This working paper attempts to examine the economic nature of encroachments in developing countries by considering the context of Pakistan. In the tradition of De Soto (2000), the question of encroachments is framed in terms of the “mystery of capital,” in that developing economies such as Pakistan are characterized by an absence of enforceable legal property ownership and title to concrete/material assets as a source of revenue generation. Instituional and legal considerations are presented, along with an emphasis on Islamabad (capital) as a pertinent case. Given the dearth of data, the theoretical approach posited by De Soto enriches the discussion about the nature and the consequences of ad-hoc, informal encroachment on developing countries including Pakistan.
{"title":"Encroachments & the Mystery of Capital: A Pakistani Context","authors":"Amna Tauhidi, Usman W. Chohan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3557571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557571","url":null,"abstract":"This working paper attempts to examine the economic nature of encroachments in developing countries by considering the context of Pakistan. In the tradition of De Soto (2000), the question of encroachments is framed in terms of the “mystery of capital,” in that developing economies such as Pakistan are characterized by an absence of enforceable legal property ownership and title to concrete/material assets as a source of revenue generation. Instituional and legal considerations are presented, along with an emphasis on Islamabad (capital) as a pertinent case. Given the dearth of data, the theoretical approach posited by De Soto enriches the discussion about the nature and the consequences of ad-hoc, informal encroachment on developing countries including Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130896273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many African countries, the income generated from the informal sector and the entrepreneurship is particularly important for reducing poverty. Previous studies have not found clear evidence on the relationship between self‐employment by gender and food security. We argue that this may be a result of the gender inequality in resource accessibility. In this paper, we analyze the implication of household entrepreneurship on food security in Niger, where gender disparities in resource accessibility are reduced. We find that owning female‐managed non‐agricultural enterprises is positively related to food accessibility and food availability within female‐headed households. The results draw the attention on reducing gender differences in resource accessibility in entrepreneurship for improving food security.
{"title":"Gender, Entrepreneurship and Food Security in Niger","authors":"S. Dedehouanou, A. Araar","doi":"10.1111/rode.12657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12657","url":null,"abstract":"In many African countries, the income generated from the informal sector and the entrepreneurship is particularly important for reducing poverty. Previous studies have not found clear evidence on the relationship between self‐employment by gender and food security. We argue that this may be a result of the gender inequality in resource accessibility. In this paper, we analyze the implication of household entrepreneurship on food security in Niger, where gender disparities in resource accessibility are reduced. We find that owning female‐managed non‐agricultural enterprises is positively related to food accessibility and food availability within female‐headed households. The results draw the attention on reducing gender differences in resource accessibility in entrepreneurship for improving food security.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129285813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inefficient energy pricing hinders economic development in many countries. We examine long-run effects of a recent heating reform in China that replaced a commonly-used fixed-payment system with individually-metered pricing. Using staggered policy rollouts and administrative data on household-level daily heating consumption, we find that the reform induced long-run reductions in heating usage and generated substantial welfare gains. Consumers gradually learned how to conserve heating effectively, making short-run evaluations underestimate the policy impacts. Our results suggest that energy price reform is an effective way to improve allocative efficiency and air quality in developing countries, where unmetered-inefficient pricing is still ubiquitous.
