In the global competitive environment, Employee Database Management is a really powerful system in the public sector organization. Most of the Public Sector Organizations do their work through the manual system. According to the present situation of the global world, social distance is more important. In that situation, the public sector organizations have found the solutions to do their work efficiently. Hence, the key objective of this study is to understand the existing process in the increment form procedure in non-academic staff and introduce a paperless process through the fully automated system for preparing salary increment. Sample data was collected from the existing increment form process of the university of the last three years and simple statistical tools such as mean values and percentage values were used in the analyzing process of the study. The results showed that there was a waste due to unnecessary processes and practices in the existing process, which leads to inefficiency in the system. The proposed automated system includes a paperless process and saves cost and time through the efficiency of the system.
{"title":"Implementing the Paperless Process through the Employee Database Management System - Case study: With Special Reference to Non-Academic Establishment Division in University of Kelaniya","authors":"P. T. Dompelage","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3862472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862472","url":null,"abstract":"In the global competitive environment, Employee Database Management is a really powerful system in the public sector organization. Most of the Public Sector Organizations do their work through the manual system. According to the present situation of the global world, social distance is more important. In that situation, the public sector organizations have found the solutions to do their work efficiently. Hence, the key objective of this study is to understand the existing process in the increment form procedure in non-academic staff and introduce a paperless process through the fully automated system for preparing salary increment. Sample data was collected from the existing increment form process of the university of the last three years and simple statistical tools such as mean values and percentage values were used in the analyzing process of the study. The results showed that there was a waste due to unnecessary processes and practices in the existing process, which leads to inefficiency in the system. The proposed automated system includes a paperless process and saves cost and time through the efficiency of the system.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"10 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123629687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A supportive work environment develops an atmosphere to attract and retain a talented and motivated workforce to an organization. It further improves the commitment and dedication of employees towards more work. As a key player of the Sri Lankan economy and the second-largest foreign exchange earner to the country, the apparel industry requires to consider keeping such a workforce by creating a supportive work environment. In the Sri Lankan context, few empirical studies are available which were addressed the work environment in the apparel sector. The existing empirical knowledge gap concentrates on giving attention to this aspect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the relationships among the supportive work environment, employee engagement, employee commitment and explore the mediating role of employee engagement in the effects of supportive work environment on employee commitment of selected apparel firms in Sri Lanka. To achieve these objectives, data were collected from 203 machine operators of the selected two apparel companies using a structured questionnaire. The sample was chosen through Stratified Random sampling technique. Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and a random sample is taken from each subgroup. The researcher was chosen machine operators based on the company size from the whole population. In this case, subgroup was grounded on company size. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. In this study, the supportive work environment is the independent variable, employee commitment is the dependent variable and employee engagement is the mediating variable. The results indicated that significant positive relationships exist between independent, dependent and mediating variables and complementary partial mediation effect of employee engagement in the effects of supportive work environment on employee commitment. As a result of this study, Managers of Apparel companies must give their attention to a combination of a supportive work environment and employee engagement to increase the level of employee commitment. This study only covered two firms in Nuwaraeliya Apparel Industry. So in the future scope will be expanding beyond the research area, it will be effective and useful.
