Human Resource Management Departments drive organizational change by implementing effective and efficient policies. This study explored staff perceptions in Ghana’s Nursing and Midwifery Council regarding the extent to which their Human Resource Management Departments could stimulate change by implementing the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual. May and Finch’s theory of normalization propelled this qualitative case study, which consisted of interviewing 23 purposively selected participants and examining secondary data from the Nursing and Midwifery Council, the Public Services Commission, the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual, other relevant legal documents, as well as relevant literature on the subject. The data analysis generated themes that were analyzed via inductive data analysis. The themes centered around effectively implementing the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual to foster organizational change and the challenges surrounding the process. The findings revealed that participants believe the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual improves human resources management and reduces staff litigation. This outcome aligns with the theory of normalization, which enhances the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s incremental development of human resource tools. Implications for social change concern policy guidelines that the Nursing and Midwifery Council must develop to guide the council’s decision-making. When revised, the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual may advance the continuous improvement of public service delivery. The Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual can also guide subregional organizations to develop similar manuals for their countries.
{"title":"Human Resources’ Capacity to Drive Organizational Change in Ghana","authors":"Harriet Bani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3940612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3940612","url":null,"abstract":"Human Resource Management Departments drive organizational change by implementing effective and efficient policies. This study explored staff perceptions in Ghana’s Nursing and Midwifery Council regarding the extent to which their Human Resource Management Departments could stimulate change by implementing the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual. May and Finch’s theory of normalization propelled this qualitative case study, which consisted of interviewing 23 purposively selected participants and examining secondary data from the Nursing and Midwifery Council, the Public Services Commission, the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual, other relevant legal documents, as well as relevant literature on the subject. The data analysis generated themes that were analyzed via inductive data analysis. The themes centered around effectively implementing the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual to foster organizational change and the challenges surrounding the process. The findings revealed that participants believe the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual improves human resources management and reduces staff litigation. This outcome aligns with the theory of normalization, which enhances the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s incremental development of human resource tools. Implications for social change concern policy guidelines that the Nursing and Midwifery Council must develop to guide the council’s decision-making. When revised, the Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual may advance the continuous improvement of public service delivery. The Human Resource Management Policy Framework and Manual can also guide subregional organizations to develop similar manuals for their countries.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"381 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117147766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manpower is rich in India. Also India is called as the youngest country in the world. It is an objective of India’s MSME Dept., SIDBI and Central Government is to increase Young entrepreneurs in India rather than creating jobs for the young generation. It means to increase Job creators rather than Job seekers. This objective will meet the objective of Make in India concept and increases exports from India rather than imports to India. SIDBI plays an important role to finance the MSMEs and the Startups in India, which is established to meet the same purpose. The present paper as made an attempt to check the mindset of young generation on Loan terms for the starting a business among Undergraduate and Post graduate students since they are the future entrepreneurs of India. The research is done on the basis of taking 159 respondents responses from Bengaluru rural and Urban limits for this paper. Finally understanding the present mindset of young generation on loan schemes and this was a reality check whether education on Finance to MSME’s and knowledge on Finance to MSME’s are same or have difference.
{"title":"A Study on Youth Mindset on Awareness of SIDBI Loan Schemes with Special Reference to Bengaluru Urban and Rural","authors":"Hemalatha K J, Dr.R. Jayaprakash Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3915693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3915693","url":null,"abstract":"Manpower is rich in India. Also India is called as the youngest country in the world. It is an objective of India’s MSME Dept., SIDBI and Central Government is to increase Young entrepreneurs in India rather than creating jobs for the young generation. It means to increase Job creators rather than Job seekers. This objective will meet the objective of Make in India concept and increases exports from India rather than imports to India. SIDBI plays an important role to finance the MSMEs and the Startups in India, which is established to meet the same purpose. The present paper as made an attempt to check the mindset of young generation on Loan terms for the starting a business among Undergraduate and Post graduate students since they are the future entrepreneurs of India. The research is done on the basis of taking 159 respondents responses from Bengaluru rural and Urban limits for this paper. Finally understanding the present mindset of young generation on loan schemes and this was a reality check whether education on Finance to MSME’s and knowledge on Finance to MSME’s are same or have difference.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130312397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The improvement of R&D and innovation infrastructure that provides the possibility of carrying out promising scientific research, mostly applied research aimed at obtaining economic and social effects, significantly influences the development of innovation potential of countries.
