Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.018
Mengwei Wang , Jiabao Liu , Boxuan Xu , Wei-Shao Lin , Jianguo Tan , Li Chen
Objectives
To evaluate effects of additively manufactured microstructures, airborne-particle abrasion (APA), and thermocycling on zirconia-resin shear bond strength (SBS).
Methods
Zirconia discs (N = 280) with microarchitectures of varying protrusion coverage (30 %, 50 %, 70 %) and height (50 μm, 100 μm), along with a non-textured control, were fabricated using Advanced Customized Jetting (ACJ). Specimens were assigned to groups based on APA treatment and thermocycling (15,000 cycles, 5–55 °C). Surface topography was evaluated through contour maps and roughness parameters. After bonding specimens to resin columns (Clearfil AP-X) using light-cured resin cement (Clearfil SA Luting), SBS was tested and analyzed using stepwise linear regression. Failure modes were classified via stereomicroscopy and analyzed using chi-square tests.
Results
Microstructured groups exhibited significantly higher SBS than controls (P < 0.001), with height (β=0.769) and APA (β=0.268) as key predictors (adjusted R²=0.660). The 50 % proportion/100 µm height/APA group achieved the highest SBS (6.78 ± 0.82 MPa pre-aging; 6.25 ± 0.83 MPa post-aging) and a low adhesive failure rate. Thermocycling increased adhesive failures (P < 0.001) without affecting SBS (P = 0.954).
Significance
Additively manufactured microstructures, particularly those with 50 % proportion, 100 µm height and APA treatment, significantly enhance zirconia-resin bond strength and durability, offering a promising strategy for improving clinical retention of zirconia restorations.
{"title":"The impacts of microstructures and airborne-particle abrasion on the additively manufactured zirconia bond strength with and without thermocycling","authors":"Mengwei Wang , Jiabao Liu , Boxuan Xu , Wei-Shao Lin , Jianguo Tan , Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate effects of additively manufactured microstructures, airborne-particle abrasion (APA), and thermocycling on zirconia-resin shear bond strength (SBS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Zirconia discs (N = 280) with microarchitectures of varying protrusion coverage (30 %, 50 %, 70 %) and height (50 μm, 100 μm), along with a non-textured control, were fabricated using Advanced Customized Jetting (ACJ). Specimens were assigned to groups based on APA treatment and thermocycling (15,000 cycles, 5–55 °C). Surface topography was evaluated through contour maps and roughness parameters. After bonding specimens to resin columns (Clearfil AP-X) using light-cured resin cement (Clearfil SA Luting), SBS was tested and analyzed using stepwise linear regression. Failure modes were classified via stereomicroscopy and analyzed using chi-square tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Microstructured groups exhibited significantly higher SBS than controls (<em>P</em> < 0.001), with height (β=0.769) and APA (β=0.268) as key predictors (adjusted R²=0.660). The 50 % proportion/100 µm height/APA group achieved the highest SBS (6.78 ± 0.82 MPa pre-aging; 6.25 ± 0.83 MPa post-aging) and a low adhesive failure rate. Thermocycling increased adhesive failures (<em>P</em> < 0.001) without affecting SBS (<em>P</em> = 0.954).</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Additively manufactured microstructures, particularly those with 50 % proportion, 100 µm height and APA treatment, significantly enhance zirconia-resin bond strength and durability, offering a promising strategy for improving clinical retention of zirconia restorations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 578-585"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.009
Xue Yang , Yadong Chen , Yifan Chen , Jiajia Xu , Honghai Yan , Qiaojie Luo , Wei Yao , Xiaodong Li
Objective
To develop a multifunctional strategy based on in-situ copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticle deposition, aiming to simultaneously mitigate interface-confined water to improve adhesive infiltration, suppress enzymatic degradation, and prevent bacterial colonization.
Methods
Demineralized dentin matrices (DDM) were sequentially treated with CuSO₄ and Na₂S solutions at three concentrations (0.0015, 0.015, 0.15 mol/L), with conventional wet-bonding as a control. Nanoparticle distribution, matrix dehydration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, antibacterial efficacy (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), and bonding performance (nanoleakage, microtensile bonding strength) were systematically evaluated.
