nonprofits to use managerial incentive contracts strategically. In particular, we find that the observability of incentive contracts relaxes existing fundraising competition. This is beneficial in terms of nonprofits' outputs, in particular when these organizations are trapped in a situation of excessive fundraising activities. However, we show that publicly available contract \u0000information distorts nonprofits' choice of projects, thus potentially inducing socially inefficient project clustering.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115923057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-30DOI: 10.1108/978-1-83982-688-720201004
A. Garg
This study aims at identifying factors that influence Generation Y to choose Airbnb. The topic of this study is of great importance to understand the new trend of accommodation that is currently taking place in the hospitality industry worldwide known as Airbnb, its main target market is Generation Y. The popularity of Airbnb is on the rise and it has become the main competitor to the traditional hotel industry. This research has identified four factors – socio-economic, environmental, technological and media – that largely influence Generation Y while choosing Airbnb as their preferred accommodation. The research represents a framework to test the relationship between these factors and Generation Y decision to choose Airbnb. The data were collected in Malaysia, which is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Southeast Asia, from 200 respondents of different nationalities who intend to or have experienced staying with Airbnb. The data were collected through physical distribution of the questionnaire as well as through an online survey. SPSS version 21 was used to analyse the data. The findings suggest that the various factors identified have a significant influence on Generation Y decision while choosing Airbnb as their accommodation. This finding helps Airbnb maintain its target market by determining the key factors that influence Generation Y. The study also identifies technological and environmental factors that play an important role in the Generation Y decision to choose Airbnb.
本研究旨在找出影响Y世代选择Airbnb的因素。这项研究的主题是非常重要的，以了解住宿的新趋势，目前正在发生在世界各地的酒店业被称为爱彼迎，其主要目标市场是y一代。爱彼迎的受欢迎程度正在上升，它已成为传统酒店业的主要竞争对手。这项研究确定了四个因素——社会经济、环境、技术和媒体——在很大程度上影响了Y一代选择Airbnb作为首选住宿的原因。该研究提供了一个框架来测试这些因素与Y一代选择Airbnb的决定之间的关系。这些数据是在马来西亚收集的，马来西亚是东南亚最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一，来自200名不同国籍的受访者，他们打算或经历过住在Airbnb上。这些数据是通过问卷的实物分发和在线调查收集的。采用SPSS version 21对数据进行分析。研究结果表明，所确定的各种因素对Y一代选择Airbnb作为住宿的决定有重大影响。这一发现有助于Airbnb通过确定影响Y世代的关键因素来维持其目标市场。该研究还确定了技术和环境因素，这些因素在Y世代选择Airbnb的决定中起着重要作用。
{"title":"Factors Influencing Generation Y to Choose AIRBNB","authors":"A. Garg","doi":"10.1108/978-1-83982-688-720201004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-688-720201004","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims at identifying factors that influence Generation Y to choose Airbnb. The topic of this study is of great importance to understand the new trend of accommodation that is currently taking place in the hospitality industry worldwide known as Airbnb, its main target market is Generation Y. The popularity of Airbnb is on the rise and it has become the main competitor to the traditional hotel industry. This research has identified four factors – socio-economic, environmental, technological and media – that largely influence Generation Y while choosing Airbnb as their preferred accommodation. The research represents a framework to test the relationship between these factors and Generation Y decision to choose Airbnb. The data were collected in Malaysia, which is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Southeast Asia, from 200 respondents of different nationalities who intend to or have experienced staying with Airbnb. The data were collected through physical distribution of the questionnaire as well as through an online survey. SPSS version 21 was used to analyse the data. The findings suggest that the various factors identified have a significant influence on Generation Y decision while choosing Airbnb as their accommodation. This finding helps Airbnb maintain its target market by determining the key factors that influence Generation Y. The study also identifies technological and environmental factors that play an important role in the Generation Y decision to choose Airbnb.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"21 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127694873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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