{"title":"Reforming Inefficient Energy Pricing: Evidence from China","authors":"Koichiro Ito, Shuang Zhang","doi":"10.3386/w26853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26853","url":null,"abstract":"Inefficient energy pricing hinders economic development in many countries. We examine long-run effects of a recent heating reform in China that replaced a commonly-used fixed-payment system with individually-metered pricing. Using staggered policy rollouts and administrative data on household-level daily heating consumption, we find that the reform induced long-run reductions in heating usage and generated substantial welfare gains. Consumers gradually learned how to conserve heating effectively, making short-run evaluations underestimate the policy impacts. Our results suggest that energy price reform is an effective way to improve allocative efficiency and air quality in developing countries, where unmetered-inefficient pricing is still ubiquitous.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"299302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123450561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-28DOI: 10.22394/1996-0522-2020-1-59-73
O. Butorina, C. Tereshyuk
Russian Abstract: Введение. Статья посвящена комплексному анализу динамики развития региональной инновационной системы Челябинской области в сравнении с регионами России. Цель. Составление индивидуального профиля Челябинской области в динамике, детализирующего результаты по всем показателям инновационного развития и позволяющего выявить особенности инновационной системы региона. Методы. Анализ инновационного развития Челябинской области опирается на методику — систему количественных и качественных показателей инновационного развития регионов, предложенную в 2010 г. Институтом статистических исследований и экономики знаний (ИСИЭЗ) Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ). Кроме того, представлены результаты анализа социокультурного профиля ряда регионов Российской Федерации с использованием методики VSM-2013 Г. Хофстеде1. В процессе исследования использовались методы статического и динамического анализа, индексный метод, графический метод, метод desk research. Информационноэмпирической базой исследования являются данные Росстата, НИУ ВШЭ, АО «Российская венчурная компания» (АО «РВК»), вторичные социологические данные. Научная новизна исследования. В рейтинге инновационного развития субъектов Российской Федерации, ежегодно издаваемом НИУ ВШЭ, представлены индивидуальные профили регионов максимум за 2 года. В настоящем исследовании составлен индивидуальный профиль инновационного развития Челябинской области в динамике за период с 2008 по 2017 г. в сравнении с регионом-лидером и областями Уральского федерального округа. Профиль Челябинской области, помимо статистических показателей, характеризуется и социокультурными факторами инновационной активности. Выводы. Сопоставительный анализ значений субиндексов инновационного развития Челябинской области за период с 2008 по 2017 г. показал относительную сбалансированность субиндексов, в отличие от многих регионов России, где наблюдается чрезвычайно большой разрыв между рангами по РРИИ и тематическими субиндексами. Почти все субиндексы Челябинской области имеют положительный тренд, кроме субиндекса «Инновационная деятельность». В этих условиях инновационная политика Челябинской области требует содержательных изменений: усилия необходимо направлять не только на разработку, но и на обеспечение внедрения инновационных продуктов и технологий. С точки зрения социокультурных факторов драйверами инновационной активности населения Челябинской области могут выступать относительно высокие значения индивидуализма и достаточно позитивное отношение к новым продуктам. Перспективы инновационного развития Челябинской области представляются благоприятными. Отмечена научно-технологическая и инновационная ориентированность региональной стратегии Челябинской области.
English Abstract: Introduction. The article is focused on a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of the regional innovation system development of the Chelyabinsk region in compar
