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Design and Engineering of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Energy Conversion and Environmental Remediation 能量转化与环境修复金属有机框架的设计与工程
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217582
K. Aravinthkumar , S. Gokul Eswaran , Shuchen Hsieh , Shuling Hsieh , A. Santhana Krishna Kumar , C. Raja Mohan
Recent technological advancements, rising energy crises, and environmental pollution have prompted the development and synthesis of innovative materials for efficient energy conversion and water purification in order to fulfil society's clean energy and water needs. A variety of pollutants have grown more persistent in aquatic environments. The inappropriate use of dyes and antibiotics, as well as their inadequate digestion in organisms, results in their discharge into aquatic habitats, which has harmed human health. Therefore, effective removal of textiles and pharmaceuticals, especially dyes and antibiotics, from wastewater and polluted water bodies is of significant interest to research communities across the world. Besides, the depletion of fossil fuels increases the demand for renewable energy sources. Since solar energy is the most abundant and endless energy source, it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous crystalline hybrid materials formed by the linkage of metal centers (clusters) and organic linkers (organic ligands), have been identified as a highly active research domain for more than a decade due to their wide range of applications as photocatalytic and photovoltaic. In the present research domain, the research community has been drawn to emerging MOFs by their distinctive properties, which include a large surface area, controllable morphologies, tunable porosities, layer-by-layer design, high-quality crystalline products, outstanding inorganic-organic nature, and incredible diversity in functionalities. In this review, the latest developments in the use of MOFs and their derivatives in a variety of solar cell technologies, such as dye-sensitized, perovskite, and organic solar cells, are methodically described. These MOF-based photovoltaic systems have shown remarkable potential for enhancing sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency and improving stability. In addition, the utilization of MOFs and their derivatives as photocatalysts is a highly effective approach for breaking down dye and antibiotic residues in water. Key improvements and modifications, such as stronger interfacial contact, enhanced light harvesting, and improved charge separation, have been emphasized to develop potent photocatalysts that significantly enhance the removal of dyes and antibiotics. The environmental factors influencing photocatalytic degradation activity, such as photocatalyst concentration, pollutant concentration, solution pH, light intensity, reaction temperature, Fenton reagent, and scavengers, were thoroughly discussed, assisting in the design of an ideal photoreactor with high photocatalytic efficiency and a cost-effective process. Furthermore, the remaining significant challenges in the aforementioned domains are addressed, and potential future research endeavours in the development of MOFs are also outlined.
最近的技术进步,不断上升的能源危机和环境污染促使创新材料的开发和合成,用于有效的能源转换和水净化,以满足社会对清洁能源和水的需求。各种污染物在水生环境中变得更加持久。染料和抗生素的不当使用,以及它们在生物体中的消化不足,导致它们排放到水生栖息地,损害了人类健康。因此,从废水和受污染的水体中有效去除纺织品和药物,特别是染料和抗生素,是全世界研究界非常感兴趣的问题。此外,化石燃料的枯竭增加了对可再生能源的需求。由于太阳能是最丰富和无穷无尽的能源,它提供了一种环境友好的替代化石燃料。金属-有机骨架(MOFs)是由金属中心(簇)与有机连接体(有机配体)连接形成的多孔晶体杂化材料,由于其在光催化和光伏等领域的广泛应用,十多年来一直是一个非常活跃的研究领域。在目前的研究领域,新兴的mof被其独特的特性所吸引,这些特性包括大的表面积、可控的形态、可调的孔隙率、分层设计、高质量的结晶产品、出色的无机-有机性质以及令人难以置信的功能多样性。本文系统地介绍了MOFs及其衍生物在染料敏化、钙钛矿和有机太阳能电池等多种太阳能电池技术中的最新进展。这些基于mof的光伏系统在提高光电转换效率和提高稳定性方面显示出显著的潜力。此外,利用mof及其衍生物作为光催化剂是分解水中染料和抗生素残留的有效途径。关键的改进和修改,如更强的界面接触,增强的光收集和改进的电荷分离,已经被强调开发有效的光催化剂,显著提高染料和抗生素的去除。对光催化剂浓度、污染物浓度、溶液pH、光强、反应温度、Fenton试剂、清除剂等影响光催化降解活性的环境因素进行了深入探讨,从而设计出具有高光催化效率和高性价比的理想光反应器。此外,本文还讨论了上述领域中存在的重大挑战,并概述了mof发展的潜在未来研究工作。
