Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.007
Urangua Jargalsaikhan , Nathanael Leung , Hongbo Wan , Bo Su , Tan Sui
Bioinspired ceramic composites are promising alternatives to traditional dental ceramics. Their complex lamellar architectures and structural components enable successful clinical application, particularly for withstanding the masticatory forces of the oral environment. Bi-directional freeze-casting can be utilized to overcome the limitation of brittleness and enhance the overall toughness. This research focuses on developing a reliable, in situ, high-resolution, micromechanical characterization technique to investigate the phase-dependent toughening mechanisms of bioinspired alumina (Al2O3)-based composites with different polymers, ultimately aiding the development of bioinspired ceramic composites. Real-time in situ SEM observations during fracture toughness testing revealed characteristic zig-zag crack paths in all composites, indicating significantly higher energy dissipation compared to monolithic Al2O3. The results suggest that the enhanced fracture resistance of these composites is primarily governed by their multiscale microstructural features, which are, in turn, dictated by the individual properties of each phase.
{"title":"In situ investigation of the fracture toughening mechanisms of bioinspired dental ceramic composites with different compliant polymer phases","authors":"Urangua Jargalsaikhan , Nathanael Leung , Hongbo Wan , Bo Su , Tan Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioinspired ceramic composites are promising alternatives to traditional dental ceramics. Their complex lamellar architectures and structural components enable successful clinical application, particularly for withstanding the masticatory forces of the oral environment. Bi-directional freeze-casting can be utilized to overcome the limitation of brittleness and enhance the overall toughness. This research focuses on developing a reliable, <em>in situ</em>, high-resolution, micromechanical characterization technique to investigate the phase-dependent toughening mechanisms of bioinspired alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)-based composites with different polymers, ultimately aiding the development of bioinspired ceramic composites. Real-time <em>in situ</em> SEM observations during fracture toughness testing revealed characteristic zig-zag crack paths in all composites, indicating significantly higher energy dissipation compared to monolithic Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. The results suggest that the enhanced fracture resistance of these composites is primarily governed by their multiscale microstructural features, which are, in turn, dictated by the individual properties of each phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1642-1652"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.019
Wuyuan Zhao , Pradeep Singh , Jianmin Han , Feihong Shen , Kehui Hu , James K.H. Tsoi
Objectives
This study aims to enhance precision in Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing for ultra-thin zirconia dental prostheses by systematically evaluating key accuracy-influencing factors beyond isolated parameter optimizations.
Methods
Four critical factors, namely, light curing fidelity, support structure stability, asymmetric sintering shrinkage, and whole-process deformation, were analyzed. Parametric optimizations were applied across these stages to improve accuracy, utilizing a 70 μm resolution DLP system to fabricate ultra-thin zirconia veneers (0.1 mm). The difference between the two groups was analyzed using Student’s t-test with the level of significance set at 0.05.
Results
The optimized approach achieved an intaglio accuracy of 48 ± 9 μm root mean square (RMS) deviation with 0.1 mm thickness, comparable to milled glass ceramics (47 ± 8 μm) with 0.5 mm thickness. Findings validated the integrated process control framework for minimizing deformation and ensuring precision in zirconia restorations.
Significance
This study provides a validated methodology for scaling DLP-printed zirconia restorations from laboratory prototypes to clinical applications, supporting efficient, precise, and material-conscious prosthetic manufacturing. It not only makes minimally invasive tooth preparation possible, but also enables the production of precise restorations with minimal material waste.
{"title":"Precision-optimized process control in DLP printing of ultra-thin zirconia prostheses: A multi-factor accuracy analysis","authors":"Wuyuan Zhao , Pradeep Singh , Jianmin Han , Feihong Shen , Kehui Hu , James K.H. Tsoi","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to enhance precision in Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing for ultra-thin zirconia dental prostheses by systematically evaluating key accuracy-influencing factors beyond isolated parameter optimizations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four critical factors, namely, light curing fidelity, support structure stability, asymmetric sintering shrinkage, and whole-process deformation, were analyzed. Parametric optimizations were applied across these stages to improve accuracy, utilizing a 70 μm resolution DLP system to fabricate ultra-thin zirconia veneers (0.1 mm). The difference between the two groups was analyzed using Student’s t-test with the level of significance set at 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The optimized approach achieved an intaglio accuracy of 48 ± 9 μm root mean square (RMS) deviation with 0.1 mm thickness, comparable to milled glass ceramics (47 ± 8 μm) with 0.5 mm thickness. Findings validated the integrated process control framework for minimizing deformation and ensuring precision in zirconia restorations.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This study provides a validated methodology for scaling DLP-printed zirconia restorations from laboratory prototypes to clinical applications, supporting efficient, precise, and material-conscious prosthetic manufacturing. It not only makes minimally invasive tooth preparation possible, but also enables the production of precise restorations with minimal material waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1609-1619"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To develop and validate predictive machine learning model capable of estimating long-term pH profiles (up to 672 h) of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) using early-stage pH measurements (3 and 24 h).