俄罗斯Abstract:介绍。这篇文章是关于全面分析车里雅宾斯克地区创新系统相对于俄罗斯地区的发展动态。在动态中编制车里雅宾斯克地区的个人概要，详细说明创新发展的所有指标，从而揭示创新区域系统的特点。车里雅宾斯克地区创新发展的分析依赖于统计研究与知识经济研究所2010年提出的定量和高质量区域创新发展指标(ishiez)。此外，还展示了俄罗斯联邦一些地区的社会文化分析结果，使用了VSM-2013 hofstede1技术。研究使用静态和动态分析方法，索引方法，图解方法，desk研究方法。研究的信息经验数据库是rostat、nu vshe、俄罗斯风险投资公司(ao pvc)，二级社会学数据。研究的科学新奇之处。俄罗斯联邦主体每年出版的创新发展排名最多为两年。本研究概述了2008年至2017年期间车里雅宾斯克地区的创新发展情况，而不是乌拉尔联邦地区。除了统计数据外，车里雅宾斯克地区的概况还包括创新活动的社会文化因素。从2008年到2017年，对车里雅宾斯克地区创新发展的苏宾德克斯值的比较分析显示，与俄罗斯许多地区相比，苏宾德克斯地区的排名和主题苏宾德克斯地区之间存在着巨大差距。除了“创新活动”之外，车里雅宾斯克地区几乎所有的subindex都有积极的趋势。在这种情况下，车里雅宾斯克地区的创新政策需要进行实质性的改变:努力不仅要用于开发，还要用于引进创新产品和技术。从社会文化因素的角度来看，车里雅宾斯克地区创新活动的驱动因素可能是个人主义相对较高，对新产品的态度也相当积极。车里雅宾斯克地区创新发展的前景似乎是有利的。车里雅宾斯克地区战略的科技和创新导向得到了注意。英语Abstract: Introduction。在另一个俄罗斯地区，Chelyabinsk开发开发系统集中了艺术家的注意力。这首歌是由乐队演奏的，这首歌是由乐队演奏的，这首歌是由乐队演奏的，这首歌是由乐队演奏的。The analysis of The Chelyabinsk区' s创新development is基于on The methodology - a system of quantitative and qualitative indicators of The regions’创新development proposed in 2010 by The Institute for统计Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK) of The Higher School of Economics of The National Research University (HSE NRU)。在addition中，俄罗斯联邦委员会的社会研究报告描述了俄罗斯联邦委员会的规模。在研究领域，美国模式和动态分析医学，一个独立的医学，一个图形医学，和一个desk研究方法。实验数据来自联邦状态服务，NRU HSE, JSC“俄罗斯风险公司”(JSC RVC)和第二社交数据。这门课的科学创新。俄罗斯联邦建设初创企业，由经济学派高年级学生出版，是一所杰出的独立地区规划书，为期两年。在这个工作室里，我们分享了切尔亚宾斯克地区的原始资料，从2008年到2017年由联邦政府领导。= =历史= =在对状态的依赖下，这是由创新激活工厂提供的。 通过对车里雅宾斯克地区2008年至2017年创新发展分项指标值的对比分析，车里雅宾斯克地区的分项指标值相对平衡，而俄罗斯许多地区根据地区创新发展排名和专题分项指标排名之间存在极大差距。除“创新活动”分项指数外，车里雅宾斯克地区几乎所有分项指数都呈上升趋势。在这种情况下，车里雅宾斯克地区的创新政策需要进行重大改革:不仅要努力发展，而且要确保实施创新技术产品。从社会文化因素的角度来看，车里雅宾斯克地区人口创新活动的驱动力可以是相对较高的个人主义价值观和对新产品的相当积极的态度。车里雅宾斯克地区创新发展前景良好。作者强调了车里雅宾斯克地区战略的科学、技术和创新方向。
{"title":"Комплексный анализ динамики инновационного развития Челябинской области (Comprehensive Analysis of the Innovative Development Dynamics of the Chelyabinsk Region)","authors":"O. Butorina, C. Tereshyuk","doi":"10.22394/1996-0522-2020-1-59-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-1-59-73","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Введение. Статья посвящена комплексному анализу динамики развития региональной инновационной системы Челябинской области в сравнении с регионами России.<br>Цель. Составление индивидуального профиля Челябинской области в динамике, детализирующего результаты по всем показателям инновационного развития и позволяющего выявить особенности инновационной системы региона.<br>Методы. Анализ инновационного развития Челябинской области опирается на методику —<br>систему количественных и качественных показателей инновационного развития регионов,<br>предложенную в 2010 г. Институтом статистических исследований и экономики знаний (ИСИЭЗ) Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики» (НИУ ВШЭ). Кроме того, представлены результаты анализа социокультурного профиля ряда регионов Российской Федерации с использованием методики VSM-2013 Г. Хофстеде1. В процессе исследования использовались методы статического и динамического анализа, индексный метод, графический метод, метод desk research. Информационноэмпирической базой исследования являются данные Росстата, НИУ ВШЭ, АО «Российская венчурная компания» (АО «РВК»), вторичные социологические данные.<br>Научная новизна исследования. В рейтинге инновационного развития субъектов Российской<br>Федерации, ежегодно издаваемом НИУ ВШЭ, представлены индивидуальные профили регионов максимум за 2 года. В настоящем исследовании составлен индивидуальный профиль инновационного развития Челябинской области в динамике за период с 2008 по 2017 г. в сравнении с регионом-лидером и областями Уральского федерального округа. Профиль Челябинской области, помимо статистических показателей, характеризуется и социокультурными факторами инновационной активности.<br>Выводы. Сопоставительный анализ значений субиндексов инновационного развития Челябинской области за период с 2008 по 2017 г. показал относительную сбалансированность субиндексов, в отличие от многих регионов России, где наблюдается чрезвычайно большой разрыв между рангами по РРИИ и тематическими субиндексами. Почти все субиндексы Челябинской области имеют положительный тренд, кроме субиндекса «Инновационная деятельность». В этих условиях инновационная политика Челябинской области требует содержательных изменений: усилия необходимо направлять не<br>только на разработку, но и на обеспечение внедрения инновационных продуктов и технологий. С точки зрения социокультурных факторов драйверами инновационной активности населения Челябинской области могут выступать относительно высокие значения индивидуализма и достаточно позитивное отношение к новым продуктам. Перспективы инновационного развития Челябинской области представляются благоприятными. Отмечена научно-технологическая и инновационная ориентированность региональной стратегии Челябинской области.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Introduction. The article is focused on a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of the regional innovation system development of the Chelyabinsk region in compar","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132951991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-27DOI: 10.16980/jitc.16.1.202002.57
Jian Li, Sangchun Lee
Purpose- By analyzing the problems existing in logistics distribution of express companies, this paper explores various factors affecting customer...
