Aside from being seen as the best indicator of an enforcement programme's efficiency, the "perception of being caught" (POBC) is also proven to be an effective means to gauge traffic law compliance among Malaysian road users. Therefore, the ultimate aim of this study is to produce a trend analysis of road users' POBC for committing traffic offences during festive seasons between the years 2008 and 2015. This study utilises secondary data from previous POBC studies covering the three main periods; i.e., before, during and after the implementation of OPS Bersepadu Enforcement Programme for Chinese New Year (CNY) and Hari Raya Aidilfitri (HRA) in Malaysia. Although the OPS Bersepadu programme has been around for years, this particular study shall only analyse the data from 2008 until 2015. Previous OPS Bersepadu studies have involved some 42,171 Malaysian road users and were conducted at selected locations along federal roads and expressways. The inferential statistics have documented significant difference and mean scores during the 8-year period. Further, the success of OPS Bersepadu has been at a moderate level, although such a programme is still being continued. Overall, this study finds that POBC is one of the most well-known tools for assessing an enforcement programme's efficiency. In addition, it also highlights the importance of enhancing current traffic enforcement programmes to increase the POBC level among road users.
{"title":"Measuring Traffic Enforcement Programme Efficiency using Perception of Being Caught (POBC)","authors":"N. Isah, Z. Mohd Jawi, M. H. Ali","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i2.121","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Aside from being seen as the best indicator of an enforcement programme's efficiency, the \"perception of being caught\" (POBC) is also proven to be an effective means to gauge traffic law compliance among Malaysian road users. Therefore, the ultimate aim of this study is to produce a trend analysis of road users' POBC for committing traffic offences during festive seasons between the years 2008 and 2015. This study utilises secondary data from previous POBC studies covering the three main periods; i.e., before, during and after the implementation of OPS Bersepadu Enforcement Programme for Chinese New Year (CNY) and Hari Raya Aidilfitri (HRA) in Malaysia. Although the OPS Bersepadu programme has been around for years, this particular study shall only analyse the data from 2008 until 2015. Previous OPS Bersepadu studies have involved some 42,171 Malaysian road users and were conducted at selected locations along federal roads and expressways. The inferential statistics have documented significant difference and mean scores during the 8-year period. Further, the success of OPS Bersepadu has been at a moderate level, although such a programme is still being continued. Overall, this study finds that POBC is one of the most well-known tools for assessing an enforcement programme's efficiency. In addition, it also highlights the importance of enhancing current traffic enforcement programmes to increase the POBC level among road users. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"531 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116589630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sentosa., A. Jusuf, L. Gunawan, K. A. Abu Kassim, M. L. Hakim, Bayu Wiranto
The number of single vehicle and rollover accidents in Indonesia has reached approximately 10,000 (7%) per year. Such an accident is typically followed by a large number of fatality, especially in the case for SUVs and MPVs. In the US, motor vehicle rollovers involving passenger cars, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles result in around 10,000 deaths and 27,000 serious injuries each year. Although single vehicle and rollover accident in Indonesia accounts for less than 10% tow- away crashes involving light vehicles, it has recorded almost one-third of light-vehicle occupant fatalities. The aim of this research is to develop a method to predict rollover probability. One of the key geometrical parameters to describe the rollover risk of vehicles is Static Stability Factor (SSF) which can be correlated with rollover probability using NHTSA statistical data. SSF is defined as the vehicle half-track width divided by its center of gravity height. Since information pertaining to the location of centre of gravity is not publicly available, a method was developed to predict it by using published technical data which were validated using NHTSA database. It was then used to predict rollover probability data for MPVs and SUVs in Indonesia. The method can be a tool for manufacturers, consumers, and regulators to reduce the number of rollover accidents which in turn may reduce occupant fatalities. The result can also be a means to assess the trend of rollover accident risk in the ASEAN region and will be beneficial for ASEAN NCAP in determining SUVs and MPVs safety rating.