Materials and methods
pH and calcium ion release data from in vitro studies (2014 – 2024) were extracted and analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation metrics. Feature selection was conducted using Random Forest regressors to identify key variables. A hybrid stacked ensemble model was built, integrating Gradient Boosting Regressors (GBRs) as base models and sequential multilayer perceptron as a meta-model. Model calibration involved polynomial regression and residual correction with GBRs. Predictive performance was evaluated using MAE, RMSE, R², and k-fold cross-validation. Experimental in vitro validation was conducted using four commercial and three experimental CSCs (specimen surface area: 113, 169 and 220 mm²), comparing actual and predicted pH values at 72, 168, and 672 h.
Results
The model achieved strong predictive accuracy (R² = 0.91, 0.89, and 0.85 for 72, 168, and 672 h) with consistent performance across validation folds. Residuals showed no systematic bias, and Bland–Altman plots confirmed agreement. Experimental validation demonstrated a strong correlation (R² > 0.80), with no statistically significant differences across time points or specimen surface areas. The model generalized well across commercial and experimental formulations.
Significance
The machine learning model was able to predict the alkalinity evolution of CSCs based on early pH measurements and specimen surface area. The approach reduces the need for prolonged testing and large specimen numbers, supporting biomaterials development and the design of next-generation endodontic materials.
{"title":"pH prediction in commercial and experimental calcium silicate cements via material informatics","authors":"Clarice Ferreira Sabino , Anastasiia Grymak , Nikolaos Silikas , Vinicius Rosa","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To develop and validate predictive machine learning model capable of estimating long-term pH profiles (up to 672 h) of calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) using early-stage pH measurements (3 and 24 h).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>pH and calcium ion release data from in vitro studies (2014 – 2024) were extracted and analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation metrics. Feature selection was conducted using Random Forest regressors to identify key variables. A hybrid stacked ensemble model was built, integrating Gradient Boosting Regressors (GBRs) as base models and sequential multilayer perceptron as a meta-model. Model calibration involved polynomial regression and residual correction with GBRs. Predictive performance was evaluated using MAE, RMSE, R², and k-fold cross-validation. Experimental in vitro validation was conducted using four commercial and three experimental CSCs (specimen surface area: 113, 169 and 220 mm²), comparing actual and predicted pH values at 72, 168, and 672 h.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The model achieved strong predictive accuracy (R² = 0.91, 0.89, and 0.85 for 72, 168, and 672 h) with consistent performance across validation folds. Residuals showed no systematic bias, and Bland–Altman plots confirmed agreement. Experimental validation demonstrated a strong correlation (R² > 0.80), with no statistically significant differences across time points or specimen surface areas. The model generalized well across commercial and experimental formulations.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>The machine learning model was able to predict the alkalinity evolution of CSCs based on early pH measurements and specimen surface area. The approach reduces the need for prolonged testing and large specimen numbers, supporting biomaterials development and the design of next-generation endodontic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1600-1608"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fibrin hydrogels hold great promise as drug delivery systems in tissue engineering, due to their biocompatibility, degradability, and injectability. However, their inability to prevent bacterial growth limits their usefulness in infection-prone environments such as the dental root canal. GH12 was described as a potent antimicrobial peptide for oral applications. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the preclinical relevance of an innovative fibrin hydrogel incorporating antimicrobial peptide GH12 to prevent bacterial contamination of the material during the regeneration process.
Methodology
Hydrogel’s mechanical properties were characterised by rheology and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). GH12 antibacterial effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus gordonii was determined using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays as well as inhibition circle assays. Cytocompatibility was assessed through a Live and Dead assay using Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells (DP-MSCs) embedded in GH12-fibrin hydrogels.
