Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing最新文献_第9页

Modeling the impact of interlayer shifting on the local permeability of textile preforms 层间位移对纺织预成型局部透气性影响的建模

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109522

Kuixiao Niu , Long Cheng , Hongshuai Wang , Jiayi Li , Junbiao Wang , Yujun Li

Interlayer shifting between plies of woven fabrics is unavoidable during lay-up in liquid composite molding (LCM) and can induce large scatter in measured in-plane permeability. However, its quantitative effect on local flow remains poorly characterized. This work develops an integrated meso-scale framework combining a transversely isotropic hyperelastic yarn model, finite-element compaction analysis and voxel-resolved Stokes-Darcy flow simulations for a six-layer E-glass plain-weave EWR600-1000 reinforcement. The constitutive law is calibrated against restricted and unrestricted yarn compression tests and accurately reproduces the observed nonlinear stiffening under transverse compaction (R² = 0.9881 and 0.9712). For 256 distinct in-plane interlayer shifting vectors, the compacted fiber volume fraction V_f at 0.1 MPa ranges from 42.5 % to 54.7 %, and the associated local in-plane permeabilities vary by more than one order of magnitude. The resulting map K(s_x, s_y) exhibits pronounced symmetries and diagonal repeatability. The predicted mean permeabilities (K_x = 5.2 × 10^-11 m², K_y = 1.23 × 10^-10 m²) and anisotropy ratio (K_x/K_y = 0.42) agree closely with radial-flow experiments, while the simulated scatter forms a lower bound for the experimental variability. The proposed framework provides a quantitatively validated link between interlayer shifting and both local and effective in-plane permeability, offering guidance for robust design and variability management in LCM processes.

在液体复合成型（LCM）的铺层过程中，机织织物层间的移位是不可避免的，并且会导致测量的面内渗透率产生较大的散射。然而，其对局部流量的定量影响仍不清楚。这项工作开发了一个集成的中尺度框架，结合了横向各向同性超弹性纱线模型、有限元压实分析和体素分辨斯托克斯-达西流动模拟，用于六层e-玻璃平纹编织EWR600-1000增强。本构律根据限制和无限制纱线压缩试验进行校准，准确地再现了观察到的横向压实下的非线性加强（R2 = 0.9881和0.9712）。对于256个不同的面内层间位移矢量，在0.1 MPa下，压实纤维体积分数Vf的变化范围为42.5% ~ 54.7%，相关的局部面内渗透率变化幅度超过一个数量级。得到的图K（sx, sy）具有明显的对称性和对角线可重复性。预测的平均渗透率（Kx = 5.2 × 10-11 m2, Ky = 1.23 × 10-10 m2）和各向异性比（Kx/Ky = 0.42）与径向流实验结果非常吻合，而模拟的散射是实验变异性的下界。所提出的框架提供了层间移动与局部和有效平面内渗透率之间的定量验证联系，为LCM过程中的稳健设计和可变性管理提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Breaking the trade-off between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyamide 66 via a reactive product of DOPO, melamine, and maleic anhydride 通过DOPO，三聚氰胺和马来酸酐的反应产物打破了聚酰胺66的阻燃性和机械性能之间的权衡

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109520

Jingyu Zhang , Shaona Li , Weiwen Gu , Hongfei Li , Xiaoyu Gu , Jun Sun , Sheng Zhang

Polyamide 66 (PA66) is a widely used engineering plastic, but its inherent flame retardancy cannot meet the high requirements of many application scenarios. Various flame retardants have been used in PA66. However, the compatibility between most of these flame retardants and PA66 is not good, resulting in obvious mechanical loss. In this study, a new flame retardant (DOPO-MMEL) was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), melamine (MEL), and maleic anhydride (MA). Only 2.0 wt% incorporation of DOPO-MMEL in PA66 increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 22.7 % to 25.2 % and enabled a UL-94 V-0 rating, while the tensile strength was maintained at 72.0 MPa, corresponding to 93.4 % of the original values. Cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the total heat release (THR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PA66/2.0 %DOPO-MMEL decreased by 9.8 % and 18.5 % compared with the control PA66. This study demonstrates an effective strategy to enhance flame retardancy without significantly sacrificing mechanical performance.