{"title":"Rollover Risk Probability Analysis for SUVs and MPVs in the ASEAN Market","authors":"S. Sentosa., A. Jusuf, L. Gunawan, K. A. Abu Kassim, M. L. Hakim, Bayu Wiranto","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i3.99","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The number of single vehicle and rollover accidents in Indonesia has reached approximately 10,000 (7%) per year. Such an accident is typically followed by a large number of fatality, especially in the case for SUVs and MPVs. In the US, motor vehicle rollovers involving passenger cars, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles result in around 10,000 deaths and 27,000 serious injuries each year. Although single vehicle and rollover accident in Indonesia accounts for less than 10% tow- away crashes involving light vehicles, it has recorded almost one-third of light-vehicle occupant fatalities. The aim of this research is to develop a method to predict rollover probability. One of the key geometrical parameters to describe the rollover risk of vehicles is Static Stability Factor (SSF) which can be correlated with rollover probability using NHTSA statistical data. SSF is defined as the vehicle half-track width divided by its center of gravity height. Since information pertaining to the location of centre of gravity is not publicly available, a method was developed to predict it by using published technical data which were validated using NHTSA database. It was then used to predict rollover probability data for MPVs and SUVs in Indonesia. The method can be a tool for manufacturers, consumers, and regulators to reduce the number of rollover accidents which in turn may reduce occupant fatalities. The result can also be a means to assess the trend of rollover accident risk in the ASEAN region and will be beneficial for ASEAN NCAP in determining SUVs and MPVs safety rating. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131129213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Issues surrounding the use of aged tyres are one of the major concerns with regard to vehicle safety. The changes in rubber components due to the ageing process may cause changes in a tyre's mechanical and chemical properties which may lead to road crashes attributed to tyre failure. The main objective of this study is to discover the effects of tyre shelf age and approval markings on the performance of aftermarket passenger car tyres. This study involved conducting accelerated ageing on the randomly purchased tyres. By utilizing the Design of Experiment method, 48 passenger car tyres from four tyre manufacturers were used as test samples representing 'Marked' and 'Non-marked' tyres. Half of the samples were subjected to accelerated ageing process using an accelerated ageing chamber to simulate the desired age, to the maximum of 5-year old shelf aged. All new and aged tyres comprising both 'Marked' and 'Non- marked' groups were then tested under the Tyre Performance Test protocols stipulated in the Malaysian Standard (MS) 149:2008. All of the samples were tested in accordance with MS 149:2008 and the results were compared thoroughly by markings, age and type of failure. The study implied that age did have effects on safety performance of the tyres and significant difference in terms of safety performance was observed between 'Marked' and 'Non-marked' tyres. In overall 'Marked' tyres showed superior performance as compared to 'Non-marked' tyres for all of the tests conducted. The results had also provided crucial reference in terms of suggested age of tyre life span for proactive tyre replacement. The suggested tire life span for proactive tire replacement is 7.2 years-old for 'Marked' tyres and 2.3 years old for 'Non-marked' tyres. Since the Malaysian government has already gazetted the mandatory standard on tyre markings for the local market, relevant authorities need to take responsibility for the effective and efficient enforcement of compliance with the standard.
{"title":"Effects of Shelf Age Based on Types of Approval Marking on Passenger Car Tyres' Safety Performance","authors":"Z. Syukri, K. D. Wing, O. M. Rasid, S. V. Wong","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.141","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Issues surrounding the use of aged tyres are one of the major concerns with regard to vehicle safety. The changes in rubber components due to the ageing process may cause changes in a tyre's mechanical and chemical properties which may lead to road crashes attributed to tyre failure. The main objective of this study is to discover the effects of tyre shelf age and approval markings on the performance of aftermarket passenger car tyres. This study involved conducting accelerated ageing on the randomly purchased tyres. By utilizing the Design of Experiment method, 48 passenger car tyres from four tyre manufacturers were used as test samples representing 'Marked' and 'Non-marked' tyres. Half of the samples were subjected to accelerated ageing process using an accelerated ageing chamber to simulate the desired age, to the maximum of 5-year old shelf aged. All new and aged tyres comprising both 'Marked' and 'Non- marked' groups were then tested under the Tyre Performance Test protocols stipulated in the Malaysian Standard (MS) 149:2008. All of the samples were tested in accordance with MS 149:2008 and the results were compared thoroughly by markings, age and type of failure. The study implied that age did have effects on safety performance of the tyres and significant difference in terms of safety performance was observed between 'Marked' and 'Non-marked' tyres. In overall 'Marked' tyres showed superior performance as compared to 'Non-marked' tyres for all of the tests conducted. The results had also provided crucial reference in terms of suggested age of tyre life span for proactive tyre replacement. The suggested tire life span for proactive tire replacement is 7.2 years-old for 'Marked' tyres and 2.3 years old for 'Non-marked' tyres. Since the Malaysian government has already gazetted the mandatory standard on tyre markings for the local market, relevant authorities need to take responsibility for the effective and efficient enforcement of compliance with the standard. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122429438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Zulkipli, R. Sarani, A. Z. Zainal Abidin, M. S. Solah, M. R. Osman
The objectives of this study are to analyse the taxi roadworthiness resulting from the mandatory Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI). The data was obtained from a local vehicle inspection company, PUSPAKOM and the dataset only involved taxis which had been sent to PUSPAKOM for roadworthiness inspection which includes initial inspection and periodic inspection. Majority of the taxis are EA type (Perkhidmatan Awam Teksi) with about 60% of the overall of the taxi population. Using logistic regression analysis, the probability of failure of PTI by the taxi was developed. The results indicate that with the existing periodic technical inspection for roadworthiness, the probability of an EA type taxi to have failed the periodic inspection (PTI) reaches 50% after Year-2. Moreover, for a well-maintained EA type taxi that had never failed before, the probability of it to fail in the coming inspection would reach 50% in Year-5.