Results
SEM showed no significant difference in fibre and pore average sizes. MICs were 75 µg/mL for E. faecalis, 4.25 µg/mL for P. gingivalis and 28.15 µg/mL for S. gordonii. GH12 effectively inhibited bacterial growth in both liquid and solid media. DP-MSCs embedded in GH12-fibrin hydrogels (GH12 150 µg/mL) showed a 90 % survival rate at 48 h, compared to fibrin-alone hydrogels.
Conclusions
These results suggest that GH12-fibrin hydrogels might control endodontic infection, as it shows significant antibacterial activity without compromising the hydrogel’s structure or cytocompatibility with DP-MSCs. Further studies in vitro and in vivo, are required to optimise GH12 release from the fibrin hydrogel and confirm its safety and effectiveness.
{"title":"Antimicrobial GH12-fibrin hydrogel for dental pulp regeneration: An in vitro study","authors":"Marianne Leveque , Lisa Reiniche , Marjorie Faure , Cédric Orelle , Jean-Christophe Farges , Raphaël Richert , Jean-Daniel Malcor , Edwin-Joffrey Courtial , Jérôme Sohier , Éric Diesis , Mourad Bekhouche , Maxime Ducret","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Fibrin hydrogels hold great promise as drug delivery systems in tissue engineering, due to their biocompatibility, degradability, and injectability. However, their inability to prevent bacterial growth limits their usefulness in infection-prone environments such as the dental root canal. GH12 was described as a potent antimicrobial peptide for oral applications. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the preclinical relevance of an innovative fibrin hydrogel incorporating antimicrobial peptide GH12 to prevent bacterial contamination of the material during the regeneration process.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Hydrogel’s mechanical properties were characterised by rheology and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). GH12 antibacterial effectiveness against <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em>, and <em>Streptococcus gordonii</em> was determined using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays as well as inhibition circle assays. Cytocompatibility was assessed through a Live and Dead assay using Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells (DP-MSCs) embedded in GH12-fibrin hydrogels.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SEM showed no significant difference in fibre and pore average sizes. MICs were 75 µg/mL for <em>E. faecalis</em>, 4.25 µg/mL for <em>P. gingivalis</em> and 28.15 µg/mL for <em>S. gordonii</em>. GH12 effectively inhibited bacterial growth in both liquid and solid media. DP-MSCs embedded in GH12-fibrin hydrogels (GH12 150 µg/mL) showed a 90 % survival rate at 48 h, compared to fibrin-alone hydrogels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that GH12-fibrin hydrogels might control endodontic infection, as it shows significant antibacterial activity without compromising the hydrogel’s structure or cytocompatibility with DP-MSCs. Further studies <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>, are required to optimise GH12 release from the fibrin hydrogel and confirm its safety and effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1547-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.017
Cameron A. Stewart , Kimberly Ngai , Zach Gouveia , Sagar Rao , Dua Abuquteish , Andreas Mandelis , Yoav Finer
Objectives
Bacterial-derived secondary caries is a primary cause of dental treatment failure at the artificial material-tissue interface. We previously developed ultra-long-term antimicrobial/antidegradative drug-silica particles (DSPs) to counter this interfacial failure. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a novel DSP-filled-adhesive system via in vitro and in vivo (rat) anti-secondary-caries studies.
Methods
DSPs were incorporated into commercial total-etch dental adhesive at 10 % wt. to make DSP-SBMP. Interfacial specimens of DSP-SBMP-dentin and control SBMP-dentin were incubated 0- or 6-months in simulated salivary esterase, and subsequently with S. mutans/L. rhamnosus co-culture. Interfacial biomarkers were assessed via confocal microscopy and micro-computed-tomography. DSP-SBMP and SBMP were used to restore teeth in 16 SD rats in a 7-week split-mouth secondary caries study followed by clinical and µCT caries analysis and organ histology to assess biocompatibility.
Results
In vitro, interfacial biofilm viability (-23.1 ± 4.3 %) and biomass (-19.2 ± 4.9) were reduced by DSP-SBMP, as was cavitated (-78.6 ± 13.8 %) and demineralized (-33.4 ± 8 %) volume (ANOVA, Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). In vivo clinically observed primary and secondary caries counts were reduced on DSP-SBMP-restored teeth (χ2 p < 0.05). No significant toxic effects were observed.
Significance
This comprehensive in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial/antidegradative analysis of a new dental biomaterial, accurately modeling the chemical and biological environment these materials must perform in, provided comprehensive understanding of potential material performance that strongly supports continued development and clinical evaluation. The clinical relevance of the in vitro model used in this study was validated by the in vivo animal model and could be used to assess new dental biomaterials.