{"title":"The Effect of Supportive Work Environment on Employee Commitment-Mediating Role of Employee Engagement in Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka","authors":"W. G. N. M. Jayasinghe, D. Thavakumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3853930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3853930","url":null,"abstract":"A supportive work environment develops an atmosphere to attract and retain a talented and motivated workforce to an organization. It further improves the commitment and dedication of employees towards more work. As a key player of the Sri Lankan economy and the second-largest foreign exchange earner to the country, the apparel industry requires to consider keeping such a workforce by creating a supportive work environment. In the Sri Lankan context, few empirical studies are available which were addressed the work environment in the apparel sector. The existing empirical knowledge gap concentrates on giving attention to this aspect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the relationships among the supportive work environment, employee engagement, employee commitment and explore the mediating role of employee engagement in the effects of supportive work environment on employee commitment of selected apparel firms in Sri Lanka. To achieve these objectives, data were collected from 203 machine operators of the selected two apparel companies using a structured questionnaire. The sample was chosen through Stratified Random sampling technique. Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and a random sample is taken from each subgroup. The researcher was chosen machine operators based on the company size from the whole population. In this case, subgroup was grounded on company size. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. In this study, the supportive work environment is the independent variable, employee commitment is the dependent variable and employee engagement is the mediating variable. The results indicated that significant positive relationships exist between independent, dependent and mediating variables and complementary partial mediation effect of employee engagement in the effects of supportive work environment on employee commitment. As a result of this study, Managers of Apparel companies must give their attention to a combination of a supportive work environment and employee engagement to increase the level of employee commitment. This study only covered two firms in Nuwaraeliya Apparel Industry. So in the future scope will be expanding beyond the research area, it will be effective and useful.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"10 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130854341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Competition in the business environment is becoming rigorous over the years. As a result, concern over gaining and retention of the competitive position within the market place become the major concern by the organizations. In order to achieve this objective, employee performance is vital for any organization and ultimately it will generate core competencies within the organization which are hard to imitate by the rival in the short term. This study primarily intends to study the effect of electronic human resource management on employee job performance in special reference with Multi-National Entities in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. The research is carried out as an exploratory cross-sectional study and a self-completion questionnaire is administrated to gather relevant data from the participants. The size of the sample is 152 and the simple random sampling method was employed to create the sample from the population. Factor analysis, frequency distribution analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were employed to achieve the objectives of the study. Through this study, it was found that electronic human resource management plays a vital role to influence the job performance of the employees in multinational entities. Moreover, it was found that there is a positive relationship between electronic human resource management with employee job performance. In conclusion, in order to be competitive within the marketplace and to achieve organizational productivity, it is recommended that organization must have sound electronic human resource management practices and also it will permit attracting the best breed towards the particular employer.
{"title":"Impact of Electronic Human Resource Management on Employee Job Performance in Multinational Entities in Colombo District, Sri Lanka","authors":"T. D Karunarathna, N. Nanayakkara","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3862208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862208","url":null,"abstract":"Competition in the business environment is becoming rigorous over the years. As a result, concern over gaining and retention of the competitive position within the market place become the major concern by the organizations. In order to achieve this objective, employee performance is vital for any organization and ultimately it will generate core competencies within the organization which are hard to imitate by the rival in the short term. This study primarily intends to study the effect of electronic human resource management on employee job performance in special reference with Multi-National Entities in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. The research is carried out as an exploratory cross-sectional study and a self-completion questionnaire is administrated to gather relevant data from the participants. The size of the sample is 152 and the simple random sampling method was employed to create the sample from the population. Factor analysis, frequency distribution analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were employed to achieve the objectives of the study. Through this study, it was found that electronic human resource management plays a vital role to influence the job performance of the employees in multinational entities. Moreover, it was found that there is a positive relationship between electronic human resource management with employee job performance. In conclusion, in order to be competitive within the marketplace and to achieve organizational productivity, it is recommended that organization must have sound electronic human resource management practices and also it will permit attracting the best breed towards the particular employer.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128748167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to examine the impact of various factors like the number of startup procedures, the time required to get an electricity connection, availability of internet servers, judicial processes, lending rate, percentage of young population, corporate tax, and land administration processes on the number of MSMEs (per ten thousand inhabitants) in a country. We aim to develop a linear regression model showing the effect of the above-stated factors on the number of MSMEs. The results show that there is a relationship between all the independent variables and the dependent variable, excluding 2 independent variables which were dropped from the model. There was a positive relationship between the dependent variable which is the number of MSMEs, and the independent variables Internet servers, and land administration processes. There was a negative relationship of the dependent variable with the independent variables - number of Startup procedures, days required to get an electric connection, lending rate, and corporate tax.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Number of MSMEs in Different Countries","authors":"Lakshi Goel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3905273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3905273","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to examine the impact of various factors like the number of startup procedures, the time required to get an electricity connection, availability of internet servers, judicial processes, lending rate, percentage of young population, corporate tax, and land administration processes on the number of MSMEs (per ten thousand inhabitants) in a country. We aim to develop a linear regression model showing the effect of the above-stated factors on the number of MSMEs. The results show that there is a relationship between all the independent variables and the dependent variable, excluding 2 independent variables which were dropped from the model. There was a positive relationship between the dependent variable which is the number of MSMEs, and the independent variables Internet servers, and land administration processes. There was a negative relationship of the dependent variable with the independent variables - number of Startup procedures, days required to get an electric connection, lending rate, and corporate tax.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121073944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The basis of this research study was on the finding of information on Determinants for accessibility to microcredit service from Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund Among Small Scale Entrepreneurs, which was conducted at Kimanga ward in Ilala Dar es salaam with the general objective of assessing Determinants for accessibility to microcredit service from Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund among Small Scale Entrepreneurs which specifically aimed at identifying the determinants for Microcredit accessibility, examination of the extent to which the determinants influence access to Microcredit service and recommending strategies to be done in order to increase the number of entrepreneurs who access Microcredit service through Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund. Survey design was used in conducting the research study and interview method was mainly used in data collection. Regression analysis was run to analyse the extent to which the identified determinants facilitate access to microcredit service and came with the findings that the set budgeted revenue allocated for provision of Microcredit service, credit qualification terms and awareness or available information towards Microcredit provision are the influential determinants for Microcredit accessibility. The study recommended that provision of awareness and information regarding Microcredit service provided through the Entrepreneurs empowerment fund, will improve the number of individuals who access Microcredit service and minimization of qualification terms will allow more individuals to benefit from accessing Microcredit service from Entrepreneurs empowerment fund.