本研究的目的是分析由强制性定期技术检查(PTI)产生的出租车的道路适航性。数据来自当地的车辆检测公司PUSPAKOM，数据集只涉及被送到PUSPAKOM进行路况检查的出租车，包括初步检查和定期检查。大多数出租车是EA型(Perkhidmatan Awam Teksi)，约占出租车总数的60%。通过logistic回归分析，得到了出租车故障PTI的概率。结果表明，在现有的道路性能定期技术检查下，EA型出租车在2年后不通过定期检查(PTI)的概率达到50%。此外，对于一辆维护良好的EA型出租车，以前从未发生过故障，在接下来的检查中，它在第5年的故障概率将达到50%。
{"title":"Periodical Technical Inspection on Taxi Roadworthiness","authors":"Z. Zulkipli, R. Sarani, A. Z. Zainal Abidin, M. S. Solah, M. R. Osman","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i4.138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The objectives of this study are to analyse the taxi roadworthiness resulting from the mandatory Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI). The data was obtained from a local vehicle inspection company, PUSPAKOM and the dataset only involved taxis which had been sent to PUSPAKOM for roadworthiness inspection which includes initial inspection and periodic inspection. Majority of the taxis are EA type (Perkhidmatan Awam Teksi) with about 60% of the overall of the taxi population. Using logistic regression analysis, the probability of failure of PTI by the taxi was developed. The results indicate that with the existing periodic technical inspection for roadworthiness, the probability of an EA type taxi to have failed the periodic inspection (PTI) reaches 50% after Year-2. Moreover, for a well-maintained EA type taxi that had never failed before, the probability of it to fail in the coming inspection would reach 50% in Year-5. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134549643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Mazlan, W. J. Yahya, A. M. Ithnin, M.S. Ahmad Laili
The number of fatalities related to motorcyclists in Malaysia has exceeded 4,000 people a year in the recent years. The cause of each accident may vary from case to case but mostly related to human errors. Many studies have tried to relate motorcyclist behaviour and number of crashes through survey and statistical analysis. In this study, a pick-up truck equipped with a Video Camera Recorder (VCR) will be used to record motorcyclist behaviour in highway and urban areas for three months. The data from VCR was analysed and categorized into two groups; motorcyclist riding behaviour and safety requirement. The behaviour will be discussed and causes that can lead to accidents will be identified.
{"title":"A Study of Malaysian Motorcyclists' Behaviour from the Perspective of Pickup Truck","authors":"N. Mazlan, W. J. Yahya, A. M. Ithnin, M.S. Ahmad Laili","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v3i3.127","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The number of fatalities related to motorcyclists in Malaysia has exceeded 4,000 people a year in the recent years. The cause of each accident may vary from case to case but mostly related to human errors. Many studies have tried to relate motorcyclist behaviour and number of crashes through survey and statistical analysis. In this study, a pick-up truck equipped with a Video Camera Recorder (VCR) will be used to record motorcyclist behaviour in highway and urban areas for three months. The data from VCR was analysed and categorized into two groups; motorcyclist riding behaviour and safety requirement. The behaviour will be discussed and causes that can lead to accidents will be identified. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116977556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of technologies for autonomous vehicle (AV) have seen rapid achievement in the recent years. Commercial carmakers are actively embedding this system in their production and are undergoing tremendous testing in the real world traffic environment. It is one of today’s most challenging topics in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) field in term of reliability as well as accelerating the world’s transition to a sustainable future. The utilization of current sensor technology however indicates some drawbacks where the complexity is high and the cost is extremely huge. This paper reviews the recent sensor technologies and their contributions in becoming part of the autonomous self-driving vehicle system. The ultimate focus is toward reducing the sensor count to just a single camera based on the single modality model. The capability of the sensor to detect and recognize on-the-road obstacles such as overtaking vehicle, pedestrians, signboards, bicycle, road lane marker and road curvature will be discussed. Different feature extraction approach will be reviewed further with the selection of the recent Artificial Intelligent (AI) methods that are being implemented. At the end of this review, the optimal techniques of processing information from single camera system will be discussed and summarized.
