Recent technological advancements, rising energy crises, and environmental pollution have prompted the development and synthesis of innovative materials for efficient energy conversion and water purification in order to fulfil society's clean energy and water needs. A variety of pollutants have grown more persistent in aquatic environments. The inappropriate use of dyes and antibiotics, as well as their inadequate digestion in organisms, results in their discharge into aquatic habitats, which has harmed human health. Therefore, effective removal of textiles and pharmaceuticals, especially dyes and antibiotics, from wastewater and polluted water bodies is of significant interest to research communities across the world. Besides, the depletion of fossil fuels increases the demand for renewable energy sources. Since solar energy is the most abundant and endless energy source, it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous crystalline hybrid materials formed by the linkage of metal centers (clusters) and organic linkers (organic ligands), have been identified as a highly active research domain for more than a decade due to their wide range of applications as photocatalytic and photovoltaic. In the present research domain, the research community has been drawn to emerging MOFs by their distinctive properties, which include a large surface area, controllable morphologies, tunable porosities, layer-by-layer design, high-quality crystalline products, outstanding inorganic-organic nature, and incredible diversity in functionalities. In this review, the latest developments in the use of MOFs and their derivatives in a variety of solar cell technologies, such as dye-sensitized, perovskite, and organic solar cells, are methodically described. These MOF-based photovoltaic systems have shown remarkable potential for enhancing sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency and improving stability. In addition, the utilization of MOFs and their derivatives as photocatalysts is a highly effective approach for breaking down dye and antibiotic residues in water. Key improvements and modifications, such as stronger interfacial contact, enhanced light harvesting, and improved charge separation, have been emphasized to develop potent photocatalysts that significantly enhance the removal of dyes and antibiotics. The environmental factors influencing photocatalytic degradation activity, such as photocatalyst concentration, pollutant concentration, solution pH, light intensity, reaction temperature, Fenton reagent, and scavengers, were thoroughly discussed, assisting in the design of an ideal photoreactor with high photocatalytic efficiency and a cost-effective process. Furthermore, the remaining significant challenges in the aforementioned domains are addressed, and potential future research endeavours in the development of MOFs are also outlined.
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