Results
Uniform CuS deposition significantly reduced DDM hydration to release the interface-confined water. The 0.015 and 0.15 groups showed enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, all concentrations of CuS deposition inhibited MMP and showed antibacterial effect. As a result, the 0.015 and 0.15 groups showed improved adhesive infiltration, reduced nanoleakage (p < 0.05) and increased both immediate and aged microtensile bonding strength (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
In-situ CuS nanoparticle deposition synergistically enhances bond durability, through DDM dehydration, MMP inhibition, and antibacterial action. This approach effectively minimizes hybrid layer defects and collectively prolongs bonding longevity.
Clinical significance
The Cu-assisted bonding technique provides a clinically feasible solution to address multifactorial failure modes in dentin bonding, leveraging nanomaterial synergy for durable adhesive restorations.
{"title":"Multifunctional CuS nanoparticle deposition for enhanced dentin bonding: Synergistic dehydration, MMP inhibition and antibacterial action","authors":"Xue Yang , Yadong Chen , Yifan Chen , Jiajia Xu , Honghai Yan , Qiaojie Luo , Wei Yao , Xiaodong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To develop a multifunctional strategy based on in-situ copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticle deposition, aiming to simultaneously mitigate interface-confined water to improve adhesive infiltration, suppress enzymatic degradation, and prevent bacterial colonization.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Demineralized dentin matrices (DDM) were sequentially treated with CuSO₄ and Na₂S solutions at three concentrations (0.0015, 0.015, 0.15 mol/L), with conventional wet-bonding as a control. Nanoparticle distribution, matrix dehydration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, antibacterial efficacy (<em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>), and bonding performance (nanoleakage, microtensile bonding strength) were systematically evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Uniform CuS deposition significantly reduced DDM hydration to release the interface-confined water. The 0.015 and 0.15 groups showed enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, all concentrations of CuS deposition inhibited MMP and showed antibacterial effect. As a result, the 0.015 and 0.15 groups showed improved adhesive infiltration, reduced nanoleakage (<em>p</em> < 0.05) and increased both immediate and aged microtensile bonding strength (<em>p</em> < 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In-situ CuS nanoparticle deposition synergistically enhances bond durability, through DDM dehydration, MMP inhibition, and antibacterial action. This approach effectively minimizes hybrid layer defects and collectively prolongs bonding longevity.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical significance</h3><div>The Cu-assisted bonding technique provides a clinically feasible solution to address multifactorial failure modes in dentin bonding, leveraging nanomaterial synergy for durable adhesive restorations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 714-726"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.005
Bibiana Gabardo Perez Mariano da Rocha , Oscar E. Pecho , Letícia Brandão Durand , Javier Ruiz-López , María M. Pérez
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of aging on the color and whiteness of single- and group- shade resin composites in restorations with different cavity configurations and dental shades.
Methods
Class I and V cavities (length of 8.0 mm, depth of 2.0 mm and width of 2.5 mm) were prepared in artificial acrylic mandibular right molars with different shades (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4). Three single- (OMNI- Omnichroma, UNI- Vittra APS Unique, CHA- Charisma Diamond ONE) and two group-shade (FIL- Filtek Universal Restorative, HAR- Harmonize) resin composites were evaluated. The ISO 4892–2 was used to perform the accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Spectral reflectance measurements were obtained and CIELAB color coordinates were calculated (CIE D65 standard illuminant and 2º CIE1931 Standard Observer) at baseline and after AAA. CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00), and whiteness variations (ΔWID) were calculated. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used for the comparison between combined groups (shade, aging, and cavity configuration) for each outcome individually and all possible associations between groups (α = 0.001). The corresponding perceptibility (PT00 = 0.8 and WPT = 0.7) and acceptability (AT00 =1.8 and WAT = 2.6) thresholds were used for the analysis of the results.
Results
In general, the color stability of single- and group-shade composites after aging was better for Class V restorations, presenting lower ΔE00 and ΔWID values. For Class I restorations, group shade composites (FIL and HAR) exhibited lower ΔE00 and ΔWID values; FIL generally showed the lowest ΔE00 and ΔWID values for both Class I and Class V restorations. These values were below the AT00 and WAT values for Class V restorations, but above the AT00 and WAT values for Class I restorations.
Clinical significance
The influence of cavity configuration on color and whiteness stability indicates that restoration geometry should be considered when predicting long-term shade matching and esthetic durability of single- and group-shade composites.”
