Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145428
Jinxiong Huang , Xiong Xu , Guoxiang Hu , Rui Li , Xiong Tao , Anand Sreeram
Phosphogypsum (PG) is widely utilized as a filler or supplementary cementitious material in basecourse layers. However, its use as the primary component often leads to challenges such as inadequate water stability, reduced strength, and poor bonding performance. To address these issues, this study proposes the stabilization of PG using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) while incorporating emulsified asphalt (EA) as an additive to enhance the water resistance and crack resistance of the material. The impact of EA on the pavement performance of PG base course material (PGBCM) was evaluated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests, and water stability assessments. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry–differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), were employed to investigate the mechanisms through which EA influences the PGBCM. The findings revealed that incorporating 1.5 % EA markedly enhanced the UCS, ITS, and ICS of PGBCM, raising 28d UCS from 15.5 to 25.2 MPa and ITS from 0.7 to 3.0 MPa. EA promoted OPC and GGBS reactivity, partially consumed PG, and generated additional hydration products, while simultaneously filling pores, sealing cracks, and forming a dense surface film. These effects improved mechanical strength, water resistance, and crack resistance, demonstrating a practical approach for large-scale PG use in base course materials.
{"title":"Large-scale recycling of original phosphogypsum in aggregate-free base course for pavement: From macro- and micro- performance evaluation to mechanism analysis","authors":"Jinxiong Huang , Xiong Xu , Guoxiang Hu , Rui Li , Xiong Tao , Anand Sreeram","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphogypsum (PG) is widely utilized as a filler or supplementary cementitious material in basecourse layers. However, its use as the primary component often leads to challenges such as inadequate water stability, reduced strength, and poor bonding performance. To address these issues, this study proposes the stabilization of PG using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) while incorporating emulsified asphalt (EA) as an additive to enhance the water resistance and crack resistance of the material. The impact of EA on the pavement performance of PG base course material (PGBCM) was evaluated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests, and water stability assessments. Characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry–differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), were employed to investigate the mechanisms through which EA influences the PGBCM. The findings revealed that incorporating 1.5 % EA markedly enhanced the UCS, ITS, and ICS of PGBCM, raising 28d UCS from 15.5 to 25.2 MPa and ITS from 0.7 to 3.0 MPa. EA promoted OPC and GGBS reactivity, partially consumed PG, and generated additional hydration products, while simultaneously filling pores, sealing cracks, and forming a dense surface film. These effects improved mechanical strength, water resistance, and crack resistance, demonstrating a practical approach for large-scale PG use in base course materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145428"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145433
Hailang He , Guijuan Sun , Wu Wang , Yuyu Fang , Weiliang Gao
Intrusive igneous building stones, including granite, diorite, and gabbro, have lower embodied carbon than conventional structural materials, thereby making them promising for low-carbon construction. They are widely used in underground engineering and protective structures. However, design against impact typically relies on empirical dynamic increase factor (DIF) that overlook strength variability caused by mineralogical heterogeneity. This study tested three stones with distinct proportions of plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar, and mica using quasi-static uniaxial, triaxial, and Brazilian disc (BD) tests, together with 50-mm-diameter Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests in compression and tension, yielding 324 valid datasets. The quasi-static data were filtered using an interquartile range criterion and were augmented with Gaussian process regression. The influence of mineralogy on elastic modulus, proportional limit, and peak strength was quantified with correlation analysis and partial least squares regression. Quartz and feldspar primarily control stiffness, whereas mica increases ductility and guides crack paths. A classification based on weighted Mahalanobis distance identified three rate-dependent regimes: rate-hardening-dissipative (RHD), ductile-plastic (DP), and high-strength-brittle (HSB). For strain rates between 30 and 300 s⁻¹ , the class-specific DIF relations provide stable class-resolved predictive performance, quantified by classwise mean-squared errors on the order of 10⁻²–10⁻¹ , thereby supporting design-stage parameter assignment and material-efficient structural use under embodied-carbon constraints.
