An IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor)-bipolar discrete Darlington power switch is presented. The main high-current bipolar power switch is driven by a lower current IGBT, yielding a switch with low drive requirements and high current handling capacity. The power dissipation is lower than that of a MOS-bipolar Darlington. The behavior of such a switch is investigated using discrete device models and an important parasitic network. Some of the important design parameters of the switch and drive circuit are discussed together with possible ways of improving circuit performance. Some aspects of protection and paralleling are also presented. The analysis and discussions are supported by oscillograms from laboratory experiments.<>
{"title":"IGBT-bipolar discrete Darlington power switches: performance and design","authors":"S. Biswas, B. Basak, K. Rajashekara","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178056","url":null,"abstract":"An IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor)-bipolar discrete Darlington power switch is presented. The main high-current bipolar power switch is driven by a lower current IGBT, yielding a switch with low drive requirements and high current handling capacity. The power dissipation is lower than that of a MOS-bipolar Darlington. The behavior of such a switch is investigated using discrete device models and an important parasitic network. Some of the important design parameters of the switch and drive circuit are discussed together with possible ways of improving circuit performance. Some aspects of protection and paralleling are also presented. The analysis and discussions are supported by oscillograms from laboratory experiments.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116559881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current sensing power MOSFETs (SENSEFETs) provide signals which can be used for current feedback and fast overcurrent protection in converter-fed drives and power supplies. The authors investigate the performance of a SENSEFET used in a DC chopper circuit by obtaining the current sense waveforms. The sense signals contain large switching transients which are to be removed using a special processing circuit. The details of the processing circuit and the waveforms are presented. A current loop is synthesized by feeding back the output of the signal processor.<>
{"title":"Performance analysis and signal processing in a current sensing power MOSFET (SENSEFET)","authors":"S. Yuvarajan, L. Wang","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178050","url":null,"abstract":"Current sensing power MOSFETs (SENSEFETs) provide signals which can be used for current feedback and fast overcurrent protection in converter-fed drives and power supplies. The authors investigate the performance of a SENSEFET used in a DC chopper circuit by obtaining the current sense waveforms. The sense signals contain large switching transients which are to be removed using a special processing circuit. The details of the processing circuit and the waveforms are presented. A current loop is synthesized by feeding back the output of the signal processor.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131029005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electronic-controlled gas discharge lighting systems offer efficiency and performance advantages, but to the electric grid they cause nonlinear loads that can cause power quality problems. The author analytically examines the two major concerns: power factor and harmonic distortion. He defines them, demonstrates their independence, and describes their effect on the power lines. It is pointed out that a low power factor results in overcapacity, heavier conductors, and lower efficiency. Problems surrounding harmonic distortion are very similar to those surrounding power factor. Essentially, harmonics contribute to lowering the power factor, resulting in many of the same problems as faced with displacement power factor.<>
{"title":"Effects of high levels of harmonics from lighting equipment and systems","authors":"R. Christiansen","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178114","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic-controlled gas discharge lighting systems offer efficiency and performance advantages, but to the electric grid they cause nonlinear loads that can cause power quality problems. The author analytically examines the two major concerns: power factor and harmonic distortion. He defines them, demonstrates their independence, and describes their effect on the power lines. It is pointed out that a low power factor results in overcapacity, heavier conductors, and lower efficiency. Problems surrounding harmonic distortion are very similar to those surrounding power factor. Essentially, harmonics contribute to lowering the power factor, resulting in many of the same problems as faced with displacement power factor.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"262 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132392370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors present a fast and approximate method for calculation of frequency and duration of voltage drops in plants which have a large number of intermittent loads such as welders and robots. The intermittent nature of welder and robot loads is approximated by the Markov model for computing the frequency and duration. A novel approach combining the Markov model with voltage drop calculations by aggregating states is presented to compute the magnitude, probability, frequency, and duration of voltage drops. In addition, this method is used to analyze flicker problems due to intermittent loads and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation methods.<>