聚酰胺66 （PA66）是一种应用广泛的工程塑料，但其固有的阻燃性不能满足许多应用场景的高要求。PA66中使用了多种阻燃剂。但这些阻燃剂大多与PA66的相容性不好，造成明显的机械损失。本研究以9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）、三聚氰胺（MEL）和马来酸酐（MA）为原料合成了一种新型阻燃剂DOPO- mmel。当DOPO-MMEL添加量为2.0 wt%时，PA66的极限氧指数（LOI）从22.7%提高到25.2%，达到UL-94 V-0等级，而拉伸强度保持在72.0 MPa，相当于原始值的93.4%。锥形量热测试（CCT）表明，与对照PA66相比，PA66/2.0 %DOPO-MMEL的总放热量（THR）和峰值放热率（PHRR）分别降低了9.8%和18.5%。本研究展示了在不显著牺牲机械性能的情况下提高阻燃性的有效策略。

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引用次数: 0

Superior through-thickness performance of carbon/phenolic 3D needled/stitched coupled composites: Shear behavior and damage mechanisms 碳/酚醛三维针刺/缝合耦合复合材料优越的穿透厚度性能：剪切行为和损伤机制

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109519

Chenyang Song , Tao Zheng , Jia Hu , Yan Wang , Wei Fan , Jing Long , Zhiqiang Yang , Licheng Guo

Due to their advantageous lightweight characteristics and cost-effectiveness, carbon/phenolic three-dimensional needled composites (3DNCs) exhibit significant potential for applications in aerospace components. However, their limited interlayer performance remains a critical challenge. To address this issue, a needled/stitched coupled structure (simultaneous integration of needling and stitching architectures) is designed by introducing high-strength stitch yarns into conventional 3DNCs structures, constructing three-dimensional needled/stitched coupled composites (3DNSCs) with continuous Z-direction reinforcement. The shear behaviors of 3DNSCs are systematically investigated, with traditional 3DNCs serving as the comparison group. The damage modes, damage initiation, and evolution processes are analyzed through synchronized monitoring using acoustic emission and digital image correlation, combined with multi-scale failure morphology observation. The influence of stitching in designed 3DNSCs on the failure mechanisms under both interlaminar and in-plane shear loading conditions is comprehensively revealed. The results show that stitching yarns and needled fibers establish a multi-scale synergism (combining interlaminar stitching yarns bridging with intralaminar needled fiber entanglement), significantly improving the shear performance of traditional 3DNCs, with strength and toughness enhancements of up to 19.3 % (from 12.9 MPa to 15.4 MPa) and 4.5 times (from 11.8 kJ/m³ to 64.6 kJ/m³), respectively. Stitching transforms the damage mode from rapid delamination (3DNCs) to progressive fiber–matrix cooperative damage (3DNSCs) through crack deviation and fiber pull-out mechanisms. Moreover, stitching alters the sequence of damage initiation and damage evolution pathways.

由于碳/酚醛三维针状复合材料（3dnc）具有轻量化和成本效益的优势，在航空航天部件中具有巨大的应用潜力。然而，它们有限的层间性能仍然是一个关键的挑战。为了解决这一问题，设计了一种针/缝耦合结构（针/缝结构的同时集成），通过将高强度的针/缝耦合纱线引入到传统的三维dnc结构中，构建具有连续z方向增强的三维针/缝耦合复合材料（3dnc）。系统地研究了3d纳米干细胞的剪切行为，并以传统3d纳米干细胞为对照组。通过声发射和数字图像相关同步监测，结合多尺度破坏形态观察，分析了损伤模式、损伤起裂和演化过程。全面揭示了在层间和面内剪切加载条件下，缝线对三维dnscs破坏机制的影响。结果表明：缝线与针刺纤维形成了多尺度协同作用（缝线间桥接与针刺纤维间缠结结合），显著提高了传统3d碳纤维的抗剪性能，强度和韧性分别提高了19.3%（从12.9 MPa提高到15.4 MPa）和4.5倍（从11.8 kJ/m3提高到64.6 kJ/m3）。拼接通过裂缝偏离和纤维拔出机制将损伤模式从快速脱层（3dnc）转变为渐进式纤维-基质协同损伤（3dscs）。此外，缝合改变了损伤起始和演化路径的顺序。