{"title":"Determinants for Accessibility to Micro-Credit Service from Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund among Small Scale Entrepreneurs","authors":"J. Nass","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3779390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3779390","url":null,"abstract":"The basis of this research study was on the finding of information on Determinants for accessibility to microcredit service from Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund Among Small Scale Entrepreneurs, which was conducted at Kimanga ward in Ilala Dar es salaam with the general objective of assessing Determinants for accessibility to microcredit service from Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund among Small Scale Entrepreneurs which specifically aimed at identifying the determinants for Microcredit accessibility, examination of the extent to which the determinants influence access to Microcredit service and recommending strategies to be done in order to increase the number of entrepreneurs who access Microcredit service through Entrepreneurs Empowerment Fund. Survey design was used in conducting the research study and interview method was mainly used in data collection. Regression analysis was run to analyse the extent to which the identified determinants facilitate access to microcredit service and came with the findings that the set budgeted revenue allocated for provision of Microcredit service, credit qualification terms and awareness or available information towards Microcredit provision are the influential determinants for Microcredit accessibility. The study recommended that provision of awareness and information regarding Microcredit service provided through the Entrepreneurs empowerment fund, will improve the number of individuals who access Microcredit service and minimization of qualification terms will allow more individuals to benefit from accessing Microcredit service from Entrepreneurs empowerment fund.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123195871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to local cultural assimilation as well as differences in political, economic and social institutions, sub-cultural variations exist among various Chinese societies in East Asia. In this paper, using World Values Survey data, we conduct an empirical study of the effects of income and cultural values on happiness for the Chinese societies in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. Since these effects could be heterogeneous across different parts of the happiness distribution, we estimate the distributional effects of income and cultural values on happiness of Chinese through an ordinal parametric quantile regression approach. Our empirical results show that some of the cultural values exhibit significant effects on happiness. However, except for freedom, the effects vary across societies and quantile levels of happiness. The effect of freedom is positive and significant regardless of the societies and happiness levels. Moreover, the magnitude of this positive effect gets larger for those at higher quantiles of the happiness distribution. By contrast, while income also has positive and significant effects on various quantiles of the happiness distribution, the magnitudes of these effects decay as the quantile level increases. This indicates that the trade-off between income and freedom is more effective for people in low happiness quantiles than for those in high happiness quantiles. However, upon achieving a high level of happiness, this trade-off becomes less effective.