目的:通过分析快递公司物流配送中存在的问题，探讨影响客户满意度的各种因素。
{"title":"Research on the Influencing Factors of Delivery Sevice Satisfaction of Express Companies","authors":"Jian Li, Sangchun Lee","doi":"10.16980/jitc.16.1.202002.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.16.1.202002.57","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose- By analyzing the problems existing in logistics distribution of express companies, this paper explores various factors affecting customer...","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131701351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tourists – overnight visitors – to the Dominican Republic have increased from 560,000 in 1984 to 6.6 million in 2018 – a nearly 12-fold increase in 34 years. Hotel rooms and tourism jobs have increased by similar factors. The eastern tip of the island was home to only a few families in the early 1980s, and Punta Cana now welcomes six of every ten tourists to the country. The Colonial Zone in the capital city of Santo Domingo, has seen its 16th century buildings transformed into museums, restaurants, shops, and boutique hotels. Cobblestone streets now afford higher priorities to pedestrian traffic; and cruise-ship passengers are welcomed into the Colonial Zone several times a week. Airports and sea port facilities have also expanded steadily in the Dominican Republic to accommodate and attract tourists. The Punta Cana International Airport inaugurated in 1982 was the first privately built international commercial airport in the world. In 2018, it handled around eight million passengers from some 100 cities in 28 countries, making it the leading airport in Central America and the Caribbean. The Dominican Republic currently has eight international airports and five ports that handle cruise ships. Over the same period of time, since the mid-1980s, the economy of the Dominican Republic has outperformed that of nearly every other country in Latin America. With tourism receipts equal to 9.5% of GDP in 2017, the DR is more dependent on tourism than any other country in Latin America. Given the visible changes that tourist growth has wrought in the Dominican Republic, it is easy to assume that tourism has been the key to the country’s remarkable economic growth since the mid-1980s. But it is not quite so simple. The Dominican economy has changed in numerous ways since the mid-1980s and has become a complex economy with lots of moving parts. This paper helps explain how economic growth from tourism fits into changes in the overall economy, with an overview of the Dominican economy and its growth and evolution since the mid-1980s.