{"title":"Factors affecting the development of R&D and Innovation infrastructure in business acceleration system: National and foreign experience","authors":"V. Terziev, V. Klimuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3925369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3925369","url":null,"abstract":"The improvement of R&D and innovation infrastructure that provides the possibility of carrying out promising scientific research, mostly applied research aimed at obtaining economic and social effects, significantly influences the development of innovation potential of countries.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128758811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 is a communicable disease caused by the most recently discovered Coronavirus. This new virus was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan. China in December 2019. All the affected countries have been looking for safety precaution while few countries are researching the specific vaccine against coronavirus but now the situations have gone out of hand due to lack of awareness and management. Sri Lanka has made great procedure in controlling the spread of COVID-19 more than six months into this pandemic; however the threat is not over yet. This research examines the economic impact of COVID-19 on Sri Lankan economy and the specific objectives are to identify the outbreak on the key economic income earning sector such as tourism, food and agriculture, exports of Apparels and textiles and small and medium scale Enterprises and to find out the solution and recommendation to reinvigorate the Sri Lankan economy.
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Sri lankan Economy","authors":"Shiromi Mahavitharana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3908887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908887","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a communicable disease caused by the most recently discovered Coronavirus. This new virus was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan. China in December 2019. All the affected countries have been looking for safety precaution while few countries are researching the specific vaccine against coronavirus but now the situations have gone out of hand due to lack of awareness and management. Sri Lanka has made great procedure in controlling the spread of COVID-19 more than six months into this pandemic; however the threat is not over yet. This research examines the economic impact of COVID-19 on Sri Lankan economy and the specific objectives are to identify the outbreak on the key economic income earning sector such as tourism, food and agriculture, exports of Apparels and textiles and small and medium scale Enterprises and to find out the solution and recommendation to reinvigorate the Sri Lankan economy.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114747422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How do rising temperatures affect long-term labor reallocation in developing economies? In this paper we examine how increases in temperature impact structural transformation and urbanization within Indian districts between 1951 and 2011. We find that rising temperatures are associated with lower shares of workers in nonagricultural sectors, with effects intensifying over a longer time frame. Supporting evidence suggests that local demand effects play an important role: declining agricultural productivity under higher temperatures reduces the demand for nonagricultural goods and services, which subsequently lowers nonagricultural labor demand. Our results illustrate that rising temperatures limit sectoral and rural-urban mobility for isolated households. (JEL J61, N35, O13, O15, O18, Q54, R23)
{"title":"Climate Change and Labor Reallocation: Evidence from Six Decades of the Indian Census","authors":"Maggie Y. Liu, Yogita Shamdasani, Vis Taraz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3905985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3905985","url":null,"abstract":"How do rising temperatures affect long-term labor reallocation in developing economies? In this paper we examine how increases in temperature impact structural transformation and urbanization within Indian districts between 1951 and 2011. We find that rising temperatures are associated with lower shares of workers in nonagricultural sectors, with effects intensifying over a longer time frame. Supporting evidence suggests that local demand effects play an important role: declining agricultural productivity under higher temperatures reduces the demand for nonagricultural goods and services, which subsequently lowers nonagricultural labor demand. Our results illustrate that rising temperatures limit sectoral and rural-urban mobility for isolated households. (JEL J61, N35, O13, O15, O18, Q54, R23)","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125157616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In an inventive economy, our economic health needs considerable research and development for expansion. These are essential issues which can enable government, academia, and business to achieve this. Nepal's only two development pillars are industry and academia. Collaboration requires embedded training for apprentices. The system and process of education that is helpful and useful for academia as well as business must be redesigned. There is the major issue for the academia and industry in this time of unexpected pandemic. The expertise of students must be enhanced through academia and industrial partnership. Obviously, collaborative thinking will produce system adjustments. Many investments have been made in the industry and academia have also invested a great deal in providing adequate training and skills. Universities and business can lower the total cost of innovation and product development by combining high-tech research centers. This is the path for prosperous Nepal. Note: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this articles. The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.