{"title":"Effect of aging on color and whiteness of single shade and group shade resin composites in restorations with different cavity configurations","authors":"Bibiana Gabardo Perez Mariano da Rocha , Oscar E. Pecho , Letícia Brandão Durand , Javier Ruiz-López , María M. Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the effect of aging on the color and whiteness of single- and group- shade resin composites in restorations with different cavity configurations and dental shades.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Class I and V cavities (length of 8.0 mm, depth of 2.0 mm and width of 2.5 mm) were prepared in artificial acrylic mandibular right molars with different shades (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4). Three single- (OMNI- Omnichroma, UNI- Vittra APS Unique, CHA- Charisma Diamond ONE) and two group-shade (FIL- Filtek Universal Restorative, HAR- Harmonize) resin composites were evaluated. The ISO 4892–2 was used to perform the accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Spectral reflectance measurements were obtained and CIELAB color coordinates were calculated (CIE D65 standard illuminant and 2º CIE1931 Standard Observer) at baseline and after AAA. CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE<sub>00</sub>), <span><math><mrow><mo>%</mo><msub><mrow><mo>∆</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>00</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mo>%</mo><msub><mrow><mo>∆</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>00</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mo>%</mo><msub><mrow><mo>∆</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>00</mn></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>and whiteness variations (ΔWI<sub>D</sub>) were calculated. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used for the comparison between combined groups (shade, aging, and cavity configuration) for each outcome individually and all possible associations between groups (α = 0.001). The corresponding perceptibility (PT<sub>00</sub> = 0.8 and WPT = 0.7) and acceptability (AT<sub>00</sub> =1.8 and WAT = 2.6) thresholds were used for the analysis of the results.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In general, the color stability of single- and group-shade composites after aging was better for Class V restorations, presenting lower ΔE<sub>00</sub> and ΔWI<sub>D</sub> values. For Class I restorations, group shade composites (FIL and HAR) exhibited lower ΔE<sub>00</sub> and ΔWI<sub>D</sub> values; FIL generally showed the lowest ΔE<sub>00</sub> and ΔWI<sub>D</sub> values for both Class I and Class V restorations. These values were below the AT<sub>00</sub> and WAT values for Class V restorations, but above the AT<sub>00</sub> and WAT values for Class I restorations.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical significance</h3><div>The influence of cavity configuration on color and whiteness stability indicates that restoration geometry should be considered when predicting long-term shade matching and esthetic durability of single- and group-shade composites.<em>”</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 618-627"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145740451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.002
Manuel Toledano , Cristina Vallecillo , Manuel Toledano-Osorio , Raquel Osorio , Javier Gil , José Luis Gutiérrez , Daniel Torres-Lagares
Objective
Implantoplasty is sometimes performed to eliminate the contaminated titanium surface of peri-implantitis affected implants. Bone regeneration treatments are performed in conjuction with implantoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate if produced titanium debris alter the bone-regeneration potential and if dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles, combined with calcium phosphate, may help to overcome this situation.
Methods
Four critical bone defects were performed on six New Zealand-bred rabbit skulls. In each of the four bone defects, the following biomaterials were placed: 1) unfilled (control), 2) calcium phosphate granules (CaP), 3) titanium debris (Tid) and CaP, 4) dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles (DexNPs) doped onto CaP and Tid. After six weeks, animals were euthanized and the bone architecture was evaluated radiographically with micro computed tomography through BoneJ pluging and ImageJ script, and histologically after Von Kossa staining.
Results
Bone defects filled with CaP plus Tid showed lower defect closure than those filled with CaP. The presence of DexNPs restored the defect closure values, being similar to those of the CaP group. Bone filling area and bone area fraction attained the highest values in the presence of DexNPs. Aligned new bone islands were formed and grew up around the CaP granules, infiltrating its porous structure. In the CaP+Tid group a lower bone ingrowth was formed. When applying DexNPs, bone bridging processes were located surrounding the CaP biomaterial.
Significance
The presence of Tid reduces the bone healing and DexNPs doped on CaP produced an increase in the osteogenic potential, improving the bone defect closure.