侵入性火成岩建筑石材，包括花岗岩、闪长岩和辉长岩，具有比传统结构材料更低的含碳量，从而使其成为低碳建筑的理想材料。广泛应用于地下工程和防护结构中。然而，抗冲击设计通常依赖于经验动态增加因子（DIF），忽略了矿物非均质性引起的强度变化。本研究使用准静态单轴、三轴和巴西圆盘（BD）测试，以及直径为50 mm的劈裂霍普金森压杆（SHPB）压缩和拉伸测试，对三种斜长石、石英、钾长石和云母比例不同的石头进行了测试，获得了324个有效数据集。准静态数据采用四分位间距标准进行过滤，并用高斯过程回归进行扩充。通过相关分析和偏最小二乘回归量化矿物学对弹性模量、比例极限和峰值强度的影响。石英和长石主要控制刚度，而云母增加延展性并引导裂纹路径。基于加权马氏距离的分类确定了三种速率相关模式：速率硬化耗散（RHD）、韧性塑性（DP）和高强度脆性（HSB）。对于在30到300 s - 之间的应变率，特定类别的DIF关系提供了稳定的类别解析预测性能，通过10⁻²-10⁻¹ 量级的类别均方误差来量化，从而支持设计阶段参数分配和在隐含碳约束下的材料高效结构使用。
{"title":"Static-dynamic mechanical behaviour of intrusive igneous building stones and a mineralogy-based predictive model for the dynamic increase factor","authors":"Hailang He , Guijuan Sun , Wu Wang , Yuyu Fang , Weiliang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intrusive igneous building stones, including granite, diorite, and gabbro, have lower embodied carbon than conventional structural materials, thereby making them promising for low-carbon construction. They are widely used in underground engineering and protective structures. However, design against impact typically relies on empirical dynamic increase factor (DIF) that overlook strength variability caused by mineralogical heterogeneity. This study tested three stones with distinct proportions of plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar, and mica using quasi-static uniaxial, triaxial, and Brazilian disc (BD) tests, together with 50-mm-diameter Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests in compression and tension, yielding 324 valid datasets. The quasi-static data were filtered using an interquartile range criterion and were augmented with Gaussian process regression. The influence of mineralogy on elastic modulus, proportional limit, and peak strength was quantified with correlation analysis and partial least squares regression. Quartz and feldspar primarily control stiffness, whereas mica increases ductility and guides crack paths. A classification based on weighted Mahalanobis distance identified three rate-dependent regimes: rate-hardening-dissipative (RHD), ductile-plastic (DP), and high-strength-brittle (HSB). For strain rates between 30 and 300 s⁻¹ , the class-specific DIF relations provide stable class-resolved predictive performance, quantified by classwise mean-squared errors on the order of 10⁻²–10⁻¹ , thereby supporting design-stage parameter assignment and material-efficient structural use under embodied-carbon constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145433"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145469
Tao Zhou , Shanhong Wan , Zejiao Dong , Sainan Xie , Lingyun You , Chenguang Jin
The adhesion and debonding behavior at asphalt–mineral interfaces are controlled by interfacial physicochemical interactions that dictate wetting, adsorption, and moisture susceptibility of these organic–inorganic systems. Although the rheological and colloidal characteristics of asphalt have been widely studied, the influence of mineral surface chemistry and interfacial energetics on adhesion remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the interfacial adhesion between asphalt and mineral aggregates through a combined experimental and theoretical approach integrating bitumen bond strength (BBS) testing, surface free energy analysis, and zeta potential characterization. Four representative minerals—calcite, dolomite, orthoclase, and quartz—were selected to elucidate the role of mineralogy in interfacial interaction mechanisms. Results show that carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) possess higher specific surface areas and more positive surface potentials, enhancing adsorption and electrostatic attraction with asphalt molecules, whereas silicate minerals (orthoclase and quartz) exhibit higher surface polarity and water affinity, leading to moisture-induced debonding. Surface energy calculations further indicate that lower polar and higher dispersive components promote thermodynamically stable adhesion, with calcite exhibiting the smallest adhesion work loss (57.4 %) upon water exposure. These findings advance the understanding of interfacial thermodynamics and charge-mediated adhesion in asphalt–mineral systems and provide fundamental insights for tailoring surface energy and wettability in organic–inorganic composites.