{"title":"Tourism and Economic Growth in the Dominican Republic: 1985-2018","authors":"C. Meyer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3538902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3538902","url":null,"abstract":"Tourists – overnight visitors – to the Dominican Republic have increased from 560,000 in 1984 to 6.6 million in 2018 – a nearly 12-fold increase in 34 years. Hotel rooms and tourism jobs have increased by similar factors. The eastern tip of the island was home to only a few families in the early 1980s, and Punta Cana now welcomes six of every ten tourists to the country. The Colonial Zone in the capital city of Santo Domingo, has seen its 16th century buildings transformed into museums, restaurants, shops, and boutique hotels. Cobblestone streets now afford higher priorities to pedestrian traffic; and cruise-ship passengers are welcomed into the Colonial Zone several times a week. Airports and sea port facilities have also expanded steadily in the Dominican Republic to accommodate and attract tourists. The Punta Cana International Airport inaugurated in 1982 was the first privately built international commercial airport in the world. In 2018, it handled around eight million passengers from some 100 cities in 28 countries, making it the leading airport in Central America and the Caribbean. The Dominican Republic currently has eight international airports and five ports that handle cruise ships. \u0000 \u0000Over the same period of time, since the mid-1980s, the economy of the Dominican Republic has outperformed that of nearly every other country in Latin America. With tourism receipts equal to 9.5% of GDP in 2017, the DR is more dependent on tourism than any other country in Latin America. Given the visible changes that tourist growth has wrought in the Dominican Republic, it is easy to assume that tourism has been the key to the country’s remarkable economic growth since the mid-1980s. But it is not quite so simple. The Dominican economy has changed in numerous ways since the mid-1980s and has become a complex economy with lots of moving parts. This paper helps explain how economic growth from tourism fits into changes in the overall economy, with an overview of the Dominican economy and its growth and evolution since the mid-1980s.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"109 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117293883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every business unit needs human resource (manpower) for the conduct of different business activities. In fact, no organisation can exist or operate efficiently without the support of human resource. Such human resource includes top level managers, executives, supervisors and other subordinate / lower level staff / employees. A business organisation has to estimate its future manpower needs and adjust its manpower planning and development programmes accordingly. This is called 'staffing' function of management. Human resource management is also described as personnel management or manpower management. HRM can be a challenge for small businesses especially, which typically don’t have an HR department to rely on. They may be limited to one HR person, or this responsibility may still belong to the CEO. Regardless, small business owners need to understand the challenges facing them so they’re prepared to tackle HR issues as their company, and workforce, grows. Issues such as cash flow, competition, and revenue growth are top of mind for small business owners and their teams. Developing a diverse workforce requires HR to create job descriptions that attract the best candidates, no matter where they live. There are logistical issues involved, including global advertising, relocation, visa applications and negotiating salaries and benefits. This paper tries to analyse common HR issues so you can put the right policies and procedures in place now. Understanding the complexities of employee benefits, employment laws, leadership development, and other areas will help you stay ahead of the competition and meet your business goals this year, and in the years to come.
{"title":"Human Resource Management and Development Some Issues and Challenges","authors":"Rhea Pereira, V. Hans","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3535299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3535299","url":null,"abstract":"Every business unit needs human resource (manpower) for the conduct of different business activities. In fact, no organisation can exist or operate efficiently without the support of human resource. Such human resource includes top level managers, executives, supervisors and other subordinate / lower level staff / employees. A business organisation has to estimate its future manpower needs and adjust its manpower planning and development programmes accordingly. This is called 'staffing' function of management. Human resource management is also described as personnel management or manpower management. HRM can be a challenge for small businesses especially, which typically don’t have an HR department to rely on. They may be limited to one HR person, or this responsibility may still belong to the CEO. Regardless, small business owners need to understand the challenges facing them so they’re prepared to tackle HR issues as their company, and workforce, grows. Issues such as cash flow, competition, and revenue growth are top of mind for small business owners and their teams. Developing a diverse workforce requires HR to create job descriptions that attract the best candidates, no matter where they live. There are logistical issues involved, including global advertising, relocation, visa applications and negotiating salaries and benefits. This paper tries to analyse common HR issues so you can put the right policies and procedures in place now. Understanding the complexities of employee benefits, employment laws, leadership development, and other areas will help you stay ahead of the competition and meet your business goals this year, and in the years to come.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134458285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of flooding. In this paper, I examine the direct consequences of floods on manufacturing establishments in India as well as indirect effects on the entire manufacturing sector through the sect-oral reallocation of labor. I construct a unique panel data set of flood inundations using high-precision satellite images, which I match with formal and informal sector establishment-level data. I show that floods cause a significant reduction in output, capital, and employment in formal establishments. I also document significant heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience to floods within the formal manufacturing sector. The least-productive formal establishments are the most vulnerable to floods: a 10 percent increase in flood exposure leads to a 0.6 percentage point increased probability of exit among low-productivity firms. I do not observe any associated labor reallocation to more productive establishments, which could support the creative destruction hypothesis. Rather, I find suggestive evidence of labor reallocation to informal household-run micro-enterprises. As there is a large labor productivity gap across formal and informal sectors, I show that because of the disaster-induced labor reallocation, a 10 percent increase in the incidence of flooding causes a 17.3 percent reduction in aggregate productivity in the manufacturing sector.
