Construction and Building Materials最新文献

{"title":"Utilizing sisal fiber as a partial replacement for steel fiber to improve the high temperature resistance of ultra-high-performance concrete","authors":"Shuheng Gao ,&nbsp;Liang Yu ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanli Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the adaptability of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in high-temperature environments and address the growing demands for sustainable development and environmental protection in the construction materials industry, this study investigates the mechanical properties and high-temperature resistance of UHPC reinforced with sisal fibers as a partial replacement for steel fibers. Experimental results show that, compared with specimens reinforced with 2 % steel fibers only, those incorporating 0.6 % sisal fibers as an equivalent replacement for steel fibers exhibit compressive strength improvements of 8.4 % and 11.98 % before and after high-temperature treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of sisal fibers effectively inhibits the spalling of UHPC in high-temperature environments. Combined with thermal analysis and CT scanning results, it can be concluded that sisal fibers decompose under high temperatures, thereby increasing the internal porosity of UHPC. For example, the sample containing 0.4 % sisal fibers showed a 66.9 % increase in porosity after exposure to high temperatures compared to its pre-exposure state. This structural change can effectively relieve steam pressure, thereby preserving the integrity of the matrix. The application of sisal fibers in UHPC is not only environmentally friendly and sustainable but also reduces the production cost of UHPC. This study provides robust experimental evidence for the beneficial regulatory effect of plant fibers in high-temperature resistant composite material systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"510 ","pages":"Article 145276"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion behavior of bare and galvanized steel in alkali-activated and ordinary Portland cement-based mortars at the same strength class exposed to carbonation","authors":"Alessandra Mobili ,&nbsp;Chiara Giosuè ,&nbsp;Tiziano Bellezze ,&nbsp;Francesca Tittarelli","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares the corrosion behavior of bare and galvanized steel reinforcements in cement and alkali-activated mortars based on fly ash and metakaolin after carbonation. Each mortar type belonged to three different strength classes: R1 (R_c ≥ 10 MPa), R2 (R_c ≥ 15 MPa), and R3 (R_c ≥ 25 MPa), and has been tested during wet/dry cycles in tap water following exposure to a 3 vol% CO₂ environment. Results in terms of electrochemical tests and visual and metallographic analysis showed that steel reinforcements corroded less in fly ash-based mortars, thanks to their low porosity (spanning for 13–19 %) and high alkalinity, with pH values stable between 13 and 14 also after accelerated carbonation. For galvanized steel, the lowest consumption of the zinc coating (up to 40 µm in cement-based matrices) was observed in metakaolin-based mortars (less than 20 µm) since the combination of low alkalinity (with pH falling between 12.5 and 11.5) and high total porosity (around 35 %) of the matrix facilitate the penetration of oxygen and CO₂ which promote the formation of a passivating layer. The significant lower susceptibility to corrosion of galvanized steel compared to bare steel resulted in this work, regardless of the binder type, suggests that the use of galvanized steel is recommended in structures exposed to carbonation not only in cement but also in alkali-activated matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145242"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of hydration and sustainability in cement composites via recycled powder and graphene nanofluid additives","authors":"Xiao-Xiao Wei,&nbsp;Peng-Lin Liang,&nbsp;Ji-Hua Zhu,&nbsp;Chun Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycled powder (RP) represents a sustainable route for construction waste utilization but suffers from poor reactivity and performance. Conventional activation methods, such as thermal and chemical treatments, enhance their cementitious behavior but entail high energy consumption and potential pollution. This study proposes a green alternative using water-based graphene nanofluid additives (GNAs), synthesized through a scalable one-step process, as functional modifiers for untreated RP-cement composites. The incorporation of GNAs accelerates cement hydration and mitigates microstructural defects caused by RP, leading to superior mechanical and durability performance. Additionally, the synergistic use of RP and GNAs reduces the environmental footprint and cost by 12.40 % and 12.03 %, respectively, compared with ordinary cement paste. This work offers an energy-efficient and eco-friendly strategy for the high-value upcycling of untreated RP, providing practical pathways toward high-performance and sustainable cementitious composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145217"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic biochar–fly ash blended cementitious systems: Experimental, microstructural, and predictive insights into strength development of sustainable mortar and concrete","authors":"Sharareh Shirzad ,&nbsp;Ehsan Mahyari ,&nbsp;Jonathan Culpepper ,&nbsp;Christopher Burns","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonization of cementitious materials has accelerated interest in hybrid binders that reduce clinker content while maintaining mechanical performance and durability. This study examines the combined use of Class F fly ash (FA) and Arundo donax–derived biochar (BC) as partial cement replacements in mortar and concrete, integrating experimental testing with predictive modeling of strength development. Nine mortar mixtures containing 0–25 % FA and 0–10 % BC were evaluated for workability, setting time, and compressive strength up to 60 days. Based on statistical performance rankings, selected mixtures with 15 % FA and varying BC contents were scaled up for concrete testing, including compressive strength, surface electrical resistivity, and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results identify 15 % FA combined with approximately 5 % BC as the most effective composition, providing a favorable balance between mechanical performance, durability indicators, cost efficiency, and carbon reduction. This mixture achieved compressive strength comparable to the control at later ages while limiting the early-age strength penalties associated with higher biochar dosages. The observed synergy arises from FA-driven pozzolanic densification and BC-induced internal curing that supports sustained hydration. Predictive modeling confirmed this composition as an optimal region within the FA–BC design space, yielding up to 11 % material cost savings and 160–180 kg CO₂/m³ reduction without compromising structural performance. Overall, moderate biochar incorporation in conjunction with optimized fly ash replacement offers a practical and scalable pathway for low-carbon cementitious materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145216"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and microstructure evolution of the Tou-Kung joints under weathering conditions","authors":"Kai Wang ,&nbsp;Danping Hao ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Yoshioka Hideki ,&nbsp;Xueting Yang ,&nbsp;Shanlong Wang ,&nbsp;Biao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historic buildings possess significant cultural, scientific, and aesthetic value, showcasing the accomplishments of past eras. The mechanical response of the Tou-Kung joints changed after several hundred years of natural weathering. In this study, the effect of weathering on the mechanical response of the Tou-Kung joints is investigated. The conventionally treated Tou-Kung joints were weathered by a standard construction material durability test method and a standard weathering method. Through mass loss rate (MLR), colorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical loading test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is found that weathering markedly decreases mechanical response, leading to significant pore formation and phase transitions. Specifically, peak load capacity reduced from 11.77 kN to 9.98 kN. Additionally, stiffness degradation ratios ranged from 0.82 to 0.96 during the strengthening phases. These results indicate substantial degradation of structural integrity, providing critical insights for the development of evaluating structural integrity in heritage conservation contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145226"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coal-based activated carbon for low-carbon cement mortars: Multiscale mechanisms governing mechanical behavior","authors":"Yansong Yang ,&nbsp;Mingyao Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhang ,&nbsp;Dejun Liu ,&nbsp;Jena Jeong ,&nbsp;Lei Peng ,&nbsp;Jianping Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cement industry is one of the major contributors to global CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions, and incorporating porous carbon materials into cementitious systems provides a promising pathway for carbon sequestration. Although coal-based carbon materials have been widely used in construction applications, their relatively limited porosity has constrained their broader utilization. Therefore, this study employs coal-derived carbon that has undergone activation treatment to significantly enhance its pore structure, and systematically investigates its mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution under high replacement ratios. A multiscale mechanical analysis framework is established to elucidate the micro-mechanisms underlying the observed macroscopic performance. The results show that the highly porous structure of activated carbon can adsorb cement hydration ions and CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, thereby promoting carbonation reactions that form CaCO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> to fill the pore space and significantly improve its load-bearing