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引用次数: 0
Thermocatalytic CO2 cycloaddition with epoxides by d-block metal complexes: Mechanistic insights, ligand design, and catalytic trends d-嵌段金属配合物与环氧化物的热催化CO2环加成:机理见解,配体设计和催化趋势
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217640
Shahzad Rasheed , Shezma Shakeel Ahmed , Sahar Sadiq , Yong Yang , Ghayoor Abbas Chotana , Qandeel Almas
The rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has intensified efforts to convert it into value-added chemicals. Among various strategies, the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates represents an atom-efficient and industrially relevant transformation. This review provides a mechanism-anchored survey of thermocatalytic CO2 activation by d-block metal complexes, focusing on developments over the past fifteen years. Particular attention is paid to how oxidation state, ligand architecture, and/or secondary coordination sphere affect activity and selectivity. Both terminal and internal epoxides are evaluated to highlight performance gaps and design priorities. Key ligand families, including salen and salophen scaffolds, Schiff bases, porphyrins, and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), have enabled significant advances, with electronic tuning and steric design improving reactivity under mild conditions (≤100 °C, ≤5 bar CO2). Bimetallic and multinuclear complexes are highlighted for their synergistic behavior, which impacts turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequencies (TOF) while broadening substrate scope. Mechanistic insights are evaluated to identify rate-determining steps and to guide rational catalyst design. The review also benchmarks representative systems across the d-block, identifying state-of-the-art examples as models for future development. Persistent challenges, including reliance on harsh conditions (>120 °C, >10 bar CO2), low enantioselectivity, limited activity with internal epoxides, and catalyst recyclability, are discussed alongside emerging directions such as secondary-sphere engineering, halide-free nucleophiles, and integration with CO2 capture. Together, these perspectives outline pathways toward efficient and industrially viable d-block catalysts for CO2 utilization.
大气中二氧化碳浓度的上升促使人们加大了将其转化为增值化学品的努力。在各种策略中,二氧化碳与环氧化物的环加成生产环状碳酸盐代表了原子效率和工业相关的转变。本文综述了d-嵌段金属配合物热催化CO2活化的机理,重点介绍了过去15年的研究进展。特别关注氧化态、配体结构和/或次级配位球如何影响活性和选择性。对终端和内部环氧化物进行评估,以突出性能差距和设计优先级。关键配体家族,包括salen和salophen支架,希夫碱,卟啉和n -杂环碳化合物(NHCs),已经取得了重大进展,电子调谐和空间设计提高了在温和条件下(≤100°C,≤5 bar CO2)的反应性。双金属和多核配合物因其协同行为而受到关注,这影响了周转数(TON)和周转频率(TOF),同时扩大了底物范围。机理的见解进行评估,以确定速率决定步骤,并指导合理的催化剂设计。该审查还对整个d块的代表性系统进行了基准测试,确定了最先进的例子作为未来发展的模型。持续存在的挑战,包括对恶劣条件(120°C, 10 bar CO2)的依赖,低对映选择性,与内部环氧化物的有限活性以及催化剂的可回收性,以及新兴方向,如二次球工程,无卤化物亲核试剂和与CO2捕集的集成。总之,这些观点概述了通往高效和工业上可行的二氧化碳利用d段催化剂的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Single- and multi-metal engineered, functionalized hybrid biochars for heavy metal adsorption: synthesis, structure-function relationships, and coordination mechanisms 用于重金属吸附的单金属和多金属工程功能化杂化生物炭:合成、结构-功能关系和配位机制
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217521
Dharma Raj Kandel , Prem Gaudel , Milan Babu Poudel , Wooseop Yun , Jaewoo Lee