{"title":"Creative Destruction or Just Destruction? Effects of Floods on Manufacturing Establishments in India","authors":"F. Hossain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3704612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3704612","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of flooding. In this paper, I examine the direct consequences of floods on manufacturing establishments in India as well as indirect effects on the entire manufacturing sector through the sect-oral reallocation of labor. I construct a unique panel data set of flood inundations using high-precision satellite images, which I match with formal and informal sector establishment-level data. I show that floods cause a significant reduction in output, capital, and employment in formal establishments. I also document significant heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience to floods within the formal manufacturing sector. The least-productive formal establishments are the most vulnerable to floods: a 10 percent increase in flood exposure leads to a 0.6 percentage point increased probability of exit among low-productivity firms. I do not observe any associated labor reallocation to more productive establishments, which could support the creative destruction hypothesis. Rather, I find suggestive evidence of labor reallocation to informal household-run micro-enterprises. As there is a large labor productivity gap across formal and informal sectors, I show that because of the disaster-induced labor reallocation, a 10 percent increase in the incidence of flooding causes a 17.3 percent reduction in aggregate productivity in the manufacturing sector.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115550177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mohanan, V. Rajan, Kendal Swanson, H. Thirumurthy
Community-based accountability interventions have shown potential to improve delivery of public services, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of such interventions when implemented at scale by developing country governments. We study the effectiveness of social accountability interventions implemented by the Indian state government of Uttar Pradesh aimed at improving delivery of primary health and nutrition services to children and pregnant women. Using a village level randomized trial design, we investigate two key mechanisms through which accountability interventions are hypothesized to improve healthcare delivery and health outcomes: information provision about health service entitlements and facilitation of collective action for community monitoring. We find large improvements in immunization rates, treatment of childhood diarrhea, and institutional delivery rates, modest improvements in child nutritional outcomes, and no effects on child mortality. Overall, the effects of information combined with facilitation are larger and statistically significant more often than that of providing information alone. We also find evidence of gender disparities with most of the average effects being driven by improvements among boys, with little to no effect of accountability interventions among girls.
{"title":"Information and Facilitation Interventions for Accountability in Health and Nutrition: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in India","authors":"M. Mohanan, V. Rajan, Kendal Swanson, H. Thirumurthy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3544786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544786","url":null,"abstract":"Community-based accountability interventions have shown potential to improve delivery of public services, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of such interventions when implemented at scale by developing country governments. We study the effectiveness of social accountability interventions implemented by the Indian state government of Uttar Pradesh aimed at improving delivery of primary health and nutrition services to children and pregnant women. Using a village level randomized trial design, we investigate two key mechanisms through which accountability interventions are hypothesized to improve healthcare delivery and health outcomes: information provision about health service entitlements and facilitation of collective action for community monitoring. We find large improvements in immunization rates, treatment of childhood diarrhea, and institutional delivery rates, modest improvements in child nutritional outcomes, and no effects on child mortality. Overall, the effects of information combined with facilitation are larger and statistically significant more often than that of providing information alone. We also find evidence of gender disparities with most of the average effects being driven by improvements among boys, with little to no effect of accountability interventions among girls.","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130355626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article comments on the recent economic impact report (Meek Report) commissioned by Georgia Department of Economic Development (GDEcD) on the economic impact of the film industry in Georgia. • Following the charge of the GDEcD, the Meek Report examines only the benefits of the film industry and does not consider the costs of the state’s film tax credit program. The state has issued nearly $5 billion in film tax credits since 2008, and it approved $860 million in film tax credits during FY 2019. The annual amount of forgone tax revenue represents approximately three percent of the state-funded budget or $230 dollars per Georgia household. • Though the Meek Report acknowledges the existence of the strong body of research on film incentives and economic growth, it does not report the consensus