Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010270
Stefania Siqueira, Mariany C. Deprá, L. Q. Zepka, E. Jacob‐Lopes
The aim of this work was to perform a prospective life cycle assessment of the third-generation biodiesel (3G) produced from the heterotrophic cultivation of Phormidium autumnale, using sucrose as the carbon source. The study focused on the optimization of the process parameters, in the life cycle assessment and in the biofuel quality analysis in diverse microalgae-based scenarios. In the best scenario, the production of microalgal biodiesel has positive energy production (50.59 MJ/kg) associated with low consumption of water (28.38 m3/kg) and low CO2 emissions (9.18 kg CO2-eq/kg). In terms of composition, this oil was predominantly saturated (45.20%), monounsaturated (34.70%), and polyunsaturated (19.90%), resulting in a biodiesel that complies with U.S., European, and Brazilian standards. The high potential capacity for lipid production obtained is interesting for the generation of quality biodiesel that meets or surpasses the most stringent U.S., European, and Brazilian fuel standard requirements.
本研究的目的是对以蔗糖为碳源的异养栽培秋兰生产的第三代生物柴油(3G)进行前瞻性生命周期评估。研究重点是在不同微藻环境下的工艺参数优化、生命周期评估和生物燃料质量分析。在最佳情况下，微藻生物柴油的生产具有正能量产量(50.59 MJ/kg)、低耗水量(28.38 m3/kg)和低二氧化碳排放(9.18 kg CO2-eq/kg)。在成分方面，该油主要是饱和(45.20%)，单不饱和(34.70%)和多不饱和(19.90%)，从而产生符合美国，欧洲和巴西标准的生物柴油。所获得的高潜在脂质生产能力对于生产符合或超过最严格的美国、欧洲和巴西燃料标准要求的高质量生物柴油是有趣的。
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Third-Generation Biodiesel Produced Heterotrophically by Phormidium Autumnale","authors":"Stefania Siqueira, Mariany C. Deprá, L. Q. Zepka, E. Jacob‐Lopes","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010270","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The aim of this work was to perform a prospective life cycle assessment of the third-generation biodiesel (3G) produced from the heterotrophic cultivation of Phormidium autumnale, using sucrose as the carbon source.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study focused on the optimization of the process parameters, in the life cycle assessment and in the biofuel quality analysis in diverse microalgae-based scenarios.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the best scenario, the production of microalgal biodiesel has positive energy production (50.59 MJ/kg) associated with low consumption of water (28.38 m3/kg) and low CO2 emissions (9.18 kg CO2-eq/kg). In terms of composition, this oil was predominantly saturated (45.20%), monounsaturated (34.70%), and polyunsaturated (19.90%), resulting in a biodiesel that complies with U.S., European, and Brazilian standards.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The high potential capacity for lipid production obtained is interesting for the generation of quality biodiesel that meets or surpasses the most stringent U.S., European, and Brazilian fuel standard requirements.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128967946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-18DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010256
Srilakshmi Akula, Narasimha Golla
An impressive increase in the application of cellulases in various fields over the last few decades demands extensive research in improving its quality and large-scale production. Therefore, the current investigation focuses on factors relevant for optimal production of cellulase byAspergillus nigerisolated from forest soil.Throughout this study, the fungal strainAspergillus nigerwas maintained under the submerged condition for a period of 7 days at 120 rpm rotational speed. Various physical and chemical conditions were employed in examining their influence on cellulase production by the selected fungal strain. After appropriate incubation, culture filtrates were withdrawn and checked for FPase, CMCase, and β-D-glucosidase activities.The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase production were found to be 5.0 and 32°C, respectively. Among the various carbon sources tested in the present study, amendment of lactose in the medium yielded peak values of FPase (filter paperase) and CMCase (Carboxy-methyl cellulase) whereas fructose supported the higher titers of β-glucosidase. Among the nitrogen sources, profound FPase and CMCase activity were recorded when urea was used but higher β-glucosidase activity was noticed when yeast extract was added. Various natural lignocellulosic substrates like bagasse, coir, corncob, groundnut shells, litter, rice bran, rice husk, sawdust and wheat bran were tested to find out the induction of cellulase. Among the lignocelluloses, sawdust and litter served as good substrates for cellulase production byAspergillus niger.In gist, the outcome of this study sheds light on the cellulolytic potentiality of the fungal strainAspergillus nigerpromising in its future commercial applications which may be economically feasible.