Heavy metals pose a serious threat to global water systems due to their toxicity, persistence, and strong bioaccumulative potential in ecosystems and humans. Among various remediation strategies, adsorption is regarded one of the most effective and versatile approaches. Biochar (BC) has gained significant attention as a sustainable and low-cost adsorbent owing to its simple preparation, tunable porosity, high surface area, and intrinsic functional groups. However, pristine BC often exhibits limited adsorption efficiency toward diverse metal ions, necessitating targeted engineering and surface modification. To address this, two modification approaches, namely metal-based nano-architected BC (NA-BC) and surface-functionalized BC (f-BC), have emerged as leading platforms. NA-BCs are synthesized from either single metals (e.g., oxides, hydroxides, and metal-organic frameworks) or multi-metal systems (e.g., layered double hydroxides, spinel oxides), with magnesium, manganese, calcium, aluminum, zinc, and iron commonly used as precursors for their low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and chemical versatility. Meanwhile, surface functionalization introduces hydroxyl, amino, sulfonic, thiol, carboxylic, and phosphate groups via inorganic or organic modifications, yielding f-BCs and f-NA-BCs with tunable porosity, enriched surface functionalities, and enhanced stability. These features collectively improve adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability. The heavy metal removal by BC composites involves physisorption and chemisorption, including pore diffusion, electrostatic attraction, chelation/coordination, ion exchange, precipitation, and redox reactions, which can be validated through XRD, FTIR, XPS, and DFT analyses. Looking ahead, advancing scalability, environmental safety, and machine-learning-guided material design will be crucial for developing next-generation engineered BCs capable of practical implementation in fixed-bed filters in disaster-affected zones and industrial wastewater treatment.
重金属由于其毒性、持久性以及在生态系统和人类中具有很强的生物蓄积性,对全球水系统构成严重威胁。在各种修复策略中,吸附被认为是最有效和通用的方法之一。生物炭(BC)由于其制备简单、孔隙度可调、比表面积大、固有官能团多等优点,作为一种可持续的低成本吸附剂受到了广泛关注。然而,原始BC对多种金属离子的吸附效率有限,需要有针对性的工程和表面改性。为了解决这个问题,两种改性方法,即金属基纳米结构BC (NA-BC)和表面功能化BC (f-BC),已经成为领先的平台。na - bc由单一金属(如氧化物、氢氧化物和金属有机框架)或多金属体系(如层状双氢氧化物、尖晶石氧化物)合成,镁、锰、钙、铝、锌和铁通常用作前体,因为它们毒性低、成本效益好、化学用途广泛。同时,表面功能化通过无机或有机修饰引入羟基、氨基、磺酸基、巯基、羧基和磷酸基,生成孔隙度可调的f- bc和f- na - bc,表面功能丰富,稳定性增强。这些特性共同提高了吸附能力、选择性和可重用性。BC复合材料对重金属的去除涉及物理吸附和化学吸附,包括孔隙扩散、静电吸引、螯合/配位、离子交换、沉淀和氧化还原反应,可以通过XRD、FTIR、XPS和DFT分析进行验证。展望未来,推进可扩展性、环境安全性和机器学习指导的材料设计对于开发下一代工程bc至关重要,这些bc能够在受灾地区的固定床过滤器和工业废水处理中实际实施。
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引用次数: 0
Programmable Zn-based nanozymes 可编程锌基纳米酶
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217630
Xingtan Zhu , Yanguo Guo , Tiedong Sun
Programmable nanocatalytic systems represent an emerging frontier that integrates nanotechnology, catalytic science, and stimuli-responsive materials to achieve precise control over catalytic behaviors through the synergistic interplay of external stimuli and internal modular architectures. Among various nanozymes, Zn-based nanozymes have recently gained significant research attention owing to their excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and highly tunable catalytic properties. This review presents a survey of programmable nanocatalytic systems driven by Zn-based nanozymes, covering recent advances in synthesis strategies, modular design principles, and mechanisms for precise catalytic regulation. It also explores their diverse applications across biomedical, environmental, and energy-related fields. Furthermore, the review provides a critical discussion on prevailing challenges and future research directions, spanning from fundamental mechanistic studies to the rational design of efficient, stable, and translation-ready systems. By consolidating current knowledge and highlighting pathways for innovation, this work aims to serve as a foundational reference for accelerating the development and practical deployment of Zn-based nanozyme technologies.