findings of existing studies, which do not support the hypothesis that film incentives have a net positive impact on state economies. • Rather than use available records of direct spending on film production from state government agencies, the Meek Report concocts an estimate of direct spending using a dubious method that is not adequately described, nor does it appear to be sound. The estimated direct spending estimate is inconsistent with other available measures and is not credible. • The Meek Report uses an excessive multiplier to estimate indirect and induced effects from film production spending. The origins of the multiplier are not explained, and when combined with the excessive direct spending estimate, it inflates total economic impact well above its likely impact. • Film employment can provide a misleading representation of the industry’s impact on the Georgia economy. Recent growth in film industry jobs likely reflects a shift from full-time to part-time workers. • Using the Meek Report’s estimate of film industry jobs, the cost of film tax credits is $49,000 per job, (full-time and part-time). When GDEcD film employment data is adjusted for full-time equivalency (FTE), the cost is $110,000 per FTE job. • The Meek Report highlights that the average wage for film jobs exceeds the average wage of the state. The comparison of averages is misleading, because the mean is skewed upwards by the exceptional salaries of a few actors, directors, etc. who are not representative of typical Georgia film workers. The median wage of US film workers equates to $39,000 (FTE), which is below the median wage of $48,000 of all jobs. Typical film workers do not earn high wages. • The methods and data described in the Meek Report do not support its claims that the film industry is responsible for $8.6 billion in output or 51,000 jobs. Available records of direct film production spending combined with reasonable multipliers results in an estimated economic impact of Georgia’s film industry of between $3.4 and $5 billion in total output and around 30,000 total jobs. • Direct film spending represents close to $3 billion of Georgia’s economy,
{"title":"A Comment on Georgia Department of Economic Development Report: ‘The Economic Impact of the Film Industry in Georgia’","authors":"J. Bradbury","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3526169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3526169","url":null,"abstract":"This article comments on the recent economic impact report (Meek Report) commissioned by Georgia Department of Economic Development (GDEcD) on the economic impact of the film industry in Georgia. \u0000 \u0000• Following the charge of the GDEcD, the Meek Report examines only the benefits of the film industry and does not consider the costs of the state’s film tax credit program. The state has issued nearly $5 billion in film tax credits since 2008, and it approved $860 million in film tax credits during FY 2019. The annual amount of forgone tax revenue represents approximately three percent of the state-funded budget or $230 dollars per Georgia household. \u0000 \u0000• Though the Meek Report acknowledges the existence of the strong body of research on film incentives and economic growth, it does not report the consensus findings of existing studies, which do not support the hypothesis that film incentives have a net positive impact on state economies. \u0000 \u0000• Rather than use available records of direct spending on film production from state government agencies, the Meek Report concocts an estimate of direct spending using a dubious method that is not adequately described, nor does it appear to be sound. The estimated direct spending estimate is inconsistent with other available measures and is not credible. \u0000 \u0000• The Meek Report uses an excessive multiplier to estimate indirect and induced effects from film production spending. The origins of the multiplier are not explained, and when combined with the excessive direct spending estimate, it inflates total economic impact well above its likely impact. \u0000 \u0000• Film employment can provide a misleading representation of the industry’s impact on the Georgia economy. Recent growth in film industry jobs likely reflects a shift from full-time to part-time workers. \u0000 \u0000• Using the Meek Report’s estimate of film industry jobs, the cost of film tax credits is $49,000 per job, (full-time and part-time). When GDEcD film employment data is adjusted for full-time equivalency (FTE), the cost is $110,000 per FTE job. \u0000 \u0000• The Meek Report highlights that the average wage for film jobs exceeds the average wage of the state. The comparison of averages is misleading, because the mean is skewed upwards by the exceptional salaries of a few actors, directors, etc. who are not representative of typical Georgia film workers. The median wage of US film workers equates to $39,000 (FTE), which is below the median wage of $48,000 of all jobs. Typical film workers do not earn high wages. \u0000 \u0000• The methods and data described in the Meek Report do not support its claims that the film industry is responsible for $8.6 billion in output or 51,000 jobs. Available records of direct film production spending combined with reasonable multipliers results in an estimated economic impact of Georgia’s film industry of between $3.4 and $5 billion in total output and around 30,000 total jobs. \u0000 \u0000• Direct film spending represents close to $3 billion of Georgia’s economy,","PeriodicalId":274523,"journal":{"name":"Development Economics: Microeconomic Issues in Developing Economies eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131815551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：