{"title":"Frequency and duration of voltage drop in plants with intermittent loads","authors":"F. S. Prabhakara, J. J. Miller, W. E. Kazibwe","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178072","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a fast and approximate method for calculation of frequency and duration of voltage drops in plants which have a large number of intermittent loads such as welders and robots. The intermittent nature of welder and robot loads is approximated by the Markov model for computing the frequency and duration. A novel approach combining the Markov model with voltage drop calculations by aggregating states is presented to compute the magnitude, probability, frequency, and duration of voltage drops. In addition, this method is used to analyze flicker problems due to intermittent loads and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation methods.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132511035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study involves a bearingless induction motor constructed with additional two-pole stator windings. These additional windings can be used to produce radial forces on the rotor shaft. The two-pole winding currents were regulated by radial position control loops to maintain the rotor's position near the stator center. The voltage and current relationships of the two-pole windings were derived from a machine inductance model and equivalent circuits. The influence of secondary circuits was also taken into account. The theoretical values of current, voltage, and radial force were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the two-pole windings need only about 2% of the volt-ampere requirements of the main motor windings.<>
{"title":"No load characteristics of a bearingless induction motor","authors":"A. Chiba, D. T. Power, M. Rahman","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178143","url":null,"abstract":"This study involves a bearingless induction motor constructed with additional two-pole stator windings. These additional windings can be used to produce radial forces on the rotor shaft. The two-pole winding currents were regulated by radial position control loops to maintain the rotor's position near the stator center. The voltage and current relationships of the two-pole windings were derived from a machine inductance model and equivalent circuits. The influence of secondary circuits was also taken into account. The theoretical values of current, voltage, and radial force were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the two-pole windings need only about 2% of the volt-ampere requirements of the main motor windings.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128186378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, it was decided that it might be advantageous to have electric motors small enough to go in human arteries and other small places to do various jobs. The procedure followed was to carefully go from known methods step by step to the desired diameter of one millimeter. Motors were made and tested successively at 4.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.5 mm and 1 mm. It turned out that normal motor design methods were applicable, and the main problems were making and handling the tiny pieces. Calculation and very abbreviated tests seem to indicate that smaller motors could be made. This and previous work on very small motor designs seems to indicate that the torque goes down slightly faster than the cube of the diameter.<>
{"title":"A one millimeter electromagnetic motor (.039\")","authors":"P. H. Trickey","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178157","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, it was decided that it might be advantageous to have electric motors small enough to go in human arteries and other small places to do various jobs. The procedure followed was to carefully go from known methods step by step to the desired diameter of one millimeter. Motors were made and tested successively at 4.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.5 mm and 1 mm. It turned out that normal motor design methods were applicable, and the main problems were making and handling the tiny pieces. Calculation and very abbreviated tests seem to indicate that smaller motors could be made. This and previous work on very small motor designs seems to indicate that the torque goes down slightly faster than the cube of the diameter.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128202915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An approach for monitoring the condition of small permanent-magnet synchronous motors operating under thermal stress is presented. The approach begins with the estimation of temperature-dependent motor parameters from measurement of line voltages and currents. The parameters are then used to derive estimates for motor temperatures. The electrically estimated temperatures are combined with a dynamic thermal model of the motor to yield an observer that is a Kalman filter. The temperatures estimated by the observer are used for failure prevention. By modifying the observer, it is tuned to use the geometric properties of its innovation for failure detection.<>
{"title":"Monitoring the thermal condition of permanent-magnet synchronous motors","authors":"P. Milanfar, J. Lang","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178140","url":null,"abstract":"An approach for monitoring the condition of small permanent-magnet synchronous motors operating under thermal stress is presented. The approach begins with the estimation of temperature-dependent motor parameters from measurement of line voltages and currents. The parameters are then used to derive estimates for motor temperatures. The electrically estimated temperatures are combined with a dynamic thermal model of the motor to yield an observer that is a Kalman filter. The temperatures estimated by the observer are used for failure prevention. By modifying the observer, it is tuned to use the geometric properties of its innovation for failure detection.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132211667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A DC-side active filtering system for inverter power supplied is presented. The proposed system effectively nullifies the pulsating currents in the inverter input terminals as a result of unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. In the case of a three phase four wire inverter power supply the circulating zero sequence currents in the neutral are also nullified. The proposed system is fast in response, high in efficiency, and does not necessitate excess capacitive kVA required to supply highly unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. Analytical procedure, simulation, and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed DC-side active filtering system.<>