在过去的几十年里，纤维素酶在各个领域的应用显著增加，要求在提高其质量和大规模生产方面进行广泛的研究。因此，目前的研究重点是森林土壤中分离的黑曲霉最佳生产纤维素酶的相关因素。在整个研究过程中，我们以120转/分的转速在浸没条件下维持真菌菌株黑曲霉7天。采用不同的物理和化学条件考察了它们对所选真菌生产纤维素酶的影响。适当孵育后，提取培养滤液，检测FPase、CMCase和β- d -葡萄糖苷酶活性。生产纤维素酶的最佳pH和温度分别为5.0℃和32℃。在本研究中测试的各种碳源中，在培养基中添加乳糖产生了FPase(滤纸酶)和CMCase(羧甲基纤维素酶)的峰值，而果糖支持更高滴度的β-葡萄糖苷酶。在氮源中，尿素组的FPase和CMCase活性较高，酵母浸膏组的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性较高。对甘蔗渣、椰壳、玉米芯、花生壳、枯枝、米糠、稻壳、锯末、麦麸等多种天然木质纤维素基质进行了纤维素酶诱导试验。在木质纤维素中，木屑和凋落物是黑曲霉生产纤维素酶的良好底物。总之，本研究的结果揭示了真菌菌株曲霉的纤维素水解潜力，在未来的商业应用中可能是经济可行的。
{"title":"Optimization of Cellulase Production by Aspergillus niger Isolated from Forest Soil","authors":"Srilakshmi Akula, Narasimha Golla","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010256","url":null,"abstract":"An impressive increase in the application of cellulases in various fields over the last few decades demands extensive research in improving its quality and large-scale production. Therefore, the current investigation focuses on factors relevant for optimal production of cellulase byAspergillus nigerisolated from forest soil.Throughout this study, the fungal strainAspergillus nigerwas maintained under the submerged condition for a period of 7 days at 120 rpm rotational speed. Various physical and chemical conditions were employed in examining their influence on cellulase production by the selected fungal strain. After appropriate incubation, culture filtrates were withdrawn and checked for FPase, CMCase, and β-D-glucosidase activities.The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase production were found to be 5.0 and 32°C, respectively. Among the various carbon sources tested in the present study, amendment of lactose in the medium yielded peak values of FPase (filter paperase) and CMCase (Carboxy-methyl cellulase) whereas fructose supported the higher titers of β-glucosidase. Among the nitrogen sources, profound FPase and CMCase activity were recorded when urea was used but higher β-glucosidase activity was noticed when yeast extract was added. Various natural lignocellulosic substrates like bagasse, coir, corncob, groundnut shells, litter, rice bran, rice husk, sawdust and wheat bran were tested to find out the induction of cellulase. Among the lignocelluloses, sawdust and litter served as good substrates for cellulase production byAspergillus niger.In gist, the outcome of this study sheds light on the cellulolytic potentiality of the fungal strainAspergillus nigerpromising in its future commercial applications which may be economically feasible.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126079954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010241
M. G. Devi, M. Amutheesan, R. Govindhan, B. Karthikeyan
Various living organisms especially endangered species are affected due to the damaged body parts or organs. For organ replacement, finding the customized organs within the time by satisfying biomedical needs is the risk factor in the medicinal field. The production of living parts based on the highly sensitive biomedical demands can be done by the integration of technical knowledge of Chemistry, Biology and Engineering. The integration of highly porous Biomedical CAD design and 3D bioprinting technique by maintaining the suitable environment for living cells can be especially done through well-known techniques: Stereolithography, Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering and Inkjet printing are majorly discussed to get final products. Among the various techniques, Biomedical CAD design and 3D printing techniques provide highly precise and interconnected 3D structure based on patient customized needs in a short period of time with less consumption of work. In this review, biomedical development on complex design and highly interconnected production of 3D biomaterials through suitable printing technique are clearly reported.