{"title":"Polymeric nanoparticles functionalized with dexamethasone attenuate the osteogenic inhibition induced by titanium debris","authors":"Manuel Toledano , Cristina Vallecillo , Manuel Toledano-Osorio , Raquel Osorio , Javier Gil , José Luis Gutiérrez , Daniel Torres-Lagares","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Implantoplasty is sometimes performed to eliminate the contaminated titanium surface of peri-implantitis affected implants. Bone regeneration treatments are performed in conjuction with implantoplasty. The aim of this study was to evaluate if produced titanium debris alter the bone-regeneration potential and if dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles, combined with calcium phosphate, may help to overcome this situation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four critical bone defects were performed on six New Zealand-bred rabbit skulls. In each of the four bone defects, the following biomaterials were placed: 1) unfilled (control), 2) calcium phosphate granules (CaP), 3) titanium debris (Tid) and CaP, 4) dexamethasone-doped polymeric nanoparticles (DexNPs) doped onto CaP and Tid. After six weeks, animals were euthanized and the bone architecture was evaluated radiographically with micro computed tomography through BoneJ pluging and ImageJ script, and histologically after Von Kossa staining.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Bone defects filled with CaP plus Tid showed lower defect closure than those filled with CaP. The presence of DexNPs restored the defect closure values, being similar to those of the CaP group. Bone filling area and bone area fraction attained the highest values in the presence of DexNPs. Aligned new bone islands were formed and grew up around the CaP granules, infiltrating its porous structure. In the CaP+Tid group a lower bone ingrowth was formed. When applying DexNPs, bone bridging processes were located surrounding the CaP biomaterial.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The presence of Tid reduces the bone healing and DexNPs doped on CaP produced an increase in the osteogenic potential, improving the bone defect closure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 636-647"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to clarify the effects of metal elements contained in color liquids used in the infiltration method on the optical properties and grain structure of single-composition zirconia (5Y-PSZ).
Methods
Zirconia discs made of 5Y-PSZ (SHOFU Disc ZR Lucent FA; SHOFU, Kyoto, Japan) (shade: Pearl White (W2-W3)) were used. Five types of color liquids were infiltrated into semi-sintered zirconia to produce experimental specimens for the colored group (T-Glass [CT], A4 [CA], Gingiva 1 [CG], White-Opaque [CW], and Blue-X [CX]), with non-infiltrated samples serving as the control group (C). The color coordinates CIEL*a*b*, average spectral reflectance and total light transmittance (T%) of these samples were measured with a spectrophotometer. In addition, the elemental composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The surface topography was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results
All infiltrated groups, observed changes in CIEL*a*b*, and T% significantly decreased compared to C (p＜0.05). XRF results showed that erbium (Er) content was significantly higher in CG, silicon (Si) in CW, and yttrium (Y) in CX (p < 0.05). SEM images showed that zirconia grains in CG and CX were enlarged compared to those in C, whereas grain growth was suppressed in CW.
Significance
These results suggest that the color liquids used in the infiltration method affect the light transmittance regardless of the type of color liquid. Er, Y, and Si in the color liquids also affect grain growth during zirconia sintering, thereby affecting the optical characteristics of 5Y-PSZ and grain structure.
{"title":"Effect of metal elements in infiltration color liquids on the color tone, transmittance, reflectance, and surface characteristics of single-composition zirconia","authors":"Moe Suzuki , Takayuki Sugiki , Jan-Frederik Güth , Kazuhiko Ueda","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to clarify the effects of metal elements contained in color liquids used in the infiltration method on the optical properties and grain structure of single-composition zirconia (5Y-PSZ).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Zirconia discs made of 5Y-PSZ (SHOFU Disc ZR Lucent FA; SHOFU, Kyoto, Japan) (shade: Pearl White (W2-W3)) were used. Five types of color liquids were infiltrated into semi-sintered zirconia to produce experimental specimens for the colored group (T-Glass [CT], A4 [CA], Gingiva 1 [CG], White-Opaque [CW], and Blue-X [CX]), with non-infiltrated samples serving as the control group (C). The color coordinates CIEL*a*b*, average spectral reflectance and total light transmittance (T%) of these samples were measured with a spectrophotometer. In addition, the elemental composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The surface topography was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All infiltrated groups, observed changes in CIEL*a*b*, and T% significantly decreased compared to C (p＜0.05). XRF results showed that erbium (Er) content was significantly higher in CG, silicon (Si) in CW, and yttrium (Y) in CX <em>(</em>p < 0.05). SEM images showed that zirconia grains in CG and CX were enlarged compared to those in C, whereas grain growth was suppressed in CW.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>These results suggest that the color liquids used in the infiltration method affect the light transmittance regardless of the type of color liquid. Er, Y, and Si in the color liquids also affect grain growth during zirconia sintering, thereby affecting the optical characteristics of 5Y-PSZ and grain structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 661-669"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.003