{"title":"Collaboration of Industry and Academia – A Game Changer for Nepalese Economy","authors":"Jyoti Koirala","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3893128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3893128","url":null,"abstract":"In an inventive economy, our economic health needs considerable research and development for expansion. These are essential issues which can enable government, academia, and business to achieve this. Nepal's only two development pillars are industry and academia. Collaboration requires embedded training for apprentices. The system and process of education that is helpful and useful for academia as well as business must be redesigned. There is the major issue for the academia and industry in this time of unexpected pandemic. The expertise of students must be enhanced through academia and industrial partnership. Obviously, collaborative thinking will produce system adjustments. Many investments have been made in the industry and academia have also invested a great deal in providing adequate training and skills. Universities and business can lower the total cost of innovation and product development by combining high-tech research centers. This is the path for prosperous Nepal. Note: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this articles. The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"2 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121776435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dramatic social changes have resulted in the need for SMMEs in South Africa to have dynamic capability and agile structures. However, due to the cost of hiring full time professional managers, certified public accountants or practicing accountants are required to fill this gap by offering dynamic capability and agility advisory services to their clients such as small firms so that they will be able to sense, seize opportunities and transform or reconfigure their products and service offering to remain viable and competitive in the fast-changing technological era.
{"title":"Dynamic Capabilities in Small Firms: The Role of Practicing Accountants in Southern Africa","authors":"G. Mutongoreya","doi":"10.4236/ojbm.2021.94091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2021.94091","url":null,"abstract":"The dramatic social changes have resulted in the need for SMMEs in South Africa to have dynamic capability and agile structures. However, due to the cost of hiring full time professional managers, certified public accountants or practicing accountants are required to fill this gap by offering dynamic capability and agility advisory services to their clients such as small firms so that they will be able to sense, seize opportunities and transform or reconfigure their products and service offering to remain viable and competitive in the fast-changing technological era.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114563439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper - part of a series from the UN Taskforce on Global Digital Finance Governance - garners a robust understanding of the potential macroeconomic impacts and related regulatory challenges of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and other digital currency initiatives in developing countries. This paper begins from a point of recognition that the landscape of digital currencies, their associated taxonomy as well as related regulations are still evolving alongside their potential implications. As such, we focus on the different types of digital currencies previously in circulation, delineating these from those on the near and immediate horizon. We employ an umbrella definition to encompass CBDCs and digital ledger technology (DLT)-based currencies including stablecoins, as well as earlier versions of digital money, as subsets of digital currency to examine the evolution of macroeconomic impacts on developing countries as well as the emerging regulatory gaps. We cluster key elements and draw assumptions across common parameters in research, for the sake of consistency and to retain the focus on advancing the understanding of the broader macroeconomic impacts on least developed countries (LDCs).
We begin with the evolution of mobile money and e-money as a subset of digital currencies and their well-understood positive impact on financial inclusion. We touch briefly upon the regulatory challenges related to the near-monopolies of mobile financial services providers and the implications on the traditional commercial banking sector as well as for consumer protection. We also examine the implications of regulatory gaps and risks related to e-money including the market dominance of BigFintech (BFT) companies offering e-money. The paper also examines BFTs from the perspective of their use of government-issued digital currencies and/or development or use of private-issued digital currencies.
An examination of stablecoins is then undertaken with regard to the implications and relationship with existing global payment systems, outlining the limited benefits for developing countries in comparison to existing payment systems. Global stablecoins such as the proposed Diem are examined with a specific emphasis related to the macroeconomic implications for LDCs. Likewise, the paper provides a targeted analysis of the potential macroeconomic implications of CBDCs particularly for LDCs, drawing on key examples of CBDC and digital currencies that have been launched or are being piloted. We provide a section on the implications of digital currencies in the African context as it is home to most of the world’s LDCs, and is an ongoing focal point for mobile money, financial inclusion technology and digital currencies. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed for the African context as are the global considerations of shadow banking.