{"title":"A Review of Three-dimensional Printing for Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Applications","authors":"M. G. Devi, M. Amutheesan, R. Govindhan, B. Karthikeyan","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010241","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Various living organisms especially endangered species are affected due to the damaged body parts or organs. For organ replacement, finding the customized organs within the time by satisfying biomedical needs is the risk factor in the medicinal field.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The production of living parts based on the highly sensitive biomedical demands can be done by the integration of technical knowledge of Chemistry, Biology and Engineering. The integration of highly porous Biomedical CAD design and 3D bioprinting technique by maintaining the suitable environment for living cells can be especially done through well-known techniques: Stereolithography, Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering and Inkjet printing are majorly discussed to get final products.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Among the various techniques, Biomedical CAD design and 3D printing techniques provide highly precise and interconnected 3D structure based on patient customized needs in a short period of time with less consumption of work.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this review, biomedical development on complex design and highly interconnected production of 3D biomaterials through suitable printing technique are clearly reported.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132455348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010219
D. Mihaylova, A. Popova, I. Alexieva, A. Krastanov, A. Lante
Nutrition is an important health factor, as the main recommendations for achieving it include the consumption of a variety of foods. Nutritional knowledge is gained in the early years of development, thus promoting healthier choices at an early stage of habitual development may lead to minimizing the display of 21 century diseases i.e. diabetes type 2, obesity, heart complications, teeth decay, etc. with the help of adequate dietary assessment and food choices relevant to nutritional requirements.
{"title":"Polyphenols as Suitable Control for Obesity and Diabetes","authors":"D. Mihaylova, A. Popova, I. Alexieva, A. Krastanov, A. Lante","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010219","url":null,"abstract":"Nutrition is an important health factor, as the main recommendations for achieving it include the consumption of a variety of foods. Nutritional knowledge is gained in the early years of development, thus promoting healthier choices at an early stage of habitual development may lead to minimizing the display of 21 century diseases i.e. diabetes type 2, obesity, heart complications, teeth decay, etc. with the help of adequate dietary assessment and food choices relevant to nutritional requirements.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115482411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-28DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010229
A. Ruíz-Marín, Y. Canedo-López, A. Narváez-García, J. C. Robles-Heredia, J. Zavala-Loría
Microalgae remove nutrients from wastewater with the possibility of grow in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. However, the effluent quality can modify the profile of fatty acids and biodiesel quality.Phototrophic and mixotrophic (light / dark; 12/12 h) cultures ofScenedesmus obliquuson domestic wastewater (WW) and Artificial Wastewater (AW) was carried out to evaluate the lipid accumulation and fatty acid methyl esters profile. The microalgae was first cultivated in an enriched medium (90 mg N-NH4 L-1) and subsequently under nitrogen limitation (30, 20 and 10 mg N L-1) using a two-stage process for both culture media.A higher cell density in enriched AW medium was obtained in phototrophic and mixotrophic culture of 19 x 106cell mL-1and 20 x 106cell mL-1, respectively; than for WW (13 x 106cell mL-1and 14 x 106cell mL-1, respectively). The nitrogen limitation (from 90 to 20 mg N L-1) for AW increased the lipid content by 5.0% and 17.28% under phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions, respectively and only 5% for WW in mixotrophic culture.The high Cetane Number (CN) show a positive correlation with high Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) content and negative correlation with the Degree of Saturation (DU), suggesting a good ignition of fuel. The Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) (-6.02 to -8.45 °C) and Oxidative Stability (OS) (3.53 - 6.6 h) propose toScenedesmus obliquusas a candidate in the production of biodiesel and potential application for an integral urban wastewater treatment system.