{"title":"Physicochemical mechanisms of asphalt–aggregate interface adhesion: Effects of mineral composition and surface energy","authors":"Tao Zhou , Shanhong Wan , Zejiao Dong , Sainan Xie , Lingyun You , Chenguang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adhesion and debonding behavior at asphalt–mineral interfaces are controlled by interfacial physicochemical interactions that dictate wetting, adsorption, and moisture susceptibility of these organic–inorganic systems. Although the rheological and colloidal characteristics of asphalt have been widely studied, the influence of mineral surface chemistry and interfacial energetics on adhesion remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the interfacial adhesion between asphalt and mineral aggregates through a combined experimental and theoretical approach integrating bitumen bond strength (BBS) testing, surface free energy analysis, and zeta potential characterization. Four representative minerals—calcite, dolomite, orthoclase, and quartz—were selected to elucidate the role of mineralogy in interfacial interaction mechanisms. Results show that carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) possess higher specific surface areas and more positive surface potentials, enhancing adsorption and electrostatic attraction with asphalt molecules, whereas silicate minerals (orthoclase and quartz) exhibit higher surface polarity and water affinity, leading to moisture-induced debonding. Surface energy calculations further indicate that lower polar and higher dispersive components promote thermodynamically stable adhesion, with calcite exhibiting the smallest adhesion work loss (57.4 %) upon water exposure. These findings advance the understanding of interfacial thermodynamics and charge-mediated adhesion in asphalt–mineral systems and provide fundamental insights for tailoring surface energy and wettability in organic–inorganic composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145469"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145447
Linfeng Lu, Jichen Zhang, Hao Peng, Songlin Ding
Coating protection and corrosion allowance are two primary design philosophies for corrosion control in structural steels, yet their core assumptions remain insufficiently validated. This study experimentally evaluates both strategies through accelerated corrosion exposure and mechanical testing. For coating-based design, Q355B steel plates protected by three representative systems—epoxy zinc-rich paint (EZRP, coating thickness ≈111–116 μm), alcohol-soluble inorganic rust-proof and anti-slip paint for bridges (AIARASP, ≈93–96 μm), and a multilayer system consisting of epoxy zinc-rich primer, epoxy cloud iron paint, and acrylic polyurethane coating (EZR–EMC–APT, total coating thickness ≈244–257 μm; nominal dry film thickness 240 μm)—were subjected to copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests, which represent a highly accelerated salt–acid–humidity environment with copper catalysis and cannot fully reproduce the complexity of natural atmospheric exposure or long-term service conditions. For corrosion allowance–based design, Q235B, Q355D, and Q355NHD steels were electrochemically corroded to prescribed mass-loss ratios, after which all corrosion layers were completely removed to simulate allowance exhaustion and eliminate surface morphology effects. The results show that the multilayer coating system limited mass loss to ≤ 0.06 % and maintained yield strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus within ±1 % of the uncorroded values, demonstrating the short-term effectiveness of high-performance coatings when properly designed and maintained. In contrast, the corrosion allowance assumption does not strictly hold: even after complete removal of corrosion layers, the intrinsic mechanical properties continue to deteriorate with increasing mass loss. Early degradation was observed at η ≈ 1.5 %, at which point Q235B had already lost approximately 5 % of its yield strength. At severe corrosion (η ≈ 30 %), average reductions reached about 7 % in yield strength, 9 % in elastic modulus, and 17 % in ductility, with Q355D exhibiting the most pronounced ductility loss (≈31 %) and Q355NHD showing notable stiffness and ductility degradation (≈10 % and ≈21 %). SEM fractography revealed shallower dimples, interfacial microcracks, and quasi-cleavage features, confirming irreversible microstructural damage beyond simple cross-sectional loss. Overall, coating-based design can effectively preserve the intrinsic steel properties in the short term. In contrast, corrosion allowance–based design should be applied with caution, as both cross-sectional loss and degradation of intrinsic properties may compromise long-term structural safety.