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引用次数: 0

Achieving superior erosion resistance for the basalt fibers reinforced epoxy powder coating via constructing L-Cys@Cu MOF interfacial layer 通过构建L-Cys@Cu MOF界面层，使玄武岩纤维增强环氧粉末涂料具有优异的抗侵蚀性能

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109512

Xiang Li , Wenjie Zhao , Guosong Wu , Yinghao Wu

The harsh service environment in the splash zone poses serious challenges for the long-term durability of steel pipe piles. The basalt fibers (BF) reinforced-composite coatings have acquired great attention in various fields such as offshore wind power equipment and construction industry due to the high strength and chemical stability. However, the service life of BF reinforced-composite coatings is greatly restricted by poor interfacial compatibility between BFs and polymer resin. In this work, we fabricated a BF reinforced epoxy powder composite coating with excellent erosion resistance by constructing L-Cys@Cu MOF on BFs. The interfacial shear strength value between MBF and EP was 49.66 % larger than that of BF. Contrasted to EP, the adhesion strength between 2.5 %MBF/EP coating and the steel substrate was 79.65 MPa, which was increased by 24.67 %. Interestingly, the mass and volume loss of 2.5 %MBF/EP coating was decreased by 22.77 % and 21.16 %, respectively, compared with 2.5 %CBF/EP coating. These results demonstrate the broader applicability of BF in composite materials, arising from the synergistic effect of mechanical interlocking between MBF and EP and the formation of cross-linking network between L-Cys@Cu MOF and EP. This work provides a novel perspective for the development of BF reinforced-composite coatings with long-term erosion resistance.

飞溅区恶劣的使用环境对钢管桩的长期耐久性提出了严峻的挑战。玄武岩纤维（BF）增强复合涂料以其高强度和化学稳定性在海上风电设备、建筑等领域受到广泛关注。然而，BF与高分子树脂界面相容性差，极大地限制了BF增强复合涂层的使用寿命。本文通过在BF上构建L-Cys@Cu MOF，制备了一种具有优异耐冲蚀性能的BF增强环氧粉末复合涂层。MBF与EP的界面抗剪强度值比BF高49.66%。与EP涂层相比，2.5% MBF/EP涂层与钢基体的结合强度为79.65 MPa，提高了24.67%。有趣的是，与2.5% CBF/EP涂层相比，2.5% MBF/EP涂层的质量损失和体积损失分别降低了22.77%和21.16%。这些结果表明BF在复合材料中具有更广泛的适用性，这是由于MBF和EP之间的机械联锁协同效应以及L-Cys@Cu MOF和EP之间形成交联网络所致。本研究为高炉增强复合涂层的长期抗冲蚀性能的发展提供了新的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization design and experimental Verification of SiC-Based lattice sandwich modular thermal protection system 基于sic的格子夹层模块化热防护系统的优化设计与实验验证