{"title":"Productivity and Biodiesel Quality of Fatty Acids Contents from Scenedesmus obliquus in Domestic Wastewater Using Phototrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation Systems","authors":"A. Ruíz-Marín, Y. Canedo-López, A. Narváez-García, J. C. Robles-Heredia, J. Zavala-Loría","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010229","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae remove nutrients from wastewater with the possibility of grow in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. However, the effluent quality can modify the profile of fatty acids and biodiesel quality.Phototrophic and mixotrophic (light / dark; 12/12 h) cultures ofScenedesmus obliquuson domestic wastewater (WW) and Artificial Wastewater (AW) was carried out to evaluate the lipid accumulation and fatty acid methyl esters profile. The microalgae was first cultivated in an enriched medium (90 mg N-NH4 L-1) and subsequently under nitrogen limitation (30, 20 and 10 mg N L-1) using a two-stage process for both culture media.A higher cell density in enriched AW medium was obtained in phototrophic and mixotrophic culture of 19 x 106cell mL-1and 20 x 106cell mL-1, respectively; than for WW (13 x 106cell mL-1and 14 x 106cell mL-1, respectively). The nitrogen limitation (from 90 to 20 mg N L-1) for AW increased the lipid content by 5.0% and 17.28% under phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions, respectively and only 5% for WW in mixotrophic culture.The high Cetane Number (CN) show a positive correlation with high Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) content and negative correlation with the Degree of Saturation (DU), suggesting a good ignition of fuel. The Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) (-6.02 to -8.45 °C) and Oxidative Stability (OS) (3.53 - 6.6 h) propose toScenedesmus obliquusas a candidate in the production of biodiesel and potential application for an integral urban wastewater treatment system.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131238250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-18DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010204
Wei Tang
WRKY transcription factors play important roles in the responses to abiotic stresses, seed dormancy, seed germination, developmental processes, secondary metabolism, and senescence in plants. However, molecular mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors-related abiotic stress tolerance have not been fully understood.In this investigation, transcription factor AtWRKY57 was introduced into cell lines of rice (Oryza sativaL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and white pine (Pinus strobesL.) for characterization of its function in salt stress tolerance. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the function of AtWRKY in a broad sample of plant species including monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and gymnosperms.The experimental results demonstrated that heterologous expression of transcription factor AtWRKY57 improves salt stress tolerance by decreasing Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS), increasing Ascorbate Peroxidase (APOX) and Catalase (CAT) activity under salt stress. In rice, overexpression of transcription factor AtWRKY57 enhances expression of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase genesOsCPk6andOsCPk19to counteract salt stress.These results indicated that transcription factor AtWRKY57 might have practical application in genetic engineering of plant salt tolerance throughout the plant kingdom.
{"title":"Heterologous Expression of Transcription Factor AtWRKY57 Alleviates Salt Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage","authors":"Wei Tang","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010204","url":null,"abstract":"WRKY transcription factors play important roles in the responses to abiotic stresses, seed dormancy, seed germination, developmental processes, secondary metabolism, and senescence in plants. However, molecular mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors-related abiotic stress tolerance have not been fully understood.In this investigation, transcription factor AtWRKY57 was introduced into cell lines of rice (Oryza sativaL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and white pine (Pinus strobesL.) for characterization of its function in salt stress tolerance. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the function of AtWRKY in a broad sample of plant species including monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and gymnosperms.The experimental results demonstrated that heterologous expression of transcription factor AtWRKY57 improves salt stress tolerance by decreasing Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS), increasing Ascorbate Peroxidase (APOX) and Catalase (CAT) activity under salt stress. In rice, overexpression of transcription factor AtWRKY57 enhances expression of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase genesOsCPk6andOsCPk19to counteract salt stress.These results indicated that transcription factor AtWRKY57 might have practical application in genetic engineering of plant salt tolerance throughout the plant kingdom.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131443474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010189
G. Dobrev, H. Strinska, Anelia Hambarliiska, B. Zhekova, V. Dobreva
Rhizopus arrhizus is a potential microorganism for lipase production. Solid-state fermentation is used for microbial biosynthesis of enzymes, due to advantages, such as high productivity, utilization of abundant and low-cost raw materials, and production of enzymes with different catalytic properties. The objective of the research is optimization of the conditions for lipase production in solid-state fermentation by Rhizopus arrhizus in a nutrient medium, containing agroindustrial wastes. Biosynthesis of lipase in solid-state fermentation by Rhizopus arrhizus was investigated. The effect of different solid substrates, additional carbon and nitrogen source, particles size and moisture content of the medium on enzyme production was studied. Response surface methodology was applied for determination of the optimal values of moisture content and tryptone concentration. A procedure for efficient lipase extraction from the fermented solids was developed. Highest lipase activity was achieved when wheat bran was used as a solid substrate. The addition of 1% (w/w) glucose and 5% (w/w) tryptone to the solid medium significantly increased lipase activity. The structure of the solid medium including particles size and moisture content significantly influenced lipase production. A mathematical model for the effect of moisture content and tryptone concentration on lipase activity was developed. Highest enzyme activity was achieved at 66% moisture and 5% (w/w) tryptone. The addition of the non-ionic surfactant Disponyl NP 3070 in the eluent for enzyme extraction from the fermented solids increased lipase activity about three folds. After optimization of the solid-state fermentation the achieved 1021.80 U/g lipase activity from Rhizopus arrhizus was higher and comparable with the activity of lipases, produced by other fungal strains. The optimization of the conditions and the use of low cost components in solid-state fermentation makes the process economicaly effective for production of lipase from the investigated strain Rhizopus arrhizus.