{"title":"Happiness of Chinese Societies in East Asia: The Role of Income and Cultural Values","authors":"Lim Hock-Eam, D. Shaw, Pei-shan Liao, Le‐Yu Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3719097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3719097","url":null,"abstract":"Due to local cultural assimilation as well as differences in political, economic and social institutions, sub-cultural variations exist among various Chinese societies in East Asia. In this paper, using World Values Survey data, we conduct an empirical study of the effects of income and cultural values on happiness for the Chinese societies in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. Since these effects could be heterogeneous across different parts of the happiness distribution, we estimate the distributional effects of income and cultural values on happiness of Chinese through an ordinal parametric quantile regression approach. Our empirical results show that some of the cultural values exhibit significant effects on happiness. However, except for freedom, the effects vary across societies and quantile levels of happiness. The effect of freedom is positive and significant regardless of the societies and happiness levels. Moreover, the magnitude of this positive effect gets larger for those at higher quantiles of the happiness distribution. By contrast, while income also has positive and significant effects on various quantiles of the happiness distribution, the magnitudes of these effects decay as the quantile level increases. This indicates that the trade-off between income and freedom is more effective for people in low happiness quantiles than for those in high happiness quantiles. However, upon achieving a high level of happiness, this trade-off becomes less effective.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117160145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-25DOI: 10.20469/ijhss.6.20003-5
S. Ismail
The study aimed at investigating the threat slums in Kampala are posing to Uganda’s efforts geared towards her realization of Sustainable Development by the year 2030. A qualitative document review method was adopted and used to collect data relating to the cause of sustained slum growth and expansion in Kampala city and data relating to the threat these slums are posing to Uganda’s efforts geared towards her realization of sustainable development. Newspaper articles, government reports, academic text books, private individual, and organization research papers were among the electronic documents reviewed and used as a reference in this paper. To analyze the data, interpretive and analytical methods were applied. Study results revealed that the threat posed by slum growth and expansion in Kampala ranges from environmental degradation, increasing crime rates, and moral decay to worsening groundwater vulnerability to contamination.
{"title":"'Informal Settlements' a Great Threat to Uganda’s Realization of Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Slums in Kampala Capital City/Uganda","authors":"S. Ismail","doi":"10.20469/ijhss.6.20003-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.6.20003-5","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at investigating the threat slums in Kampala are posing to Uganda’s efforts geared towards her realization of Sustainable Development by the year 2030. A qualitative document review method was adopted and used to collect data relating to the cause of sustained slum growth and expansion in Kampala city and data relating to the threat these slums are posing to Uganda’s efforts geared towards her realization of sustainable development. Newspaper articles, government reports, academic text books, private individual, and organization research papers were among the electronic documents reviewed and used as a reference in this paper. To analyze the data, interpretive and analytical methods were applied. Study results revealed that the threat posed by slum growth and expansion in Kampala ranges from environmental degradation, increasing crime rates, and moral decay to worsening groundwater vulnerability to contamination.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114507109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-09DOI: 10.31014/aior.1992.03.04.279
Rana Ahmed Hameed
This paper presents a study on “to examine the factors influencing tourist intention to revisit to the Maldives with the use of social media marketing as the moderating influence.” This research will be examining tourist’s intention to revisit towards Maldives and what is the moderating influence by social media marketing. There are four main research objectives set out to achieve they are to determine the influence of social media as a marketing factor on the tourism industry, to examine the factors influencing tourist revisit intention, to examine the influence of social media on marketing and to determine the influence of novelty, adventure, social contact, relax and escape on tourist’s intention to revisit. The aim of the study is to improve and give a better recommendation to the main industry in Maldives, which is tourism. As it is the main reason for tourist visit can be put under the five individual variables as novelty, adventure, social contact, escape and then relax. The methodology used in this paper is quantitative and hence a survey approach was acquired.
{"title":"To Examine the Factors Influencing Tourist Intention to Revisit to the Maldives with the Use of Social Media Marketing as the Moderating Influence","authors":"Rana Ahmed Hameed","doi":"10.31014/aior.1992.03.04.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.04.279","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on “to examine the factors influencing tourist intention to revisit to the Maldives with the use of social media marketing as the moderating influence.” This research will be examining tourist’s intention to revisit towards Maldives and what is the moderating influence by social media marketing. There are four main research objectives set out to achieve they are to determine the influence of social media as a marketing factor on the tourism industry, to examine the factors influencing tourist revisit intention, to examine the influence of social media on marketing and to determine the influence of novelty, adventure, social contact, relax and escape on tourist’s intention to revisit. The aim of the study is to improve and give a better recommendation to the main industry in Maldives, which is tourism. As it is the main reason for tourist visit can be put under the five individual variables as novelty, adventure, social contact, escape and then relax. The methodology used in this paper is quantitative and hence a survey approach was acquired.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127528616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to bring to light policies that have been geared towards the private sector in Ghana over the years and to highlight the contributions of the private sector to Ghana’s development as well as the challenges that stifle the growth of the sector. It also highlights the evolution of the development discourse on private sector development. Documentary research method and secondary data from the Ghana Statistical Service were employed. The paper reveals that the private sector accounts for about 87.7% of jobs in Ghana’s industry and close to 85 % of jobs in the private sector are on permanent basis as against 15% in the public sector. Also, average earnings in the private sector are relatively higher compared to the public sector. Lastly, in as much as policies have been instituted to propel the growth of the private sector, there are still several bottlenecks that impede the growth of the private sector in Ghana. Hence, policy makers must continue to create a business-friendly environment for the private sector to flourish. Also, policy interventions geared at the private sector must take into consideration the size, location, and business sector of enterprises. The paper is relevant for policy makers as it draws attention to both what has been done and what still needs to be done to make the private sector in Ghana viable.