capacity. After carbonation, the local elastic modulus and hardness of the activated carbon phase increased by approximately fourfold compared with the initial state, while achieving effective CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> sequestration. Incorporating an optimal dose of activated carbon (5%) reduced pores larger than 1000 nm by 4.9%, improved hydration, densified the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), increased high-strength Calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) and improved compressive strength by approximately 4%. However, at higher replacement ratios (10% and 20%), compressive strength decreased to 78% and 77% of the reference group, and flexural strength decreased to 79% and 84%, respectively. At a 20% replacement ratio, although total porosity increased by 12.9% and harmful pores increased by 1.6%, the crystallinity of hydration products improved, leading to a partial recovery in mechanical performance compared with the 10% mixture. Overall, this study provides important insights into the high-replacement behavior and micro-mechanisms of activated porous coal-derived carbon in cement-based materials, offering valuable reference for its application in carbon-sequestering cement composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145101"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Polyoxymethylene fibers on toughness of high performance mortar and the pull-out performance with matrix strength","authors":"Ma Rui ,&nbsp;Qiu jingjing ,&nbsp;Fei Xiangpeng ,&nbsp;Zong jinyu ,&nbsp;Wu Shengping ,&nbsp;Geng Guoqing ,&nbsp;Ding Yi ,&nbsp;Jin Zhen ,&nbsp;Sun Daosheng","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incompatibility between strength and toughness is one of the primary challenges for hardened concrete, especially at higher strength level. Fiber toughening is a commonly employed approach to effectively mitigate this shortage. In this paper, a new type of polyoxymethylene (POM) fiber, was used to fully replace steel fiber to prepare high performance mortar. The flowability, mechanical strength, bending toughness and fiber distribution were studied with different fiber length (8 mm and 12 mm) and fiber content (1 %, 2 %, 3 %), and the single fiber pull-out properties with different matrix strength were investigated. The results revealed that POM fiber reduced the mortar flowability, but enhanced both flexural and compressive strength, which reached 26.97 and 107.40 MPa, with increase of 56.3 % and 25.8 % than the plain sample, respectively. Longer fiber and higher fiber content contributed to the strength development, but a high dosage of long fiber caused distribution problems and resulted in strength regress. However, the hybrid uses of 8 mm and 12 mm fiber showed the best distribution and strength performance. The damage mode of hardened mortar in four-point bending was transformed from brittle fracture to ability of certain load-bearing capacity after first cracking with the addition of POM fibers, and showed typical strain hardening when fiber dosage reached 3 %. The first crack load was changed slightly with fiber length and content, but the post-crack load peak was significantly increased with fiber content. Due to the hydrophilic surface, the interfacial bonding was stronger between POM fiber and matrix, the debonding strength was increased with matrix strength and embedded depth, and the fiber surface was cut to generated debris to obstruct the sliding pathway during sliding process, resulted to a higher energy consumption. However, too high matrix strength resulted to the excessed debonding force, caused the shorter sliding process. From our results, the MC matrix shown the largest energy consumption on fiber pull-out process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145231"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive behaviour of recycled brick aggregate concrete composite columns confined with GFRP tubes and bamboo plywood","authors":"Guobin Bu ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Wen ,&nbsp;Jing Zhou ,&nbsp;Weifeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube and bamboo plywood (BP) dual-confined recycled brick aggregate concrete (RBAC) composite column (GBBCC) is proposed that utilizes solid waste and bamboo materials. Eighteen GBBCC specimens were designed and manufactured for compressive failure tests, to investigate the effects of the recycled brick aggregate replacement ratio, GFRP tube thickness, sectional bamboo content, binding bar spacing ratio, load eccentricity, and slenderness ratio on the compressive load-bearing capacity and deformation of the specimens. The test results indicated that the compressive failure mode of the short GBBCC specimens was characterized by the rupture of GFRP tube fibres along the winding direction with local fractures and crushing of the RBAC outer layer. The position of GFRP tube fibre failure shifted towards the column ends with increasing GFRP tube wall thickness. Under eccentric compression, the short GBBCC failure mode was characterized by tensile-side GFRP tube fibre rupture. The slender GBBCC failure mode was