Abinaya R , Lakshmi Krishnan , Sarin Abraham , Manash K. Paul , Suresh Rao , Tuhin Subhra Santra
Periodontal regeneration aims to restore the structural and functional properties of periodontal tissues, which are often lost or diminished due to infection, inflammation, age, and other factors. Traditional approaches, while effective, often face limitations such as uncertain outcomes and limited capacity for precise tissue regeneration. This review explores the transformative potential of microfluidics and 3D printing used in periodontal regeneration. Microfluidics and 3D printed scaffolds, allow for precise control over architecture and functionalities at the microscale environment. Both the techniques offer significant advantages, including enhanced mimicking of natural extracellular matrix structures, improved cell adhesion and proliferation, and the ability to incorporate bioactive molecules and growth factors. This review critically examines the anatomy of periodontium, periodontal diseases, periodontal regeneration and their limitations, tissue engineering, bioprinting/3D printing scaffold in periodontal regeneration. Moreover, we emphasize microfluidics in periodontal cell patterning, regeneration, microfluidics in dentistry, additive manufacturing and cell sheet technology in periodontal regeneration. In addition, we elaborate the current challenges and future prospects for integrating these techniques into routine clinical practice. Harnessing the capabilities of microfluidics and 3D printed scaffolds provides a promising pathway towards more predictable and effective periodontal regeneration strategies.
{"title":"Microfluidics and 3D printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration: A comprehensive review","authors":"Abinaya R , Lakshmi Krishnan , Sarin Abraham , Manash K. Paul , Suresh Rao , Tuhin Subhra Santra","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periodontal regeneration aims to restore the structural and functional properties of periodontal tissues, which are often lost or diminished due to infection, inflammation, age, and other factors. Traditional approaches, while effective, often face limitations such as uncertain outcomes and limited capacity for precise tissue regeneration. This review explores the transformative potential of microfluidics and 3D printing used in periodontal regeneration. Microfluidics and 3D printed scaffolds, allow for precise control over architecture and functionalities at the microscale environment. Both the techniques offer significant advantages, including enhanced mimicking of natural extracellular matrix structures, improved cell adhesion and proliferation, and the ability to incorporate bioactive molecules and growth factors. This review critically examines the anatomy of periodontium, periodontal diseases, periodontal regeneration and their limitations, tissue engineering, bioprinting/3D printing scaffold in periodontal regeneration. Moreover, we emphasize microfluidics in periodontal cell patterning, regeneration, microfluidics in dentistry, additive manufacturing and cell sheet technology in periodontal regeneration. In addition, we elaborate the current challenges and future prospects for integrating these techniques into routine clinical practice. Harnessing the capabilities of microfluidics and 3D printed scaffolds provides a promising pathway towards more predictable and effective periodontal regeneration strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 683-713"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145814899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.017
Xiaoying Qiu , Zewen Mou , Zhonghan Fang , Yang Qu , Bing He , Yunpeng Li , Ping Li , Jiangyong Huang
Objectives
To evaluate the effects of post-curing light wavelength and intensity on the surface morphology, flexural strength, degree of conversion (DC), and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed denture base polymers.
Methods
A custom-built post-curing device with adjustable light wavelength and intensity was used to treat 3D-printed specimens. Nine groups were created by combining three wavelengths (365, 385, 405 nm) with three intensities (200, 800, 2000 W/m²). Flexural strength and modulus were assessed via three-point bending tests, DC was measured using FTIR, surface morphology was analyzed by SEM, and cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts using extract-based CCK-8, LDH release, and Calcein-AM/PI staining assays. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
Results
No discernible differences in surface morphology were observed among the groups. Cytotoxicity was significantly influenced only by light intensity (p < 0.05), yet all groups exhibited acceptable biocompatibility. Light intensity and its interaction with wavelength had significant effects on flexural strength and DC (p < 0.05), while wavelength alone showed no significant effect (p > 0.05). The highest flexural strength (147.2 ± 11.2 MPa) and DC (∼85 %) were obtained at 2000 W/m² with wavelengths of 405 nm and 385 nm, respectively.
Significance
Considering the clinical application of 3D-printed denture base polymers, light intensity was the primary factor influencing post-curing performance and interacted with wavelength. At specific wavelengths, moderate increases in light intensity could improve flexural strength, DC, and biocompatibility, suggesting that optimizing light parameters could enhance clinical reliability.