{"title":"Single Camera Object Detection for Self-Driving Vehicle: A Review","authors":"S. Herman, K. Ismail","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.62","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The development of technologies for autonomous vehicle (AV) have seen rapid achievement in the recent years. Commercial carmakers are actively embedding this system in their production and are undergoing tremendous testing in the real world traffic environment. It is one of today’s most challenging topics in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) field in term of reliability as well as accelerating the world’s transition to a sustainable future. The utilization of current sensor technology however indicates some drawbacks where the complexity is high and the cost is extremely huge. This paper reviews the recent sensor technologies and their contributions in becoming part of the autonomous self-driving vehicle system. The ultimate focus is toward reducing the sensor count to just a single camera based on the single modality model. The capability of the sensor to detect and recognize on-the-road obstacles such as overtaking vehicle, pedestrians, signboards, bicycle, road lane marker and road curvature will be discussed. Different feature extraction approach will be reviewed further with the selection of the recent Artificial Intelligent (AI) methods that are being implemented. At the end of this review, the optimal techniques of processing information from single camera system will be discussed and summarized. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115941212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An automobile's braking system plays an important role to control the vehicle at various operating speeds. At present, the brake friction industry is mainly focused on effectiveness of braking in addition to aesthetic considerations of an automobile. In this research, carbon fiber reinforced friction material is developed by grafting multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized (MWCNTS-F) on CF surface. The surface of CF is basically chemically inert and hydrophobic in nature and needs to be modified by grafting MWCNTS-F on its surface to increase hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. An attempt is made to improve the bonding strength between CF, polymer matrix and the remaining ingredients. Carbon fiber content after surface modification is varied in weight percentor wt% (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) and mixed with the remaining ingredients of friction material. Composite sheets are prepared using hand lay-up method and characterized for damping, SEM, TGA and FTIR analysis. It is observed that MWCNTS-F grafted on CF 3 wt% possess good damping results. The results also reveal that, optimum selection of ingredients and surface treatment method on CF is the main reason for improvement of the composite’s interfacial adhesion and damping behavior.
{"title":"Damping Behaviour of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Grafting on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Friction Material","authors":"N. K. Konada, K. Suman","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.88","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000An automobile's braking system plays an important role to control the vehicle at various operating speeds. At present, the brake friction industry is mainly focused on effectiveness of braking in addition to aesthetic considerations of an automobile. In this research, carbon fiber reinforced friction material is developed by grafting multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized (MWCNTS-F) on CF surface. The surface of CF is basically chemically inert and hydrophobic in nature and needs to be modified by grafting MWCNTS-F on its surface to increase hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. An attempt is made to improve the bonding strength between CF, polymer matrix and the remaining ingredients. Carbon fiber content after surface modification is varied in weight percentor wt% (2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) and mixed with the remaining ingredients of friction material. Composite sheets are prepared using hand lay-up method and characterized for damping, SEM, TGA and FTIR analysis. It is observed that MWCNTS-F grafted on CF 3 wt% possess good damping results. The results also reveal that, optimum selection of ingredients and surface treatment method on CF is the main reason for improvement of the composite’s interfacial adhesion and damping behavior. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121642259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the key considerations when sitting particularly for a long period of time, either in the office chair or car seat is comfort. Studies have revealed a high number of reports regarding discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders while sitting in a fixed position. The main objective of this study is to review past and present subjective assessment in published studies in the area of sitting discomfort and find the gap between each study to be applied in future studies. Fifty relevant studies were identified and chosen from electronic databases, dating as far back as 1969. "Seat", "chair", "sit", "comfort", "discomfort" and "assessment" were the keyword search terms for this paper. Past studies demonstrated numerous purposes and techniques of analysing sitting discomfort. They provide better understanding for both researchers and the industry to deal with sitting discomfort issues. Various assessment methods have also been applied in the previous studies. However, they are still areas found in past studies that need to be investigated. Therefore, it is proposed that another assessment is performed to analyse sitting discomfort, by exploring issues derived from this review.