characterized by crushing and rupturing of the compressive side GFRP tube fibres. The compressive load-bearing capacity of the specimens decreased with increasing brick aggregate replacement ratio, binding bar spacing ratio, load eccentricity, and slenderness ratio and increased with increasing GFRP tube thickness. The sectional bamboo content had no significant effect on the compressive load-bearing capacity of the specimens. A compressive ductility analysis of the GBBCCs was conducted. On the basis of the test results, nonlinear regression analysis was performed to establish a formula for calculating the compressive load-bearing capacity, providing reference values for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145186"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEA-orthogonal collaborative optimization design of high-viscosity anti-slip resin-based chip seal material composition","authors":"Chaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanwei Wang ,&nbsp;Shaochang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synergistic improvement of critical properties (such as high viscosity, skid resistance, and surface evenness) in resin-based chip seals relies on the precise determination of constituent material ratios, which is essential for prolonging service life. In this investigation, the material composition for a resin-based modified emulsified asphalt chip seal was initially proposed utilizing Mcleod theory for varying aggregate coverage rates. A systematic evaluation was conducted on the textural anti-skid performance and surface evenness across different mix ratios. Optimization of the aggregate particle size ratio was performed employing a super-efficiency DEA model. Furthermore, an orthogonal optimization test was designed to recommend the optimal material composition for a high-viscosity anti-skid chip seal, and the resultant road performance was validated. The research shows that, based on the DEA model and regression models for aggregate anti-stripping and interlayer bonding performance, the three schemes of the optimal material composition are recommended (chip size ratio: coverage rate: spray amount): I (100:0: 90 %: 1.4 kg/m²), II (25:75: 100 %: 0.9 kg/m²), and III (0:100: 110 %: 0.8 kg/m²). The performance metrics (including pendulum value, structural depth, mass loss rate, push-pull strength, and seepage coefficient) for all three schemes are superior to the control group and satisfied pertinent specification requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145171"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure–performance synergy of AFt–C(N)(–A)–S–H in red mud–based all-solid-waste binders: Mechanistic insights and quantitative evaluation","authors":"Kaili Wu ,&nbsp;Silin Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Shutong Dong ,&nbsp;Jian Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhongping Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale utilization of red mud (RM) as a cementitious binder is constrained by its low reactivity and the reliance on commercial alkali activators, which limit RM dosage and environmental benefits. This study aims to develop a commercial-alkali-free, high-volume RM-based all-solid-waste binder (RM ≥ 50 wt%) and to establish a quantitative framework for evaluating multi-solid-waste synergy beyond strength-based assessment. Binary, ternary, and quaternary binder systems were designed using RM, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, carbide slag, and phosphogypsum. Mechanical performance, pore-solution chemistry, and heavy-metal immobilization were evaluated, while hydration mechanisms were systematically investigated using XRD, FTIR, TG–DTG, LF NMR, and SEM–EDS, with quantitative characterization of C(N)(–A)–S–H gels and ettringite (AFt). Results demonstrate that high RM utilization without commercial alkalis is achievable through rational multi-solid-waste synergy. Mechanical performance is governed by the cooperative interaction between AFt and C(N)(–A)–S–H gels, forming a reinforced-concrete-like microstructure in which AFt provides a load-bearing skeleton and gels ensure encapsulation and stress transfer. This synergy is highly sensitive to AFt crystal size, with optimal performance obtained at a median AFt diameter of ∼0.24 μm (Q1–Q3: 0.17–0.32 μm); excessively fine or coarse AFt results in insufficient skeletal support or stress-induced cracking. To quantitatively distinguish true synergy from apparent strength enhancement, a Composite Synergy Index (CSI) was proposed by integrating excess-over-additivity, statistical interaction, and independence-based models. Unlike conventional strength comparisons, CSI provides a generalizable and transferable metric for identifying, comparing, and optimizing synergistic interactions in complex multi-component solid-waste binder systems. This study provides new insights into high-volume RM valorization and offers predictive design principles for sustainable, low-carbon multi-solid-waste binders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"509 ","pages":"Article 145241"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}