{"title":"Post-polymerization of 3D-printed denture base polymer: Impact of post-curing light wavelength and intensity on surface characteristics, flexural strength, degree of conversion, and cytotoxicity","authors":"Xiaoying Qiu , Zewen Mou , Zhonghan Fang , Yang Qu , Bing He , Yunpeng Li , Ping Li , Jiangyong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To evaluate the effects of post-curing light wavelength and intensity on the surface morphology, flexural strength, degree of conversion (DC), and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed denture base polymers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A custom-built post-curing device with adjustable light wavelength and intensity was used to treat 3D-printed specimens. Nine groups were created by combining three wavelengths (365, 385, 405 nm) with three intensities (200, 800, 2000 W/m²). Flexural strength and modulus were assessed via three-point bending tests, DC was measured using FTIR, surface morphology was analyzed by SEM, and cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts using extract-based CCK-8, LDH release, and Calcein-AM/PI staining assays. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No discernible differences in surface morphology were observed among the groups. Cytotoxicity was significantly influenced only by light intensity (p < 0.05), yet all groups exhibited acceptable biocompatibility. Light intensity and its interaction with wavelength had significant effects on flexural strength and DC (p < 0.05), while wavelength alone showed no significant effect (p > 0.05). The highest flexural strength (147.2 ± 11.2 MPa) and DC (∼85 %) were obtained at 2000 W/m² with wavelengths of 405 nm and 385 nm, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Considering the clinical application of 3D-printed denture base polymers, light intensity was the primary factor influencing post-curing performance and interacted with wavelength. At specific wavelengths, moderate increases in light intensity could improve flexural strength, DC, and biocompatibility, suggesting that optimizing light parameters could enhance clinical reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 596-606"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.001
Julia L. Pfister , Fabian Cieplik , Karl-Anton Hiller , Isabelle M. Schenke , Gottfried Schmalz , Wolfgang Buchalla , Marianne Federlin , Konstantin J. Scholz
Objectives
This study evaluated the long-term clinical performance and survival of CAD-CAM-fabricated partial ceramic crowns (PCCs) luted with either self-adhesive resin cement, or conventional luting composite combined with a universal adhesive, applied without or with selective enamel etching.
Methods
A 12 year follow-up of a randomized split-mouth clinical trial initially including 48 patients was conducted. PCCs were luted with three different randomized luting protocols (all material: Solventum): RXU (RelyX Unicem), SBU-E (RelyX Ultimate/Scotchbond Universal, no selective enamel etching), SBU+E (RelyX Ultimate/Scotchbond Universal, with selective enamel etching). Clinical performance was assessed using FDI criteria at baseline and after 12 years. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and statistical differences between groups and over time were tested using Chi-square and log-rank tests (α=0.05).
Results
After a median observation period of 12.2 years, 16 patients (38 restorations) were available for clinical evaluation. By including information from files of patients that were not available for clinical evaluation, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis included 35 patients (87 restorations). The survival rates significantly differed between the groups: RXU (36.4 %), SBU-E (60.7 %), and SBU+E (80.8 %). RXU demonstrated significantly lower survival compared to both SBU-E (p = 0.034) and SBU+E (p = 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between SBU-E and SBU+E (p = 0.141). Clinical performance evaluated according to FDI criteria remained acceptable for all groups and criteria at 12 years, with mostly minor aging-related changes observed, e.g. in terms of a significant increase in marginal staining (p ≤ 0.002) for all groups and a significant deterioration in marginal adaptation for RXU (p = 0.009) and SBU-E (p = 0.003) over time. PCCs placed with a universal adhesive and conventional luting composite combination showed a significantly higher survival compared to PCCs placed with self-adhesive resin cement. Selective enamel etching by tendency improved the performance of the conventional luting composite.
Significance
The study highlights the importance of adhesive protocols in achieving long-term survival and clinical success for PCCs, particularly emphasizing the benefits of universal adhesives without or with selective enamel etching combined with luting composites.