{"title":"Coating protection and corrosion allowance in structural steels: Experimental validation and design implications","authors":"Linfeng Lu, Jichen Zhang, Hao Peng, Songlin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coating protection and corrosion allowance are two primary design philosophies for corrosion control in structural steels, yet their core assumptions remain insufficiently validated. This study experimentally evaluates both strategies through accelerated corrosion exposure and mechanical testing. For coating-based design, Q355B steel plates protected by three representative systems—epoxy zinc-rich paint (EZRP, coating thickness ≈111–116 μm), alcohol-soluble inorganic rust-proof and anti-slip paint for bridges (AIARASP, ≈93–96 μm), and a multilayer system consisting of epoxy zinc-rich primer, epoxy cloud iron paint, and acrylic polyurethane coating (EZR–EMC–APT, total coating thickness ≈244–257 μm; nominal dry film thickness 240 μm)—were subjected to copper-accelerated acetic acid salt spray (CASS) tests, which represent a highly accelerated salt–acid–humidity environment with copper catalysis and cannot fully reproduce the complexity of natural atmospheric exposure or long-term service conditions. For corrosion allowance–based design, Q235B, Q355D, and Q355NHD steels were electrochemically corroded to prescribed mass-loss ratios, after which all corrosion layers were completely removed to simulate allowance exhaustion and eliminate surface morphology effects. The results show that the multilayer coating system limited mass loss to ≤ 0.06 % and maintained yield strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus within ±1 % of the uncorroded values, demonstrating the short-term effectiveness of high-performance coatings when properly designed and maintained. In contrast, the corrosion allowance assumption does not strictly hold: even after complete removal of corrosion layers, the intrinsic mechanical properties continue to deteriorate with increasing mass loss. Early degradation was observed at η ≈ 1.5 %, at which point Q235B had already lost approximately 5 % of its yield strength. At severe corrosion (η ≈ 30 %), average reductions reached about 7 % in yield strength, 9 % in elastic modulus, and 17 % in ductility, with Q355D exhibiting the most pronounced ductility loss (≈31 %) and Q355NHD showing notable stiffness and ductility degradation (≈10 % and ≈21 %). SEM fractography revealed shallower dimples, interfacial microcracks, and quasi-cleavage features, confirming irreversible microstructural damage beyond simple cross-sectional loss. Overall, coating-based design can effectively preserve the intrinsic steel properties in the short term. In contrast, corrosion allowance–based design should be applied with caution, as both cross-sectional loss and degradation of intrinsic properties may compromise long-term structural safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145447"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145360
Jianbai Zhao , Jianglin Li , Weisen Liu , Jianhe Xie
One-part geopolymer is developed to overcome the practical limitations associated with the preparation of conventional geopolymer, which has been widely regarded as the most promising alternative to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the mix design method of one-part geopolymer requires further refinement. This study aims to establish a mix design procedure for one-part geopolymer, which includes the determination of precursor and alkali activator. Accordingly, the effect of precursor composition and alkali activator on macro and micro properties of one-part geopolymer were studied. Experimental investigations were conducted on setting time, fluidity, rheology, and compressive strength of one-part geopolymer paste, complemented by SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. It was found that in one-part geopolymer system, the optimization of precursor composition led to a maximum improvement of 30 % in compressive strength. As SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and CaO/SiO2 ratio of one-part geopolymer raised, the condensation reaction was promoted, resulting in increasing gel yield and stronger bonds in gel network of one-part geopolymer. As for the alkali activator system, anhydrous Na2SiO3 with a modulus of 1.0 and a content of 8 % was identified as the optimal activator for one-part geopolymer, which balanced the workability and mechanical performance. Based on these findings, mix design chart and procedure are developed for fly ash and GGBS based one-part geopolymer, providing practical guidance for precursor selection and activator design in engineering applications.