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109502

Liqiang Liu , Yu Zhou , Huanwei Pei , Yue Jia , Qi Liu , Yanxia Du , Chong Wei

In view of the urgent need for lightweight and integrated design of thermal protection system for high-speed aircrafts. An integrated thermal protection system (ITPS) based on a 3D-printed carbon-toughened SiC hollow truncated cubic octahedron (HTCO) lattice core sandwich panel is proposed. This study begins by comparing the thermal insulation performance of three core filling strategies: unfilled, alumina fiber-filled, and aerogel-filled. The aerogel-filled configuration demonstrates the optimal performance, with the bottom sheet temperature reaching only 367.2 °C; however, it results in an 18.71 % increase in weight compared to the alumina fiber-filled variant. Experimental validation confirms that the heating curves obtained from simulations and experiments show consistent trends, with a temperature deviation of less than 10 %, further verifying the accuracy of the numerical model. Furthermore, the critical emissivity for cavity radiation within the model is identified to be in the range of 0.3–0.4. Finally, a parametric model is established to perform multiphysics-coupled numerical simulations on ITPS structures with varying thicknesses under operational conditions representative of high-speed ballistic and cruise aircrafts. The results demonstrate that the ITPS can simultaneously meet the thermal protection and load-bearing requirements of both types of high-speed aircrafts.

针对高速飞机热防护系统轻量化、集成化设计的迫切需要。提出了一种基于3d打印碳增韧SiC空心截立方八面体（HTCO）晶格芯夹层板的集成热防护系统（ITPS）。本研究首先比较了三种芯材填充策略的隔热性能：未填充、氧化铝纤维填充和气凝胶填充。气凝胶填充结构表现出最佳性能，底部温度仅为367.2℃；然而，与氧化铝纤维填充的变体相比，它的重量增加了18.71%。实验验证表明，模拟所得的升温曲线与实验结果趋势一致，温度偏差小于10%，进一步验证了数值模型的准确性。此外，模型内腔辐射的临界发射率在0.3 ~ 0.4之间。最后，建立了参数化模型，对高速弹道飞机和巡航飞机工况下不同厚度的ITPS结构进行了多物理场耦合数值模拟。结果表明，该系统能够同时满足两种高速飞机的热防护和承载要求。

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引用次数: 0

Breaking the strength-toughness trade-off in high-performance polyimide nanocomposites using solution-processable aminated heterocyclic polyamide-grafted graphene oxide at ultralow loading 在超低负载下，采用溶液加工的胺化杂环聚酰胺接枝氧化石墨烯，打破了高性能聚酰亚胺纳米复合材料的强度-韧性平衡

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109510

Tao Shen, Yewei Jin, Mao Peng

Despite extensive research on graphene oxide (GO) functionalization with small molecules, oligomers and flexible-chain polymers, grafting rigid-chain polymers onto GO remains largely unexplored. Conventional GO modifications enhance the strength of polyimide (PI) while compromising ductility. Herein, we synthesized a novel aminated heterocyclic aromatic polyamide (NH₂-HAP) and covalently grafted it onto GO via carbodiimide coupling, achieving a high grafting ratio of ∼37.0 wt%. Incorporating NH₂-HAP-grafted GO (GO-g-NH₂-HAP) into PI through in-situ polymerization, doctor-blading, and then thermal imidization yields nanocomposites with excellent strength, toughness, moisture resistance, and dielectric performance. Amino and imidazole groups in GO-g-NH₂-HAP promote its uniform dispersion and form strong covalent bonds at the interface, facilitating efficient load transfer. At an ultralow loading of 0.40 wt% GO-g-NH₂-HAP (∼0.25 wt% GO), the nanocomposite achieves remarkable enhancements in tensile strength (254.1 ± 11.7 MPa, +201 %), modulus (1.70 ± 0.05 GPa, +83 %), elongation at break (54.5 ± 2.4 %, +106 %), and tensile toughness (103.2 ± 6.9 MJ/m³, +470 %), overcoming the typical strength-toughness conflict in small-molecule-modified GO/PI nanocomposites. The film also demonstrates an 81 % reduction in water vapor transmission rate, an 88 % decrease in water absorption, and a lower dielectric constant (2.5 vs. 3.2 for neat PI). These exceptional properties make the nanocomposites promising for microelectronics and flexible devices.