{"title":"Randomized split-mouth clinical trial of CAD-CAM-partial ceramic crowns luted with a self-adhesive resin cement or with a conventional resin cement combined with a universal adhesive after 12 years","authors":"Julia L. Pfister , Fabian Cieplik , Karl-Anton Hiller , Isabelle M. Schenke , Gottfried Schmalz , Wolfgang Buchalla , Marianne Federlin , Konstantin J. Scholz","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study evaluated the long-term clinical performance and survival of CAD-CAM-fabricated partial ceramic crowns (PCCs) luted with either self-adhesive resin cement, or conventional luting composite combined with a universal adhesive, applied without or with selective enamel etching.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A 12 year follow-up of a randomized split-mouth clinical trial initially including 48 patients was conducted. PCCs were luted with three different randomized luting protocols (all material: Solventum): RXU (RelyX Unicem), SBU-E (RelyX Ultimate/Scotchbond Universal, no selective enamel etching), SBU+E (RelyX Ultimate/Scotchbond Universal, with selective enamel etching). Clinical performance was assessed using FDI criteria at baseline and after 12 years. Survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and statistical differences between groups and over time were tested using Chi-square and log-rank tests (α=0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After a median observation period of 12.2 years, 16 patients (38 restorations) were available for clinical evaluation. By including information from files of patients that were not available for clinical evaluation, the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis included 35 patients (87 restorations). The survival rates significantly differed between the groups: RXU (36.4 %), SBU-E (60.7 %), and SBU+E (80.8 %). RXU demonstrated significantly lower survival compared to both SBU-E (p = 0.034) and SBU+E (p = 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between SBU-E and SBU+E (p = 0.141). Clinical performance evaluated according to FDI criteria remained acceptable for all groups and criteria at 12 years, with mostly minor aging-related changes observed, e.g. in terms of a significant increase in marginal staining (p ≤ 0.002) for all groups and a significant deterioration in marginal adaptation for RXU (p = 0.009) and SBU-E (p = 0.003) over time. PCCs placed with a universal adhesive and conventional luting composite combination showed a significantly higher survival compared to PCCs placed with self-adhesive resin cement. Selective enamel etching by tendency improved the performance of the conventional luting composite.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The study highlights the importance of adhesive protocols in achieving long-term survival and clinical success for PCCs, particularly emphasizing the benefits of universal adhesives without or with selective enamel etching combined with luting composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 628-635"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-04-01Epub Date: 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.015
Romina Ñaupari-Villasante , Byron Carpio-Salvatierra , Thalita P. Matos , Chane Tardem , Fernanda Signorelli Calazans , Maria Cristina Rockenbach Binz Ordóñez , Alessandra Reis , Marcos Oliveira Barceleiro , Alessandro D. Loguercio
Objective
To evaluate the clinical performance of a universal adhesive (Futurabond U, Voco) when applied using different bonding techniques in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 7.5 years.
Material and methods
In two clinical centers, two hundred restorations (n = 50 per group) were randomly placed in 50 participants with at least four NCCLs, using four adhesive strategies: self-etch only (SEE); selective enamel etching + self-etch (SET); etch-and-rinse with dry dentin (ERDry); and etch-and-rinse with wet dentin (ERWet). Restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months, 1, 3, 5 and 7.5 years using the FDI and USPHS criteria for material fracture and retention (primary outcome), along with marginal staining, marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity, and caries at restoration margins (secondary outcomes). The survival rates of the different groups were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test. For secondary outcomes, differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05).
Results
After 7.5 years, with a recall rate of 84 %, a total of 135 restorations were analyzed (SEE 33, SET 34, ERDry 34, and ERWet 34). Thirty-two restorations loss retention (SEE 9, SET 8, ERDry 8, and ERWet 7). Retention rates (95 % confidence interval) were 72.7 % (55.8–84.9) for SEE, 76.5 % (60.0–87.6) for SET and ERDry, and 79.4 % (63.2–89.6) for ERWet (p > 0.05). Sixteen restorations (SEE 7, SET 5, ERDry 2, and ERWet 2) showed minor marginal staining, and twenty-eight restorations (SEE 12, SET 5, ERDry 5, ERWet 6) presented minimal marginal adaptation defects (p > 0.05). One restored tooth (ERWet) showed caries at the restoration margin (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The clinical performance of a universal adhesive in NCCL restorations was satisfactory after 7.5 years, regardless of the bonding technique.