可编程纳米催化系统代表了一个新兴的前沿,它集成了纳米技术、催化科学和刺激反应材料,通过外部刺激和内部模块化结构的协同相互作用来实现对催化行为的精确控制。在各种纳米酶中,锌基纳米酶因其优异的生物相容性、低毒性和高度可调的催化性能而受到广泛关注。本文综述了锌基纳米酶驱动的可编程纳米催化系统,涵盖了合成策略、模块化设计原则和精确催化调节机制的最新进展。它还探讨了它们在生物医学、环境和能源相关领域的各种应用。此外,本文还对当前的挑战和未来的研究方向进行了批判性的讨论,从基础机制研究到高效、稳定和可翻译的系统的合理设计。通过巩固现有知识和突出创新途径,本工作旨在为加速锌基纳米酶技术的开发和实际应用提供基础参考。
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引用次数: 0
Donor-acceptor type metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis, unique advantages, and applications 施受体型金属有机骨架:合成、独特优势及应用
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217631
Hong-Guang Jin , Yong-Tao Liu , Peng-Cheng Zhao , Huapeng Sun
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become one of the star materials in diverse fields benefiting from their obvious advantages of tailorable topology structures, adjustable pore sizes, and abundant active sites. However, the intrinsic charge and energy transfer (CT and EnT) efficiencies of MOFs are still limited due to the lack of specific CT and EnT pathways that leads to inevitable charge recombination and energy loss. In recent years, to tackle this issue, the donor-acceptor (D-A) type MOFs with integrated electron/energy donor and acceptor units wherein extended carrier lifetime could be achieved, have made great progress. In this review, the synthetic strategies of D-A type MOFs are first outlined. Then the unique advantages of D-A type MOFs including photo- and electroconductivity are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of D-A type MOFs in luminophores, fluorescent sensors, photocatalysis, photothermal conversion, magnetism, and X-ray detection and imaging are systematically summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects on the development of D-A MOFs are presented. This review aims to inspire more incisive research in the design and development of D-A MOFs with improved performance for multifunctional applications.
金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)因其具有可定制的拓扑结构、可调节的孔径和丰富的活性位点等明显的优势,已成为众多领域的明星材料之一。然而,由于缺乏特定的CT和EnT途径,导致不可避免的电荷重组和能量损失,mof的固有电荷和能量转移(CT和EnT)效率仍然有限。近年来,为了解决这一问题,将电子/能量给体和受体单元集成在一起的给体-受体(D-A)型mof取得了很大进展,从而延长了载流子寿命。本文首先概述了D-A型mof的合成策略。然后讨论了D-A型MOFs的独特优点,包括光导电性和电导性。随后,系统总结了D-A型mof在发光团、荧光传感器、光催化、光热转换、磁性、x射线探测与成像等方面的应用。最后,对D-A mof的发展面临的挑战和前景进行了展望。本文综述的目的是为了激发更深入的研究,以设计和开发具有更高性能的多功能多功能mof。
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引用次数: 0
Molecularly imprinted catalysts for pollutants degradation: principle, process, application, toxicological effect, and prospect 分子印迹催化剂降解污染物的原理、工艺、应用、毒理学效应及展望
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217629
Zhimin Liu, Rong Fan, Yuanyuan Wan, Xiaolan Zhang, Shihan Gao, Zhigang Xu
Environmental pollutants, often present at low concentrations and pose a serious threat to ecological security. Traditional treatment techniques are constrained by poor selectivity, low efficiency and high susceptibility to interference from complex matrices. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT), characterized by exceptional selectivity in specific recognition and a simplified yet precise fabrication process, is increasingly emerging as a promising tool in the environment monitoring field. By integrating with various catalytic factors, molecularly imprinted catalysts (MICs) offer an effective solution to this challenge. This review systematically summarizes the underlying principles of photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and enzyme-mimicking catalysis in MICs. Furthermore, it highlights the recent advances in various forms of MICs and their practical applications in pollutant degradation for the first time. The potential toxicity and environmental impact of MICs materials and their degradation products are also critically evaluated. This work aims to inspire novel applications of MIT in catalysis, offer methodological insights into the effective removal of persistent pollutants, and provide a forward-looking perspective to encourage further exploration by emerging researchers in this interdisciplinary field.