{"title":"Applying Subjective Measures to Evaluate Sitting Discomfort: Pertinent Research and Recent Developments","authors":"N. Khamis, B. Md Deros, M. S. Abdul Khalid","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i2.87","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000One of the key considerations when sitting particularly for a long period of time, either in the office chair or car seat is comfort. Studies have revealed a high number of reports regarding discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders while sitting in a fixed position. The main objective of this study is to review past and present subjective assessment in published studies in the area of sitting discomfort and find the gap between each study to be applied in future studies. Fifty relevant studies were identified and chosen from electronic databases, dating as far back as 1969. \"Seat\", \"chair\", \"sit\", \"comfort\", \"discomfort\" and \"assessment\" were the keyword search terms for this paper. Past studies demonstrated numerous purposes and techniques of analysing sitting discomfort. They provide better understanding for both researchers and the industry to deal with sitting discomfort issues. Various assessment methods have also been applied in the previous studies. However, they are still areas found in past studies that need to be investigated. Therefore, it is proposed that another assessment is performed to analyse sitting discomfort, by exploring issues derived from this review. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131797046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Abdul Majid, S. A. Abu Bakar, S. Mansor, M.K. Abdul Hamid, N. Ismail
This paper presents the methodologies use in determining the PID value of an Antilock Brake System (ABS) of a Malaysian made passenger vehicle. The research work involves experimental work for data acquisitions, development of braking model, parameter tuning for both simulation model parameter and PID values search. A Malaysian made car is equipped with instrumentation used to collect vehicle behaviour during normal and hard braking manoeuvres. The data collected are the vehicle’s stopping distance and longitudinal speed. The data during the normal braking are used to validate a two degree of freedom (2 DOF) of vehicle’s braking model, while the data collected during the hard braking are used to search for the PID value used to control the operation of the ABS system. The developed simulation model of a braking system correlates well with the experimental data and the tuning done on the PID algorithm indicates that the ABS is controlled by the PI system.
{"title":"Modelling and PID Value Search for Antilock Braking System (ABS) of a Passenger Vehicle","authors":"M. Abdul Majid, S. A. Abu Bakar, S. Mansor, M.K. Abdul Hamid, N. Ismail","doi":"10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i3.57","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This paper presents the methodologies use in determining the PID value of an Antilock Brake System (ABS) of a Malaysian made passenger vehicle. The research work involves experimental work for data acquisitions, development of braking model, parameter tuning for both simulation model parameter and PID values search. A Malaysian made car is equipped with instrumentation used to collect vehicle behaviour during normal and hard braking manoeuvres. The data collected are the vehicle’s stopping distance and longitudinal speed. The data during the normal braking are used to validate a two degree of freedom (2 DOF) of vehicle’s braking model, while the data collected during the hard braking are used to search for the PID value used to control the operation of the ABS system. The developed simulation model of a braking system correlates well with the experimental data and the tuning done on the PID algorithm indicates that the ABS is controlled by the PI system. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":286928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127938314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Abdul Khalid, Z. Mohd Jawi, M. H. Md Isa, M. S. Solah, A. Hamzah, N. F. Paiman, A. H. Ariffin, M. R. Osman
The Safety Warning Triangle (SWT) is a device to alert other road users on the hazard ahead. Currently, SWT usage in Malaysia is only mandatory for commercial vehicles. Therefore, this study aims to assess private vehicle (PV) users' knowledge and perception of SWT, and include a feasibility study to make SWT mandatory for PV. A total of 447 respondents answered an online survey and results show that almost 50% of PV users did not have clear understanding of SWT usage in terms of its practicality, even though 97% of them agreed on the necessity to use SWT if they face any emergency situation whilst on the road. Therefore, more initiatives including awareness campaigns and educational programs on the proper use of SWT are needed. As for the ideal SWT usage in Malaysia, after considering all the factors found in the review of international practices on SWT usage, two recommendations are proposed by the authors: (1) a similar concept applied in Japan to be referred to and implemented in Malaysia; (2) continue the current practices in Malaysia and to include private vehicles in the mandatory list.
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