{"title":"Optimization of Lipase Production in Solid-State Fermentation by Rhizopus Arrhizus in Nutrient Medium Containing Agroindustrial Wastes","authors":"G. Dobrev, H. Strinska, Anelia Hambarliiska, B. Zhekova, V. Dobreva","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010189","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Rhizopus arrhizus is a potential microorganism for lipase production. Solid-state fermentation is used for microbial biosynthesis of enzymes, due to advantages, such as high productivity, utilization of abundant and low-cost raw materials, and production of enzymes with different catalytic properties.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of the research is optimization of the conditions for lipase production in solid-state fermentation by Rhizopus arrhizus in a nutrient medium, containing agroindustrial wastes.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Biosynthesis of lipase in solid-state fermentation by Rhizopus arrhizus was investigated. The effect of different solid substrates, additional carbon and nitrogen source, particles size and moisture content of the medium on enzyme production was studied. Response surface methodology was applied for determination of the optimal values of moisture content and tryptone concentration. A procedure for efficient lipase extraction from the fermented solids was developed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Highest lipase activity was achieved when wheat bran was used as a solid substrate. The addition of 1% (w/w) glucose and 5% (w/w) tryptone to the solid medium significantly increased lipase activity. The structure of the solid medium including particles size and moisture content significantly influenced lipase production. A mathematical model for the effect of moisture content and tryptone concentration on lipase activity was developed. Highest enzyme activity was achieved at 66% moisture and 5% (w/w) tryptone. The addition of the non-ionic surfactant Disponyl NP 3070 in the eluent for enzyme extraction from the fermented solids increased lipase activity about three folds.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 After optimization of the solid-state fermentation the achieved 1021.80 U/g lipase activity from Rhizopus arrhizus was higher and comparable with the activity of lipases, produced by other fungal strains. The optimization of the conditions and the use of low cost components in solid-state fermentation makes the process economicaly effective for production of lipase from the investigated strain Rhizopus arrhizus.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115104776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010123
S. Magazù, E. Calabrò, M. T. Caccamo
In the present paper, InfraRed (IR) spectra on water mixtures of two homologous disaccharides, i.e. sucrose and trehalose, as a function of temperature have been collected. In particular, IR spectra were registered, in the spectral range from 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1, to investigate the thermal response of the water mixtures of two homologous disaccharides, through positive thermal scans, i.e. by increasing the temperature from the value of 25°C to the value of 50°C. The OH-stretching region has been analyzed by means of two simple and straightforward procedures, i.e. by evaluating the shift of the intramolecular OH stretching center frequency and the Spectral Distance (SD). Both the analyses indicate that trehalose water mixture have a higher thermal response than that of the sucrose-water mixture.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Thermal Restraint in Bio-Protectant Disaccharides by FTIR Spectroscopy","authors":"S. Magazù, E. Calabrò, M. T. Caccamo","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In the present paper, InfraRed (IR) spectra on water mixtures of two homologous disaccharides, i.e. sucrose and trehalose, as a function of temperature have been collected. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In particular, IR spectra were registered, in the spectral range from 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1, to investigate the thermal response of the water mixtures of two homologous disaccharides, through positive thermal scans, i.e. by increasing the temperature from the value of 25°C to the value of 50°C. The OH-stretching region has been analyzed by means of two simple and straightforward procedures, i.e. by evaluating the shift of the intramolecular OH stretching center frequency and the Spectral Distance (SD). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Both the analyses indicate that trehalose water mixture have a higher thermal response than that of the sucrose-water mixture.\u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"48 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129904789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-16DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010112