{"title":"Enhancing Private Sector Development in Ghana: Policies, Challenges, and the Role of the Private Sector in the Development of Ghana.","authors":"M. Hoedoafia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3707756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3707756","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to bring to light policies that have been geared towards the private sector in Ghana over the years and to highlight the contributions of the private sector to Ghana’s development as well as the challenges that stifle the growth of the sector. It also highlights the evolution of the development discourse on private sector development. Documentary research method and secondary data from the Ghana Statistical Service were employed. The paper reveals that the private sector accounts for about 87.7% of jobs in Ghana’s industry and close to 85 % of jobs in the private sector are on permanent basis as against 15% in the public sector. Also, average earnings in the private sector are relatively higher compared to the public sector. Lastly, in as much as policies have been instituted to propel the growth of the private sector, there are still several bottlenecks that impede the growth of the private sector in Ghana. Hence, policy makers must continue to create a business-friendly environment for the private sector to flourish. Also, policy interventions geared at the private sector must take into consideration the size, location, and business sector of enterprises. The paper is relevant for policy makers as it draws attention to both what has been done and what still needs to be done to make the private sector in Ghana viable.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130039648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the evolution of income in India from 2014-19 and find that while income inequality remains largely consistent over this time, the lower end of the income distribution has experienced significant losses – the bottom ventile shows not only a decline in income share of ~38%, but also negative real average income growth of -4.6% per annum. We further investigate the composition of this part of the distribution using rural and urban splits, and find that even as income shares at the bottom of the urban distribution have increased over time, those at the bottom of the rural distribution have decreased – income share of bottom decile of the rural income distribution declined by ~41%, and real average income growth was at -4.3% per annum from 2014-19. We also empirically confirm that the bottom ventile of the consolidated Indian income distribution is composed primarily of rural incomes, and therefore the decline in real incomes is essentially a rural phenomenon. Studying occupation data of households, we find that the bottom decile of the rural distribution correlates strongly with occupations of small/marginal farmers and agricultural labour, highlighting the increasing economic fragility of such occupations. Using the RGBM model to estimate the nature of reallocation in the Indian income distribution, we find that reallocation has been decreasing from 2015 and even turned negative in 2018, which is in keeping with empirical evidence of real income declines at the bottom of the distribution, and heralds the risk that persistent negative reallocation in the future could result in regressive redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich.
{"title":"Income Distribution and Inequality in India: 2014–19","authors":"A. Sahasranaman, Nishant Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3707153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3707153","url":null,"abstract":"We study the evolution of income in India from 2014-19 and find that while income inequality remains largely consistent over this time, the lower end of the income distribution has experienced significant losses – the bottom ventile shows not only a decline in income share of ~38%, but also negative real average income growth of -4.6% per annum. We further investigate the composition of this part of the distribution using rural and urban splits, and find that even as income shares at the bottom of the urban distribution have increased over time, those at the bottom of the rural distribution have decreased – income share of bottom decile of the rural income distribution declined by ~41%, and real average income growth was at -4.3% per annum from 2014-19. We also empirically confirm that the bottom ventile of the consolidated Indian income distribution is composed primarily of rural incomes, and therefore the decline in real incomes is essentially a rural phenomenon. Studying occupation data of households, we find that the bottom decile of the rural distribution correlates strongly with occupations of small/marginal farmers and agricultural labour, highlighting the increasing economic fragility of such occupations. Using the RGBM model to estimate the nature of reallocation in the Indian income distribution, we find that reallocation has been decreasing from 2015 and even turned negative in 2018, which is in keeping with empirical evidence of real income declines at the bottom of the distribution, and heralds the risk that persistent negative reallocation in the future could result in regressive redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131401289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：