环境污染物,往往浓度较低,对生态安全构成严重威胁。传统的处理技术存在选择性差、效率低、易受复杂基质干扰等问题。分子印迹技术(MIT)具有特异性识别选择性强、制备工艺简单而精确等特点,在环境监测领域正日益成为一种有前景的工具。通过整合各种催化因子,分子印迹催化剂(MICs)为这一挑战提供了有效的解决方案。本文系统地综述了MICs中光催化、电催化和酶模拟催化的基本原理。此外,它还首次强调了各种形式的MICs的最新进展及其在污染物降解中的实际应用。MICs材料及其降解产物的潜在毒性和环境影响也进行了严格评估。这项工作旨在激发麻省理工学院在催化方面的新应用,为有效去除持久性污染物提供方法论见解,并提供前瞻性视角,鼓励新兴研究人员在这一跨学科领域进行进一步探索。
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引用次数: 0
Green synthesis and biomedical applications of CuO/MgO nanocomposite: Antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic efficacies CuO/MgO纳米复合材料的绿色合成和生物医学应用:抗菌、抗氧化和降糖效果
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217637
S. Priyadharshini , M. Karnan , M. Ayyanar , C. Jenipher , Arun Thirumurugan , N. Chidhambaram
Oxidative stress and its associated complications pose serious threats to human health, demonstrating the pressing need for effective redox-active materials. This study presents the biogenic synthesis of a redox-active Copper oxide/Magnesium oxide (CuO/MgO) nanocomposite using Citrus limonium extract and evaluates its antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities, along with CuO nanoparticles for comparison. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis divulges the interwoven CuO and MgO phase in a single matrix with a crystallite size of 44 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra expose the vibrational bands at 864, 678, and 570 cm−1, corresponding to CuO, MgO, and Cu–O–Mg. Optical analysis reveals a bandgap energy of 1.47 eV for the CuO/MgO composite, higher than 1.29 eV observed for CuO nanoparticles, indicating the improved visible-light absorption. Morphological examination reveals irregular aggregates with porous surface texture of the CuO/MgO composite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis substantiates the Cu2+, Mg2+, and O2− oxidation states of rudiments in the nanocomposite. Biologically, the CuO/MgO nanocomposite exhibits potential antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis and E. coli, with inhibition zones of 27.4 ± 0.15 mm and 25.2 ± 0.1 mm, respectively, and shows enhanced antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 140.72 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, it demonstrates stronger inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, 79.8% and 86.1%, respectively, compared to CuO nanoparticles. Overall, this study confirms that the CuO/MgO nanocomposite, synthesized via a green approach, exhibits enhanced structural, optical, and biological properties, making it a promising candidate for biomedical applications targeting oxidative stress-related disorders.