Sridevi Ayla, Narasimha Golla, S. Pallipati
The present study discussed the bio decolourization of synthetic textile dyes using extracellular crude laccase from an Ascomycetes fungusPenicilliumsp. Laccase based decolourization is found to be potentially advantageous to bioremediation technologies.In this study, the production of laccase was observed for 7 days of incubation under shaking conditions. Maximum laccase production was secreted by fungal strain on the 6thday of incubation under submerged fermentation. Incubation of fungal mycelium and culture filtrate as crude enzyme obtained fromPenicilliumsp. with textile dyes - Indigo, Reactive black-5, Acid blue -1 and Vat brown -5 on solid PDA medium and liquid PDA broth showed effective biological dye decolourisation.Solid state dye decolourisation had shown 45%, 25%, 50% and 72% colour removal of dyes - Indigo, Reactive black-5, Acid blue -1 and Vat brown -5 whereas maximum decolourization of same dyes of 45%, 20%, 48%, and 75% was obtained in liquid state with crude enzyme within 3h.The results had shown the potential dye decolourisation capacity of thePenicilliumsp. extracellular crude laccase and pave a way to apply this strain on an industrial scale.
{"title":"Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes from Penicillium Sp. and Its Efficiency to Decolourise Textile Dyes","authors":"Sridevi Ayla, Narasimha Golla, S. Pallipati","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010112","url":null,"abstract":"The present study discussed the bio decolourization of synthetic textile dyes using extracellular crude laccase from an Ascomycetes fungusPenicilliumsp. Laccase based decolourization is found to be potentially advantageous to bioremediation technologies.In this study, the production of laccase was observed for 7 days of incubation under shaking conditions. Maximum laccase production was secreted by fungal strain on the 6thday of incubation under submerged fermentation. Incubation of fungal mycelium and culture filtrate as crude enzyme obtained fromPenicilliumsp. with textile dyes - Indigo, Reactive black-5, Acid blue -1 and Vat brown -5 on solid PDA medium and liquid PDA broth showed effective biological dye decolourisation.Solid state dye decolourisation had shown 45%, 25%, 50% and 72% colour removal of dyes - Indigo, Reactive black-5, Acid blue -1 and Vat brown -5 whereas maximum decolourization of same dyes of 45%, 20%, 48%, and 75% was obtained in liquid state with crude enzyme within 3h.The results had shown the potential dye decolourisation capacity of thePenicilliumsp. extracellular crude laccase and pave a way to apply this strain on an industrial scale.","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124614173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-29DOI: 10.2174/1874070701812010104
T. El-Desouky, Samy S. Elbadawy, H. Hussain, Nilly A. Hassan
The present study was prepared to investigate the impact of insect density, adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum on the secretion of Benzoquinones (BQs) consist of methyl-1,4-benzoquinone(MBQ) and Ethyl-1,4-Benzoquinone (EBQ), and accumulation of Aflatoxins (AFs) in wheat flour stored at different periods. Forty grams of wheat flour were put into small glass jars (8 cm diameter and 12 cm length). Then T. castaneum was put in each jars at rates of 10, 20 and 30 unsexed pairs of insect adult. The jars were covered with muslin cloth and the rubber band was fixed to prevent insects to escape. A glass jar without any insects served as the control. The jars lifted on bench in the laboratory for two, three and four months of storage under laboratory temperature conditions (with average 28 ± 20C and 65±5 R.H). The previous design was replicated three times. At the end of each storage period, the jars containing the flour were sieved thoroughly by 40 wire mesh size to separate the insects. The insects have been counted on the other hand wheat flour was prepared to determine MBQ, EBQ and AFs by HPLC methods. The results indicated the levels of EBQ higher than MBQ in all infested samples at all insect densities (No. of