{"title":"Effect of precursor and activator on macro and micro properties of fly ash and GGBS based one-part geopolymer","authors":"Jianbai Zhao , Jianglin Li , Weisen Liu , Jianhe Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One-part geopolymer is developed to overcome the practical limitations associated with the preparation of conventional geopolymer, which has been widely regarded as the most promising alternative to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the mix design method of one-part geopolymer requires further refinement. This study aims to establish a mix design procedure for one-part geopolymer, which includes the determination of precursor and alkali activator. Accordingly, the effect of precursor composition and alkali activator on macro and micro properties of one-part geopolymer were studied. Experimental investigations were conducted on setting time, fluidity, rheology, and compressive strength of one-part geopolymer paste, complemented by SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. It was found that in one-part geopolymer system, the optimization of precursor composition led to a maximum improvement of 30 % in compressive strength. As SiO<sub>2</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ratio and CaO/SiO<sub>2</sub> ratio of one-part geopolymer raised, the condensation reaction was promoted, resulting in increasing gel yield and stronger bonds in gel network of one-part geopolymer. As for the alkali activator system, anhydrous Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> with a modulus of 1.0 and a content of 8 % was identified as the optimal activator for one-part geopolymer, which balanced the workability and mechanical performance. Based on these findings, mix design chart and procedure are developed for fly ash and GGBS based one-part geopolymer, providing practical guidance for precursor selection and activator design in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145360"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145443
Changqing Wang , Zhicheng Du , Zhiming Ma
A mesoscale finite-element (FE) model of micro-steel-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (MSFRAC) was developed and experimentally validated through 4D X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) to investigate the coupled damage evolution of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and steel fibers. The reconstructed four-phase geometry (matrix, aggregate, ITZ, and fibers) was implemented in an FE framework combining the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model for the mortar matrix and cohesive elements for ITZ debonding. Model accuracy was quantitatively confirmed by comparing predicted and CT-measured crack-volume-fraction (CVF) evolution, with R² = 0.96. The analyses reveal that micro-steel fibers restrain early ITZ cracking and promote diffuse meso-crack propagation, reducing the CVF sensitivity coefficient from 1.099 to 0.629. Parameter sensitivity studies highlight that ITZ cohesion and fiber volume fraction dominate the post-peak softening and energy-absorption capacity. The validated model provides a physically interpretable and computationally efficient framework for designing fiber-reinforced recycled concretes with improved damage tolerance and interfacial performance.
{"title":"4D CT–validated mesoscale finite-element modeling and coupled ITZ–fiber damage evolution in micro-steel-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete","authors":"Changqing Wang , Zhicheng Du , Zhiming Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mesoscale finite-element (FE) model of micro-steel-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (MSFRAC) was developed and experimentally validated through 4D X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) to investigate the coupled damage evolution of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and steel fibers. The reconstructed four-phase geometry (matrix, aggregate, ITZ, and fibers) was implemented in an FE framework combining the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model for the mortar matrix and cohesive elements for ITZ debonding. Model accuracy was quantitatively confirmed by comparing predicted and CT-measured crack-volume-fraction (CVF) evolution, with R² = 0.96. The analyses reveal that micro-steel fibers restrain early ITZ cracking and promote diffuse meso-crack propagation, reducing the CVF sensitivity coefficient from 1.099 to 0.629. Parameter sensitivity studies highlight that ITZ cohesion and fiber volume fraction dominate the post-peak softening and energy-absorption capacity. The validated model provides a physically interpretable and computationally efficient framework for designing fiber-reinforced recycled concretes with improved damage tolerance and interfacial performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145443"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145416
Li Shu , Xuejuan Cao , Bailin Shan , Lei Deng , Tianqiang Jiang , Ying Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Boming Tang
Thermosetting polymer-modified asphalt exhibits excellent high-temperature stability and mechanical performance, but its non-renewable raw materials and poor reparability and recyclability conflict with sustainable green pavement development. Therefore, based on the renewability of castor oil and the dynamic reversibility of disulfide bonds, a thermosetting bio-based self-healing polyurethane-modified asphalt (TBSPUA) was designed and prepared. The results showed that the modifier containing 20 % castor oil (TBSPU-20 %) achieved an optimal balance between mechanical performance and self-healing ability, making it suitable for asphalt modification, and TBSPUA samples with different dosages were prepared using TBSPU-20 % as the modifier. When the TBSPU content exceeded 50 wt%, phase inversion occurred, and the system transitioned from asphalt-dominated to polymer-network-dominated. At 55 wt% modifier content, TBSPUA reached a tensile strength of 3.61 MPa and an elongation at break of 134.3 %, achieving the best balance between strength and toughness. The fracture–healing–fracture test and fluorescence microscopy confirmed that TBSPUA achieved efficient self-healing under hot-pressing conditions, with a maximum healing efficiency of 69.81 %. The synergistic effects of disulfide and hydrogen bonds significantly improved interfacial healing and structural integrity. Fatigue-healing results showed that the healing index(HI) first increased and then decreased with dosage at 90 °C, with TBSPUA-55 wt% exhibiting the highest HI of 91.23 %, demonstrating excellent self-healing performance and dynamic stress relaxation capability.