氧化应激及其相关并发症对人类健康构成严重威胁,迫切需要有效的氧化活性材料。本研究利用柑橘柠檬提取物合成了具有氧化还原活性的氧化铜/氧化镁(CuO/MgO)纳米复合材料,并对其抗菌、抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性进行了评价,并与CuO纳米颗粒进行了比较。x射线衍射(XRD)分析揭示了CuO和MgO相交织在单一基体中,晶粒尺寸为44 nm。傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱揭示了864、678和570 cm−1的振动带,对应于CuO、MgO和Cu-O-Mg。光学分析表明,CuO/MgO复合材料的带隙能量为1.47 eV,高于CuO纳米颗粒的带隙能量1.29 eV,表明CuO/MgO复合材料的可见光吸收能力有所提高。形貌分析表明,CuO/MgO复合材料具有不规则的聚集体和多孔的表面结构。x射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析证实了纳米复合材料中基本组分的Cu2+、Mg2+和O2−氧化态。生物学上,CuO/MgO纳米复合材料对表皮葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌具有潜在的抑菌活性,抑制区分别为27.4±0.15 mm和25.2±0.1 mm,其抗氧化活性增强,IC50值为140.72±0.6 μg/mL。此外,它对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用分别比CuO纳米颗粒强79.8%和86.1%。总的来说,本研究证实,通过绿色方法合成的CuO/MgO纳米复合材料具有增强的结构、光学和生物学特性,使其成为针对氧化应激相关疾病的生物医学应用的有希望的候选者。
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引用次数: 0
Well-defined group 12 metal complexes for CO2 functionalisation 明确定义的12族金属配合物,用于CO2功能化
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217636
Geetika Gupta , Sandip Munshi , Samuel Dagorne
The present contribution comprehensively reviews well-defined group 12 metal complexes that react with CO2, an area primarily dominated by Zn(II) complexes. Discrete Zn(II) complexes have received significant attention for both stoichiometric and catalytic CO2 functionalisation over the past 15 years, although initial stoichiometric studies in this area date back to the 1980s. Catalytic Zn-based CO2 functionalisation, most notably including hydrosilylation/boration catalysis and cyclic carbonates formation from CO2 and epoxides, has recently been extensively studied. Very recent developments on the use of Zn-based systems for electro- and photocatalytic CO2 reduction catalysis are also noteworthy. Besides its chronological importance, stoichiometric CO2 fixation by various Zn species remains an attractive research line, for instance, to better understand the structure and function of Zn-containing enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase. The diverse aspects of Zn-based CO2 functionalisation, along with the associated Zn complexes, are thus discussed herein. Finally, the few Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes known to react with CO2 are reviewed.
目前的贡献全面回顾了定义明确的与CO2反应的12族金属配合物,主要是锌(II)配合物。在过去的15年中,离散Zn(II)配合物在化学计量学和催化CO2功能化方面受到了极大的关注,尽管该领域的初步化学计量学研究可以追溯到20世纪80年代。催化锌基CO2功能化,最著名的包括硅氢化/硼化催化和二氧化碳和环氧化物形成环碳酸盐,最近得到了广泛的研究。最近在电和光催化CO2还原催化中使用锌基系统的进展也值得注意。除了时间上的重要性外,各种Zn物种的化学计量二氧化碳固定仍然是一个有吸引力的研究方向,例如,更好地了解含锌酶(如碳酸酐酶)的结构和功能。因此,本文讨论了锌基CO2功能化的各个方面,以及相关的锌配合物。最后,回顾了已知的几种与CO2反应的Cd(II)和Hg(II)配合物。
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引用次数: 0
Integration of graphitic carbon nitrides with coordination complexes for photocatalytic applications 石墨碳氮与配位配合物在光催化应用中的集成
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217612
Charul Sharma , Binitendra Naath Mongal
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal free polymeric semiconductor is attracting great attention due to lower band-gap (∼2.7 eV), charge separation efficiency, chemically inert and non-toxic nature in presence of abundant earth elements. However, pure g-C3N4 suffers from limited visible-light absorption and charge recombination limiting its photocatalytic efficiency. To overcome these issues, recent research has been focused on formation of heterojunctions with g-C3N4. This review article focuses on integration of g-C3N4 with metal complexes to improve its photocatalytic efficiency. The innovative methods for preparing the hybrid photocatalysts with g-C3N4 and molecular metal complexes via covalent and non-covalent interactions with its effect on surface chemistry and electronic structure have been thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the article focuses on structural design of the prepared composites, interfacial charge transfer between g-C3N4 and metal complexes, along with their applications in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, H2 evolution, organic conversions and dye degradation. The comprehensive review will help in identifying pathways for effective utilization of g-C3N4/metal complex composites in driving various photocatalytic reactions.