The paper concludes with a summary of the potential risks and macroeconomic implication
{"title":"Digital Currencies and CBDC Impacts on Least Developed Countries (LDCs)","authors":"K. Foster, Sofie Blakstad, Sangita Gazi, M. Bos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3871301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3871301","url":null,"abstract":"This paper - part of a series from the UN Taskforce on Global Digital Finance Governance - garners a robust understanding of the potential macroeconomic impacts and related regulatory challenges of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and other digital currency initiatives in developing countries. This paper begins from a point of recognition that the landscape of digital currencies, their associated taxonomy as well as related regulations are still evolving alongside their potential implications. As such, we focus on the different types of digital currencies previously in circulation, delineating these from those on the near and immediate horizon. We employ an umbrella definition to encompass CBDCs and digital ledger technology (DLT)-based currencies including stablecoins, as well as earlier versions of digital money, as subsets of digital currency to examine the evolution of macroeconomic impacts on developing countries as well as the emerging regulatory gaps. We cluster key elements and draw assumptions across common parameters in research, for the sake of consistency and to retain the focus on advancing the understanding of the broader macroeconomic impacts on least developed countries (LDCs).<br><br>We begin with the evolution of mobile money and e-money as a subset of digital currencies and their well-understood positive impact on financial inclusion. We touch briefly upon the regulatory challenges related to the near-monopolies of mobile financial services providers and the implications on the traditional commercial banking sector as well as for consumer protection. We also examine the implications of regulatory gaps and risks related to e-money including the market dominance of BigFintech (BFT) companies offering e-money. The paper also examines BFTs from the perspective of their use of government-issued digital currencies and/or development or use of private-issued digital currencies.<br><br>An examination of stablecoins is then undertaken with regard to the implications and relationship with existing global payment systems, outlining the limited benefits for developing countries in comparison to existing payment systems. Global stablecoins such as the proposed Diem are examined with a specific emphasis related to the macroeconomic implications for LDCs. Likewise, <br>the paper provides a targeted analysis of the potential macroeconomic implications of CBDCs particularly for LDCs, drawing on key examples of CBDC and digital currencies that have been launched or are being piloted. We provide a section on the implications of digital currencies in the African context as it is home to most of the world’s LDCs, and is an ongoing focal point for mobile money, financial inclusion technology and digital currencies. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed for the African context as are the global considerations of shadow banking.<br><br>The paper concludes with a summary of the potential risks and macroeconomic implication","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126472025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2018 PISA report revealed that 71.8 percent of participating students from the Philippines have failed to reach minimum basic learning thresholds, raising doubts about the state of education in the country. While most East Asian economies lead the world in terms of their significant share of high-performing students, Filipino students are critically left behind by their peers. Before the PISA, the discourse on policies surrounding educational improvement processes lacked a strong evidence base, mainly due to the absence of a robust learner-centered evaluation mechanism. In addition, despite prior discussions on how the Philippines suffers from systemic issues of access and equity, learners’ characteristics and backgrounds were rarely considered.
To contribute to the policy discussions, we unpack the primary sources of inequalities in science, mathematics, and reading achievement using the PISA data. We also explored how performance is construed by factors such as learners’ backgrounds, learning mindsets (such as the implicit beliefs about intelligence, i.e., growth vs. fixed mindset beliefs), reading difficulties, and other self-reported characteristics. Our results indicate that (1) inequalities are highly persistent among regions, between public and private schools; (2) significant gains in academic achievement are contingent on the interaction between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the possession of a growth mindset. However, the associated positive effect of growth mindset on test scores interacts only among higher-SES students and not among students with lower-SES. Further, (3) reading difficulties are prevalent among Filipino students, which are comorbid with science and mathematics achievement. Lastly, (4) students with a history of repetition are severely disadvantaged, particularly males from public schools.
The paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of academic achievement through a large-scale assessment framework. Several actionable policy insights related to learning mindsets are also presented in the paper, particularly improving the curriculum and intensifying teacher training. Thus, the education sector needs to strategically commit to long-term education quality goals to prevent the otherwise late detection of learning comorbidities among Filipino students.
{"title":"Unpacking Underperformance: Learning Mindsets and the Challenge of Academic Achievement Among Filipino Students","authors":"Jason Alinsunurin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3867956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867956","url":null,"abstract":"The 2018 PISA report revealed that 71.8 percent of participating students from the Philippines have failed to reach minimum basic learning thresholds, raising doubts about the state of education in the country. While most East Asian economies lead the world in terms of their significant share of high-performing students, Filipino students are critically left behind by their peers. Before the PISA, the discourse on policies surrounding educational improvement processes lacked a strong evidence base, mainly due to the absence of a robust learner-centered evaluation mechanism. In addition, despite prior discussions on how the Philippines suffers from systemic issues of access and equity, learners’ characteristics and backgrounds were rarely considered. <br><br>To contribute to the policy discussions, we unpack the primary sources of inequalities in science, mathematics, and reading achievement using the PISA data. We also explored how performance is construed by factors such as learners’ backgrounds, learning mindsets (such as the implicit beliefs about intelligence, i.e., growth vs. fixed mindset beliefs), reading difficulties, and other self-reported characteristics. Our results indicate that (1) inequalities are highly persistent among regions, between public and private schools; (2) significant gains in academic achievement are contingent on the interaction between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the possession of a growth mindset. However, the associated positive effect of growth mindset on test scores interacts only among higher-SES students and not among students with lower-SES. Further, (3) reading difficulties are prevalent among Filipino students, which are comorbid with science and mathematics achievement. Lastly, (4) students with a history of repetition are severely disadvantaged, particularly males from public schools. <br><br>The paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of academic achievement through a large-scale assessment framework. Several actionable policy insights related to learning mindsets are also presented in the paper, particularly improving the curriculum and intensifying teacher training. Thus, the education sector needs to strategically commit to long-term education quality goals to prevent the otherwise late detection of learning comorbidities among Filipino students.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122539172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes a context where sustained violence happens in non-war zones. Specifically, this paper considers terrorist attacks in Pakistan and focuses on districts which were never an active war zone, but still suffered from intermittent terrorist attacks of varying intensity. We provide causal evidence on the effects of terrorist attacks on labor market outcomes. We find that the effect of terrorist attacks on incomes depends on the intensity of the attacks; it is also non-linear in nature as it gradually, but very slowly, shrinks to zero. After accounting for the intensity of the attacks, incomes reduce by about 15 percentage points on average due to terrorist attacks. The effects are more severe for highly skilled members of the labor force as well as for relatively inexperienced members. The two possible channels driving this impact are the changes in sectoral employment compositions and a reduction in the number of days worked. These findings add to the literature on conflict and violence by concluding that violence in non-war zones has important implications for labor market outcomes.
{"title":"Does Violence in Non-War Zones Impact Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"Abubakr Ayesh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3864009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes a context where sustained violence happens in non-war zones. Specifically, this paper considers terrorist attacks in Pakistan and focuses on districts which were never an active war zone, but still suffered from intermittent terrorist attacks of varying intensity. We provide causal evidence on the effects of terrorist attacks on labor market outcomes. We find that the effect of terrorist attacks on incomes depends on the intensity of the attacks; it is also non-linear in nature as it gradually, but very slowly, shrinks to zero. After accounting for the intensity of the attacks, incomes reduce by about 15 percentage points on average due to terrorist attacks. The effects are more severe for highly skilled members of the labor force as well as for relatively inexperienced members. The two possible channels driving this impact are the changes in sectoral employment compositions and a reduction in the number of days worked. These findings add to the literature on conflict and violence by concluding that violence in non-war zones has important implications for labor market outcomes.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131847770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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