尽管对氧化石墨烯（GO）的小分子、低聚物和柔性链聚合物功能化进行了广泛的研究，但在氧化石墨烯上接枝刚性链聚合物仍未得到广泛的探索。传统的氧化石墨烯改性提高了聚酰亚胺（PI）的强度，同时降低了延展性。本文中，我们合成了一种新的胺化杂环芳香族聚酰胺（NH2-HAP），并通过碳二亚胺偶联将其共价接枝到氧化石墨烯上，获得了高达37.0% wt%的高接枝率。将nh2 - hap接枝的氧化石墨烯（GO-g- nh2 - hap）通过原位聚合，医生叶片，然后热亚酰化加入到PI中，得到了具有优异强度，韧性，耐湿性和介电性能的纳米复合材料。GO-g-NH2-HAP中的氨基和咪唑基团促进其均匀分散，并在界面处形成强共价键，有利于有效的负载传递。在0.40 wt% GO-g- nh2 - hap （~ 0.25 wt% GO）的超低负载下，纳米复合材料在抗拉强度（254.1±11.7 MPa, + 201%）、模量（1.70±0.05 GPa, + 83%）、断裂伸长率（54.5±2.4 %,+ 106%）和拉伸韧性（103.2±6.9 MJ/m3, + 470%）方面取得了显著的提高，克服了小分子改性GO/PI纳米复合材料中典型的强度-韧性冲突。该薄膜还显示水蒸气透过率降低81%，吸水率降低88%，介电常数更低（2.5 vs.纯PI的3.2）。这些特殊的性能使得纳米复合材料在微电子和柔性器件方面前景广阔。

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引用次数: 0

Chinese classic calligraphy inspired high surface-quality 3D printing strategy and its application in impact-resistant TPEE-based composites 中国古典书法启发的高表面质量3D打印策略及其在抗冲击tpee基复合材料中的应用

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109504

Hanyi Huang , Zhuoyu Chen , Ziwei Qin, Fangwei Tian, Bingrui Yang, Yushu Wang, Junjie Jiang, Wentao Zhai

Thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE) is valued for its flexibility but suffers from low melt strength and high flowability, which impair its printability in fused filament fabrication (FFF). Inspired by the fiber-controlled ink flow in Chinese calligraphy, this study introduces aramid fiber (AF) powder to modulate TPEE’s rheology. The anisotropic AF powder significantly enhances the stress transfer capability while reducing the melt flowability of TPEE. Extensional tests showed AF increased melt fracture strain from 50% to 80%, reducing nozzle residue. Simultaneously, small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests confirmed a substantial boost in low-frequency storage modulus, curbing melt overflow. This synergy eliminated surface stringing and significantly improved printing surface quality. Leveraging this high-quality printing, we fabricated a multiscale biomimetic structure with a solid-foam gradient modulus using a double-nozzle printer and in-situ foaming technology. This bionic structure of AF-reinforced TPEE efficiently dissipated an impact force from 55.0 kN to 1.7 kN, achieving a 97 % energy absorption efficiency. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and manufacturing next-generation impact-resistant thermoplastic elastomers.

热塑性聚酯弹性体（TPEE）因其柔韧性而受到重视，但其熔体强度低，流动性高，这影响了其在熔融长丝制造（FFF）中的印刷性能。受中国书法中纤维控制墨水流动的启发，本研究引入芳纶纤维（AF）粉末来调节TPEE的流变学。各向异性AF粉末显著提高了TPEE的应力传递能力，同时降低了TPEE的熔体流动性。拉伸试验表明，AF将熔体断裂应变从50%提高到80%，减少了喷嘴残留。同时，小振幅振荡剪切（SAOS）试验证实了低频存储模量的大幅提高，抑制了熔体溢出。这种协同作用消除了表面串线，显著提高了印刷表面质量。利用这种高质量的打印，我们使用双喷嘴打印机和原位发泡技术制造了具有固体泡沫梯度模量的多尺度仿生结构。这种仿生结构的af -增强TPEE有效地耗散了55.0 kN到1.7 kN的冲击力，能量吸收效率达到97%。这项工作为设计和制造下一代抗冲击热塑性弹性体提供了一种新的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Leakage-Free and flexible liquid Metal/Elastomer composite thermal pads with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding 无泄漏和柔性液态金属/弹性体复合热垫，增强电磁干扰屏蔽