{"title":"Longevity of a single-dose, dual-cure universal adhesive: A 7.5-year double-blind split-mouth two-center randomized trial","authors":"Romina Ñaupari-Villasante , Byron Carpio-Salvatierra , Thalita P. Matos , Chane Tardem , Fernanda Signorelli Calazans , Maria Cristina Rockenbach Binz Ordóñez , Alessandra Reis , Marcos Oliveira Barceleiro , Alessandro D. Loguercio","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the clinical performance of a universal adhesive (Futurabond U, Voco) when applied using different bonding techniques in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 7.5 years.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>In two clinical centers, two hundred restorations (n = 50 per group) were randomly placed in 50 participants with at least four NCCLs, using four adhesive strategies: self-etch only (SEE); selective enamel etching + self-etch (SET); etch-and-rinse with dry dentin (ERDry); and etch-and-rinse with wet dentin (ERWet). Restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months, 1, 3, 5 and 7.5 years using the FDI and USPHS criteria for material fracture and retention (primary outcome), along with marginal staining, marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity, and caries at restoration margins (secondary outcomes). The survival rates of the different groups were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test. For secondary outcomes, differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After 7.5 years, with a recall rate of 84 %, a total of 135 restorations were analyzed (SEE 33, SET 34, ERDry 34, and ERWet 34). Thirty-two restorations loss retention (SEE 9, SET 8, ERDry 8, and ERWet 7). Retention rates (95 % confidence interval) were 72.7 % (55.8–84.9) for SEE, 76.5 % (60.0–87.6) for SET and ERDry, and 79.4 % (63.2–89.6) for ERWet (p > 0.05). Sixteen restorations (SEE 7, SET 5, ERDry 2, and ERWet 2) showed minor marginal staining, and twenty-eight restorations (SEE 12, SET 5, ERDry 5, ERWet 6) presented minimal marginal adaptation defects (p > 0.05). One restored tooth (ERWet) showed caries at the restoration margin (p > 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The clinical performance of a universal adhesive in NCCL restorations was satisfactory after 7.5 years, regardless of the bonding technique.</div></div><div><h3>Trial registration number</h3><div>NCT03244124</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 567-577"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To optimize build angles to improve the accuracy of 3D-printed resin crowns using a quadratic regression model.
Methods
Resin crown specimens (n = 6) were fabricated using a digital light processing (DLP) printer at four build angles (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) and two layer thicknesses (50 μm, 100 μm). The dimensional accuracy was quantified by 3D scanning and calculating root mean square error (RMSE). A quadratic regression model was developed and trained on experimental data to establish predictive relationships between build angle and dimensional accuracy. The optimal build angle was further verified.
Results
Mid-range angles (37° for 50 μm layers, 45° for 100 μm layers) yielded the lowest RMSE values, indicating optimal trueness. Extreme angles (0° and 90°) demonstrated statistically significant deviations, probably due to anisotropic shrinkage stress (0°) and gravitational effect (90°). The quadratic model effectively captured the nonlinear relationship between build angle and geometric accuracy (p < 0.0001).
Significance
Mid-range build angles balance structural integrity and dimensional accuracy, mitigating distortion mechanisms while preserving print efficiency. The proposed data-driven method enables evidence-based parameter selection, offering a potential approach to enhance precision in DLP-fabricated dental restorations.
{"title":"Data-driven modeling for build angle optimization to improve accuracy of 3D-printed resin crowns","authors":"Kaibin Wu , Chen Zhu , Qinyang Yan , Alexey Unkovskiy , Franziska Schmidt , Zhe Wu , Bingjiang Qiu , Ping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To optimize build angles to improve the accuracy of 3D-printed resin crowns using a quadratic regression model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Resin crown specimens (n = 6) were fabricated using a digital light processing (DLP) printer at four build angles (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°) and two layer thicknesses (50 μm, 100 μm). The dimensional accuracy was quantified by 3D scanning and calculating root mean square error (RMSE). A quadratic regression model was developed and trained on experimental data to establish predictive relationships between build angle and dimensional accuracy. The optimal build angle was further verified.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mid-range angles (37° for 50 μm layers, 45° for 100 μm layers) yielded the lowest RMSE values, indicating optimal trueness. Extreme angles (0° and 90°) demonstrated statistically significant deviations, probably due to anisotropic shrinkage stress (0°) and gravitational effect (90°). The quadratic model effectively captured the nonlinear relationship between build angle and geometric accuracy (p < 0.0001).</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Mid-range build angles balance structural integrity and dimensional accuracy, mitigating distortion mechanisms while preserving print efficiency. The proposed data-driven method enables evidence-based parameter selection, offering a potential approach to enhance precision in DLP-fabricated dental restorations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"42 4","pages":"Pages 545-552"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145627449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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