{"title":"A new DC-side active filter for inverter power supplies compensates for unbalanced and nonlinear loads","authors":"P. Enjeti, S. Kim","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178362","url":null,"abstract":"A DC-side active filtering system for inverter power supplied is presented. The proposed system effectively nullifies the pulsating currents in the inverter input terminals as a result of unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. In the case of a three phase four wire inverter power supply the circulating zero sequence currents in the neutral are also nullified. The proposed system is fast in response, high in efficiency, and does not necessitate excess capacitive kVA required to supply highly unbalanced or nonlinear type loads. Analytical procedure, simulation, and experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed DC-side active filtering system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116295833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An examination is made of the important loss aspects of the design of co-axial winding transformers such as the influence of skin effect on winding resistance, the variation of the core loss caused by nonuniform core flux density, and the choice of the principle dimensions and aspect ratios for maximum efficiency. Experimental measurements on a 50 kVA 50 kHz unit are included to confirm portions of the analytical results and suggested design procedures.<>
{"title":"Design considerations for high frequency co-axial winding power transformers","authors":"M. S. Rauls, D. Novotny, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178351","url":null,"abstract":"An examination is made of the important loss aspects of the design of co-axial winding transformers such as the influence of skin effect on winding resistance, the variation of the core loss caused by nonuniform core flux density, and the choice of the principle dimensions and aspect ratios for maximum efficiency. Experimental measurements on a 50 kVA 50 kHz unit are included to confirm portions of the analytical results and suggested design procedures.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128276468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A robotic compliant wrist device which combines passive compliance and a displacement sensor for robots to facilitate various complex manipulation tasks has been developed. The wrist provides the necessary flexibility to accommodate transitions as robots make contact with the workpiece, to correct the positioning error of robots and the geometric tolerance of parts, and to avoid high impact forces normally generated in manufacturing operations. The sensing from the wrist device is used in the feedback loop for actively controlling contact forces and compensating for positioning errors during motion and contact. The authors present the design of two prototypes of the wrist device, and then propose a systematic hybrid position force control scheme for the robot and compliant wrist system. They also discuss the design of a fuzzy controller which assigns velocities for the measured forces in the corresponding directions in insertion operation. The controller is composed of four parts: fuzzification interface, knowledge base, decision-making logic, and defuzzification interface. Compared with the method of evaluating exact force zones, the fuzzy control approach presented a smoother performance, and yielded a fast process towards a full insertion.<>
{"title":"Fuzzy control of robot and compliant wrist system","authors":"Y. Xu, R. Paul, H. Shum","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1991.178048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1991.178048","url":null,"abstract":"A robotic compliant wrist device which combines passive compliance and a displacement sensor for robots to facilitate various complex manipulation tasks has been developed. The wrist provides the necessary flexibility to accommodate transitions as robots make contact with the workpiece, to correct the positioning error of robots and the geometric tolerance of parts, and to avoid high impact forces normally generated in manufacturing operations. The sensing from the wrist device is used in the feedback loop for actively controlling contact forces and compensating for positioning errors during motion and contact. The authors present the design of two prototypes of the wrist device, and then propose a systematic hybrid position force control scheme for the robot and compliant wrist system. They also discuss the design of a fuzzy controller which assigns velocities for the measured forces in the corresponding directions in insertion operation. The controller is composed of four parts: fuzzification interface, knowledge base, decision-making logic, and defuzzification interface. Compared with the method of evaluating exact force zones, the fuzzy control approach presented a smoother performance, and yielded a fast process towards a full insertion.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":294244,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128507994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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