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109500

Tianyu Jiang , Menglong Xu , Weihao Xu , Jun Wang

Liquid metal/elastomer composites (LMECs) hold great potential for multifunctional applications in electronics and power systems, owing to their unique combination of high electrical conductivity, superior thermal conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. However, critical challenges remain which hinder the practical application, including liquid metal (LM) leakage and limited ability to form interconnected pathways. Herein, we report on leakage-free and multifunctional LMEC thermal pads via controlled oxidation and MXene immobilization. Free LM droplets were confined by oxidized LM clusters generated through accelerated oxidation and further anchored by the Ti₃C₂T_x MXene nanosheets pre-dispersed in the LM. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a preferential localization of MXene at the LM/elastomer interface, effectively bridging LM domains, promoting continuous pathway formation, and enhancing filler/matrix interfacial compatibility. As a result of the strong interactions among MXene, LM, and its oxide, the leakage of LM was completely suppressed under both static conditions and external stimulation (e.g., 10 MPa compression). The LMEC thermal pads demonstrated a thermal conductivity of 6.34 W/(m·K) which is among the highest in the isotropic polymer/filler system. Moreover, the thermal pads showed superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness with a value of 69.8 dB/mm at 0.5 mm thickness. This work provides a facile and effective approach for fabricating leakage-free LMECs as multifunctional thermal management materials for next-generation electronics.

液态金属/弹性体复合材料（LMECs）由于其独特的高导电性、优越的导热性和机械灵活性，在电子和电力系统的多功能应用中具有巨大的潜力。然而，阻碍实际应用的关键挑战仍然存在，包括液态金属（LM）泄漏和形成相互连接通路的能力有限。在此，我们报告了通过控制氧化和MXene固定的无泄漏和多功能LMEC热垫。自由LM液滴被加速氧化生成的氧化LM团簇限制，并进一步被预分散在LM中的Ti3C2Tx MXene纳米片锚定。热力学分析表明，MXene优先定位于LM/弹性体界面，有效地桥接LM域，促进连续通路的形成，并增强填料/基质界面相容性。由于MXene与LM及其氧化物之间的强相互作用，在静态条件和外部刺激（如10 MPa压缩）下，LM的泄漏都被完全抑制。LMEC热垫的导热系数为6.34 W/(m·K)，在各向同性聚合物/填料体系中名列前茅。此外，在0.5 mm厚度下，热垫的电磁干扰屏蔽效果为69.8 dB/mm。这项工作为制造无泄漏lmec作为下一代电子产品的多功能热管理材料提供了一种简单有效的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructures, dynamics, and tensile properties of water-saturated epoxy nanocomposite enhanced by graphene and functionalized graphene 石墨烯和功能化石墨烯增强水饱和环氧纳米复合材料的微观结构、动力学和拉伸性能

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109508

Jialin Liu , Ning Hu , Fenghua Nie , Lik-ho Tam , Xin Wang , Zhishen Wu , Denvid Lau

Epoxy composites are valued in wind turbine blades for their lightweight and fatigue-resistant characteristics. The epoxy composites suffer from moisture-induced mechanical degradation. The water penetration and hydrothermal effects weaken the material properties. To address the mechanical degradation, graphene and functionalized graphene are incorporated to hinder the movement of water molecules and epoxy chains. The presence of these nanosheets reduces the epoxy’s free volume from approximately 43 % to 36 %. At 350 K, the tensile modulus is increased from 2.7 ± 0.4 GPa in pure epoxy to 3.0 ± 0.6 GPa in epoxy with hydroxyl-functionalized, 3.4 ± 0.7 GPa in epoxy with amine-functionalized graphene, and 3.4 ± 0.6 GPa in epoxy with carboxyl-functionalized graphene. Concurrently, water diffusion coefficients is decreased significantly from (5.55 ± 0.21) × 10⁻¹¹ m2/s in pure epoxy to (3.04 ± 0.27) × 10⁻¹¹, (2.19 ± 0.17) × 10⁻¹¹, and (2.11 ± 0.15) × 10⁻¹¹ m2/s in the respective functionalized nanocomposites. The contributions of different functional groups to the microstructure, water diffusion, and mechanical properties highlight the potential of tailored graphene additives to enhance epoxy composites for blades, which give insights into the improvement and tunability in the hydrothermal resistance of epoxy nanocomposites by adopting appropriate groups on graphene and epoxy chains, and mitigate moisture-induced degradation and damage while improving durability.