insect pairs). The concentrations of MBQ in wheat flour released by ten adult pairs (10P) with the three storage periods two, three and four months were 10.42 ± 0.56, 22.38 ± 3.67, 27.06 ± 6.71µg/g, respectively. These results increased with insect densities to (30p) were 39.67 ± 0.10, 63.58 ± 2.35 and 106.24 ± 7.4 µg/g after storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In addition to the concentrations of EBQ with (10P) were 67.45 ± 3.64, 98.0 ± 6.1 204.66 ± 5.8 µg/g with storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In case (30P) the levels of EBQ were 376.7 ± 0.87, 570.1 ± 2.11 and 1558.66 ± 10.88 (µg/g). The highest concentration of the BQs 1664.90 ± 11.43 (µg/g) released by T. castaneum achieved with the highest adult emergence (1021 insect adult) and the highest insect density (30p) at four months storage period. In general, AFs levels enhanced with a period of storage and insect densities. Levels of the BQs (MBQ and EBQ) increased with an increase of storage periods and insect densities. Therefore, the presence of this insect should be prevented in stored wheat flour reducing AFs contamination is possible by storage for short time and prohibit insects which causes an increase temperature of the flour and moisture, all of which promote production of AFs.
{"title":"Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods","authors":"T. El-Desouky, Samy S. Elbadawy, H. Hussain, Nilly A. Hassan","doi":"10.2174/1874070701812010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701812010104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The present study was prepared to investigate the impact of insect density, adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum on the secretion of Benzoquinones (BQs) consist of methyl-1,4-benzoquinone(MBQ) and Ethyl-1,4-Benzoquinone (EBQ), and accumulation of Aflatoxins (AFs) in wheat flour stored at different periods.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Forty grams of wheat flour were put into small glass jars (8 cm diameter and 12 cm length). Then T. castaneum was put in each jars at rates of 10, 20 and 30 unsexed pairs of insect adult. The jars were covered with muslin cloth and the rubber band was fixed to prevent insects to escape. A glass jar without any insects served as the control. The jars lifted on bench in the laboratory for two, three and four months of storage under laboratory temperature conditions (with average 28 ± 20C and 65±5 R.H). The previous design was replicated three times. At the end of each storage period, the jars containing the flour were sieved thoroughly by 40 wire mesh size to separate the insects. The insects have been counted on the other hand wheat flour was prepared to determine MBQ, EBQ and AFs by HPLC methods.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results indicated the levels of EBQ higher than MBQ in all infested samples at all insect densities (No. of insect pairs). The concentrations of MBQ in wheat flour released by ten adult pairs (10P) with the three storage periods two, three and four months were 10.42 ± 0.56, 22.38 ± 3.67, 27.06 ± 6.71µg/g, respectively. These results increased with insect densities to (30p) were 39.67 ± 0.10, 63.58 ± 2.35 and 106.24 ± 7.4 µg/g after storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In addition to the concentrations of EBQ with (10P) were 67.45 ± 3.64, 98.0 ± 6.1 204.66 ± 5.8 µg/g with storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In case (30P) the levels of EBQ were 376.7 ± 0.87, 570.1 ± 2.11 and 1558.66 ± 10.88 (µg/g). The highest concentration of the BQs 1664.90 ± 11.43 (µg/g) released by T. castaneum achieved with the highest adult emergence (1021 insect adult) and the highest insect density (30p) at four months storage period. In general, AFs levels enhanced with a period of storage and insect densities.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Levels of the BQs (MBQ and EBQ) increased with an increase of storage periods and insect densities. Therefore, the presence of this insect should be prevented in stored wheat flour reducing AFs contamination is possible by storage for short time and prohibit insects which causes an increase temperature of the flour and moisture, all of which promote production of AFs.\u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":296126,"journal":{"name":"The Open Biotechnology Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133889717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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