{"title":"Dynamic bond-driven bio-based polyurethane-modified asphalt: Preparation, performance evaluation, and self-healing behavior","authors":"Li Shu , Xuejuan Cao , Bailin Shan , Lei Deng , Tianqiang Jiang , Ying Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Boming Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermosetting polymer-modified asphalt exhibits excellent high-temperature stability and mechanical performance, but its non-renewable raw materials and poor reparability and recyclability conflict with sustainable green pavement development. Therefore, based on the renewability of castor oil and the dynamic reversibility of disulfide bonds, a thermosetting bio-based self-healing polyurethane-modified asphalt (TBSPUA) was designed and prepared. The results showed that the modifier containing 20 % castor oil (TBSPU-20 %) achieved an optimal balance between mechanical performance and self-healing ability, making it suitable for asphalt modification, and TBSPUA samples with different dosages were prepared using TBSPU-20 % as the modifier. When the TBSPU content exceeded 50 wt%, phase inversion occurred, and the system transitioned from asphalt-dominated to polymer-network-dominated. At 55 wt% modifier content, TBSPUA reached a tensile strength of 3.61 MPa and an elongation at break of 134.3 %, achieving the best balance between strength and toughness. The fracture–healing–fracture test and fluorescence microscopy confirmed that TBSPUA achieved efficient self-healing under hot-pressing conditions, with a maximum healing efficiency of 69.81 %. The synergistic effects of disulfide and hydrogen bonds significantly improved interfacial healing and structural integrity. Fatigue-healing results showed that the healing index(HI) first increased and then decreased with dosage at 90 °C, with TBSPUA-55 wt% exhibiting the highest HI of 91.23 %, demonstrating excellent self-healing performance and dynamic stress relaxation capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145461
Jun Xu, Aihong Kang, Zhengguang Wu, Changjiang Kou, Yao Zhang, Peng Xiao
In this study, the effects of waste chopped basalt fiber (WCBF) and waste chopped polyester fiber (WCPF), along with their characteristic parameters, on the mechanical properties and crack resistance of recycled aggregate asphalt mixture (RAAM) were systematically studied. The research aims to enhance pavement service life while reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and minimizing environmental impact. The key pavement performance indicators, including rutting resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, and water stability were evaluated. Semi-circular bending (SCB) tests, digital image correlation (DIC), and crack resistance (R-curve) analysis were employed to quantify fracture behavior and energy dissipation. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the associated environmental impacts. The results show that the incorporation of fibers significantly improves the crack resistance of RAAM, and WCBF modification is generally superior to WCPF with the same characteristic parameters. The superior performance of WCBF over WCPF is attributed to its higher tensile strength and better interfacial adhesion with the asphalt matrix, which facilitated more effective stress transfer and crack bridging. Compared with the control group, the waste chopped basalt fiber with a length of 6 mm and a diameter of 7 μm (BF-6–7) shows the best performance, the dynamic stability is increased by 92.9 %, fracture energy increased by 48.8 %, and flexibility index increased by 135.5 %. Fracture analysis revealed that fibers increased crack tortuosity, delayed propagation via bridging effects, and dissipated energy through pull-out or fracture. LCA results revealed that the BF-6–7 mixture reduced global warming potential and energy consumption by 15.5 % and 12.4 % per ton, respectively. Within the LCA framework, based on a model that translates improvements in fracture energy into an extension of service life, the assessment results show that service life is extended by 35 %, maintenance frequency is reduced by 40 %, and 82 % of the total emission reduction is achieved. This study provides mechanistic insights into the crack resistance of fiber-reinforced RAAM and establishes a quantifiable environmental basis for selecting optimal fiber parameters. These findings support the synergistic use of waste materials and promote sustainable pavement engineering.