环氧复合材料因其轻质和抗疲劳特性而在风力涡轮机叶片中受到重视。环氧复合材料易受水分影响而发生机械降解。水的渗透和水热作用削弱了材料的性能。为了解决机械降解问题，加入石墨烯和功能化石墨烯来阻止水分子和环氧链的运动。这些纳米片的存在将环氧树脂的自由体积从大约43%减少到36%。在350 K时，拉伸模量从纯环氧的2.7±0.4 GPa增加到羟基功能化环氧的3.0±0.6 GPa，胺功能化石墨烯的3.4±0.7 GPa，羧基功能化石墨烯的3.4±0.6 GPa。同时，水扩散系数从纯环氧树脂的（5.55±0.21）× 10−11 m2/s显著降低到（3.04±0.27）× 10−11、（2.19±0.17）× 10−11和（2.11±0.15）× 10−11 m2/s。不同官能团对环氧树脂叶片微观结构、水扩散和力学性能的影响凸显了石墨烯添加剂增强环氧树脂叶片复合材料的潜力，这有助于通过在石墨烯和环氧树脂链上采用适当的官能团来改善和调节环氧纳米复合材料的水热性能，减轻水分引起的降解和损伤，同时提高耐久性。

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引用次数: 0

Ablation behavior of the high-silica/phenolic pyramidal lattice-reinforced silicone rubber composites 高硅/酚醛锥体晶格增强硅橡胶复合材料的烧蚀行为

IF 8.1 2区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2025.109507

Peixin Yang , Te Ma , Wu Yuan , Hongwei Song

Lattice structures are promising for enhancing the thermo-mechanical performance of composites under extreme conditions. This study systematically investigated the ablation behavior of high-silica/phenolic pyramidal lattice-reinforced silicone rubber composites under an oxyacetylene flame. A novel vertical weaving method reduced lattice fabrication time by 67 %. Microstructural and compositional analyses revealed a gradient pyrolysis-carbonization mechanism, incorporated into a theoretical model. The developed voxel-based numerical model characterizes the effects of lattice topology and material parameters on ablation performance. The lattice provides three key reinforcement mechanisms including bidirectional thermal regulation through radial and thickness-direction heat transfer, structural integrity enhancement via char layer reinforcement, and multi-directional load resistance against aerodynamic stresses. Experimental results show that reducing the lattice relative density lowers backside temperature but increases mass loss. Parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrates that optimal lattice design with smaller rod diameters, lower inclination angles, and longer rods further enhances thermal protection. These findings provide crucial guidance for the multi-scale design and optimization of advanced thermal protection materials.

晶格结构在提高复合材料在极端条件下的热力学性能方面具有广阔的前景。本文系统地研究了高硅/酚醛锥体晶格增强硅橡胶复合材料在氧乙炔火焰下的烧蚀行为。一种新型的垂直编织方法使晶格制作时间缩短了67%。微观结构和成分分析揭示了梯度热解-碳化机理，并纳入了理论模型。所建立的基于体素的数值模型表征了晶格拓扑结构和材料参数对烧蚀性能的影响。晶格提供了三种关键的加固机制，包括通过径向和厚度方向传热进行双向热调节，通过炭层加固增强结构完整性，以及针对气动应力的多向负载抵抗。实验结果表明，降低晶格相对密度会降低背面温度，但会增加质量损失。参数敏感性分析表明，采用更小的杆径、更低的倾角和更长的杆，优化栅格设计可以进一步增强热防护能力。这些发现为先进热防护材料的多尺度设计和优化提供了重要的指导。

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引用次数: 0