石墨化氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种无金属聚合物半导体,由于其低带隙(~ 2.7 eV)、电荷分离效率、化学惰性和在丰富的土元素存在下无毒等特性而备受关注。然而,纯g-C3N4的可见光吸收和电荷重组有限,限制了其光催化效率。为了克服这些问题,最近的研究集中在与g-C3N4形成异质结上。本文综述了g-C3N4与金属配合物的整合以提高其光催化效率的研究进展。讨论了通过共价和非共价相互作用制备g-C3N4与分子金属配合物杂化光催化剂的新方法及其对表面化学和电子结构的影响。此外,本文重点介绍了制备的复合材料的结构设计、g-C3N4与金属配合物之间的界面电荷转移,以及它们在光催化CO2还原、H2析出、有机转化和染料降解等方面的应用。本文综述将有助于确定g-C3N4/金属配合物复合材料在各种光催化反应中的有效利用途径。
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引用次数: 0
Solid-state NMR characterization of weak interactions in molecular crystals 分子晶体中弱相互作用的固态核磁共振表征
IF 23.5 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2026.217610
Chiara Sabena , Chiara Rosso , Téodor Iftemie , Roberto Gobetto , David L. Bryce , Michele R. Chierotti
Weak non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking, and the diverse family of σ-hole interactions (halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, tetrel, osme, and matere bonds), govern the structure, stability, and properties of molecular crystals. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy provides an unparalleled means of probing these interactions at the atomic level by directly sensing local electronic environments, independent of long-range order. This review surveys recent advances (approximately since 2020) in SSNMR methodologies for detecting, characterizing, and quantifying weak interactions in molecular solids. Particular emphasis is placed on developments in high-field and ultrafast magic-angle spinning (MAS) instrumentation, as well as novel pulse sequences that enhance access to key nuclei involved in non-covalent bonding. SSNMR observables, such as chemical shifts, dipolar and J couplings, quadrupolar parameters, and relaxation rates, are shown to provide quantitative insight into the interaction strength, geometry, and dynamics of hydrogen-bonded, π-stacked, and σ-hole-bonded systems. The review also discusses the synergistic integration of SSNMR with diffraction (single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction) and computational methods (Crystal Structure Prediction, DFT calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning models), yielding a multidimensional framework for elucidating structure–property relationships in both crystalline and disordered materials. Special attention is devoted to complex environments such as multicomponent crystals, host–guest assemblies, and amorphous dispersions. Looking ahead, continued advances in ultrahigh-field instrumentation, pulse-sequence design, and NMR crystallography promise to transform SSNMR from a diagnostic into a predictive tool for supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering, bridging microscopic interactions with macroscopic material behaviour.
弱非共价相互作用,包括氢键、π -π堆叠和各种σ-空穴相互作用(卤素键、硫键、烟原键、四元键、osme键和物质键),控制着分子晶体的结构、稳定性和性能。固态核磁共振(SSNMR)光谱提供了一种无与伦比的手段,通过直接感知局部电子环境,在原子水平上探测这些相互作用,独立于远程秩序。本文综述了用于检测、表征和量化分子固体中弱相互作用的SSNMR方法的最新进展(大约自2020年以来)。特别强调的是高场和超快魔角旋转(MAS)仪器的发展,以及新的脉冲序列,增强了对参与非共价键的关键原子核的访问。SSNMR的观测结果,如化学位移、偶极和J偶极耦合、四极参数和弛豫速率,为氢键、π-堆叠和σ-空穴键体系的相互作用强度、几何形状和动力学提供了定量的见解。本文还讨论了SSNMR与衍射(单晶和粉末x射线衍射,电子衍射)和计算方法(晶体结构预测,DFT计算,分子动力学模拟,机器学习模型)的协同集成,为阐明晶体和无序材料的结构-性质关系提供了一个多维框架。特别关注复杂的环境,如多组分晶体,主客体组装和非晶分散体。展望未来,超高场仪器、脉冲序列设计和核磁共振晶体学的持续进步有望将SSNMR从诊断工具转变为超分子化学和晶体工程的预测工具,将微观相互作用与宏观材料行为联系起来。
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Coordination Chemistry Reviews
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