{"title":"Crack resistance and environmental benefits of recycled aggregate asphalt mixture reinforced with waste chopped fibers of different types and characteristic parameters: An analysis of fracture evolution and life cycle assessment","authors":"Jun Xu, Aihong Kang, Zhengguang Wu, Changjiang Kou, Yao Zhang, Peng Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of waste chopped basalt fiber (WCBF) and waste chopped polyester fiber (WCPF), along with their characteristic parameters, on the mechanical properties and crack resistance of recycled aggregate asphalt mixture (RAAM) were systematically studied. The research aims to enhance pavement service life while reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and minimizing environmental impact. The key pavement performance indicators, including rutting resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, and water stability were evaluated. Semi-circular bending (SCB) tests, digital image correlation (DIC), and crack resistance (<em>R</em>-curve) analysis were employed to quantify fracture behavior and energy dissipation. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the associated environmental impacts. The results show that the incorporation of fibers significantly improves the crack resistance of RAAM, and WCBF modification is generally superior to WCPF with the same characteristic parameters. The superior performance of WCBF over WCPF is attributed to its higher tensile strength and better interfacial adhesion with the asphalt matrix, which facilitated more effective stress transfer and crack bridging. Compared with the control group, the waste chopped basalt fiber with a length of 6 mm and a diameter of 7 μm (BF-6–7) shows the best performance, the dynamic stability is increased by 92.9 %, fracture energy increased by 48.8 %, and flexibility index increased by 135.5 %. Fracture analysis revealed that fibers increased crack tortuosity, delayed propagation via bridging effects, and dissipated energy through pull-out or fracture. LCA results revealed that the BF-6–7 mixture reduced global warming potential and energy consumption by 15.5 % and 12.4 % per ton, respectively. Within the LCA framework, based on a model that translates improvements in fracture energy into an extension of service life, the assessment results show that service life is extended by 35 %, maintenance frequency is reduced by 40 %, and 82 % of the total emission reduction is achieved. This study provides mechanistic insights into the crack resistance of fiber-reinforced RAAM and establishes a quantifiable environmental basis for selecting optimal fiber parameters. These findings support the synergistic use of waste materials and promote sustainable pavement engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145461"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145460
Hao Liu , Zhongbao Shi , Jiajun Ji , Zengping Zhang , Xiaoyi Ban , Suyu Zhang , Yong Sun , Tiemin Liu
This study designed an environment friendly dynamic covalent bond self-healing polyurethane modified asphalt (DPUMA) system that can achieve self-healing at room temperature. Employing waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyols as raw materials, we synthesized polyurethane (PU) modified asphalt incorporating oxime-urethane, disulfide, and Diels-Alder bonds. The chemical structure, micromorphology, rheological properties, and fatigue resistance of DPUMA were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), rheological tests, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) testing. Multi-angle self-healing evaluations were conducted to comprehensively assess the self-healing performance of asphalt. Results demonstrate that the DPUMA system achieves self-healing at room temperature, exhibiting markedly superior healing efficiency compared to base asphalt. Hydrogen bonds in PU modifiers enhance asphalt's mechanical properties while facilitating interfacial contact between crack surfaces. Simultaneously, ruptured dynamic covalent bonds undergo spontaneous reformation upon contact, thereby enabling accelerated molecular reconstruction across crack interfaces and subsequent recovery of mechanical properties. Among the three DPUMAs, DPUMA containing Diels-Alder bonds manifests optimal high-temperature stability and self-healing capability, while DPUMA containing oxime-urethane bonds delivers superior low-temperature flexibility, and DPUMA containing disulfide bonds exhibits the best fatigue resistance. This study provides theoretical basis and practical foundation for research on eco-friendly self-healing PU modified asphalt.
{"title":"Study on the preparation and performance of the self-healing polyurethane modified asphalt from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)","authors":"Hao Liu , Zhongbao Shi , Jiajun Ji , Zengping Zhang , Xiaoyi Ban , Suyu Zhang , Yong Sun , Tiemin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study designed an environment friendly dynamic covalent bond self-healing polyurethane modified asphalt (DPUMA) system that can achieve self-healing at room temperature. Employing waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyols as raw materials, we synthesized polyurethane (PU) modified asphalt incorporating oxime-urethane, disulfide, and Diels-Alder bonds. The chemical structure, micromorphology, rheological properties, and fatigue resistance of DPUMA were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), rheological tests, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) testing. Multi-angle self-healing evaluations were conducted to comprehensively assess the self-healing performance of asphalt. Results demonstrate that the DPUMA system achieves self-healing at room temperature, exhibiting markedly superior healing efficiency compared to base asphalt. Hydrogen bonds in PU modifiers enhance asphalt's mechanical properties while facilitating interfacial contact between crack surfaces. Simultaneously, ruptured dynamic covalent bonds undergo spontaneous reformation upon contact, thereby enabling accelerated molecular reconstruction across crack interfaces and subsequent recovery of mechanical properties. Among the three DPUMAs, DPUMA containing Diels-Alder bonds manifests optimal high-temperature stability and self-healing capability, while DPUMA containing oxime-urethane bonds delivers superior low-temperature flexibility, and DPUMA containing disulfide bonds exhibits the best fatigue resistance. This study provides theoretical basis and practical foundation for research on eco-friendly self-healing PU modified asphalt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145460"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145431
Shin Hau Bong , Yasong Zhao , Yangyunzhi Gao , Hongjian Du
This study aims to develop a 3D printable low-carbon cementitious material by incorporating high volume (60 % by weight) of waste glass powder (GP) for additive manufacturing applications in the construction and building industry. The influences of high-volume GP replacement on rheological properties and printing performance were evaluated. The mechanical strengths and chloride penetration resistance of the developed 3D printable high-volume GP mixture were evaluated by testing 3D printed specimens in different directions and compared with the control mixture (without GP). The results showed that replacing high volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with GP significantly reduced static yield stress, while slightly enhancing the viscosity recovery. The high-volume GP mixture can still demonstrate comparable printing performance to the control mixture when an identical dosage of viscosity modifying agent was used. Compressive strength tests revealed that the GP mixture exhibited lower 28-day strength than the control mixture due to the slower pozzolanic reactions of GP. Despite this, the GP mixture showed significantly lower embodied energy (by 44 %) and carbon dioxide emissions (by 52 %), along with higher carbon efficiency than the control mixture. Moreover, the superior chloride penetration resistance of the GP mixture suggests an extended service life, further enhancing its environmental benefits.
{"title":"High-volume glass powder cementitious material for low-carbon concrete additive manufacturing","authors":"Shin Hau Bong , Yasong Zhao , Yangyunzhi Gao , Hongjian Du","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to develop a 3D printable low-carbon cementitious material by incorporating high volume (60 % by weight) of waste glass powder (GP) for additive manufacturing applications in the construction and building industry. The influences of high-volume GP replacement on rheological properties and printing performance were evaluated. The mechanical strengths and chloride penetration resistance of the developed 3D printable high-volume GP mixture were evaluated by testing 3D printed specimens in different directions and compared with the control mixture (without GP). The results showed that replacing high volume of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with GP significantly reduced static yield stress, while slightly enhancing the viscosity recovery. The high-volume GP mixture can still demonstrate comparable printing performance to the control mixture when an identical dosage of viscosity modifying agent was used. Compressive strength tests revealed that the GP mixture exhibited lower 28-day strength than the control mixture due to the slower pozzolanic reactions of GP. Despite this, the GP mixture showed significantly lower embodied energy (by 44 %) and carbon dioxide emissions (by 52 %), along with higher carbon efficiency than the control mixture. Moreover, the superior chloride penetration resistance of the GP mixture suggests an extended service life, further enhancing its environmental benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"513 ","pages":"Article 145431"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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