目的：细菌衍生的继发性龋齿是人工材料-组织界面治疗失败的主要原因。我们之前开发了超长期抗菌/抗降解药物二氧化硅颗粒（dsp）来对抗这种界面失效。本研究的目的是通过体外和体内（大鼠）抗继发性龋齿研究来评估一种新的dsp填充粘合剂系统。方法：将dsp以10 % wt加入到商用全蚀牙胶粘剂中制备DSP-SBMP。将sp - sbmp -牙本质和对照sbmp -牙本质的界面标本在模拟唾液酯酶中孵育0或6个月，随后与变形链球菌/L孵育。喂食培养。界面生物标志物通过共聚焦显微镜和微计算机断层扫描进行评估。采用DSP-SBMP和SBMP修复16只 SD大鼠的牙齿，进行为期7周的裂口继发性龋齿研究，并进行临床和微CT龋齿分析和器官组织学评估生物相容性。结果:体外,界面生物膜的可行性(-23.1 ±4.3 %)和生物质(-19.2 ±4.9 )被DSP-SBMP减少,是形成空洞(-78.6 ±13.8 %)和软化(-33.4 ±8 %)卷(方差分析,图基HSD, p 2 p 意义:对一种新型牙科生物材料进行了全面的体外和体内抗菌/抗降解分析，准确地模拟了这些材料必须在的化学和生物环境中发挥作用，提供了对潜在材料性能的全面了解，有力地支持了材料的持续开发和临床评估。在体动物模型验证了本研究中体外模型的临床相关性，可用于评估新型牙科生物材料。
{"title":"Evaluation of a long-term antimicrobial dental adhesive via in vitro biodegradation and in vivo rodent secondary caries models","authors":"Cameron A. Stewart , Kimberly Ngai , Zach Gouveia , Sagar Rao , Dua Abuquteish , Andreas Mandelis , Yoav Finer","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Bacterial-derived secondary caries is a primary cause of dental treatment failure at the artificial material-tissue interface. We previously developed ultra-long-term antimicrobial/antidegradative drug-silica particles (DSPs) to counter this interfacial failure. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a novel DSP-filled-adhesive system via <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> (rat) anti-secondary-caries studies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>DSPs were incorporated into commercial total-etch dental adhesive at 10 % wt. to make DSP-SBMP. Interfacial specimens of DSP-SBMP-dentin and control SBMP-dentin were incubated 0- or 6-months in simulated salivary esterase, and subsequently with <em>S. mutans/L. rhamnosus</em> co-culture. Interfacial biomarkers were assessed via confocal microscopy and micro-computed-tomography. DSP-SBMP and SBMP were used to restore teeth in 16 SD rats in a 7-week split-mouth secondary caries study followed by clinical and µCT caries analysis and organ histology to assess biocompatibility.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>In vitro,</em> interfacial biofilm viability (-23.1 ± 4.3 %) and biomass (-19.2 ± 4.9) were reduced by DSP-SBMP, as was cavitated (-78.6 ± 13.8 %) and demineralized (-33.4 ± 8 %) volume (ANOVA, Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). <em>In vivo</em> clinically observed primary and secondary caries counts were reduced on DSP-SBMP-restored teeth (χ<sup>2</sup> p < 0.05). No significant toxic effects were observed.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This comprehensive <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> antimicrobial/antidegradative analysis of a new dental biomaterial, accurately modeling the chemical and biological environment these materials must perform in, provided comprehensive understanding of potential material performance that strongly supports continued development and clinical evaluation. The clinical relevance of the <em>in vitro</em> model used in this study was validated by the <em>in vivo</em> animal model and could be used to assess new dental biomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1589-1599"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.006
Isabela Barbosa Quero , Pâmella Coelho Dias , Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e Silva , Nilza Letícia Magalhães , Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni , Regina Guenka Palma – Dibb
Objectives
This study aimed to test experimental chitosan-based solutions, with modified nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and Biosilicate as mineral sources with and without L-Aspartic acid (L-Asp) as the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP), on mineral deposition and activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) on demineralized coronal bovine dentin and collagen fiber reinforcement.
Methods
Six chitosan-based experimental gel solutions were used as treatment: Sol1–2 % chitosan; Sol2–2 % chitosan+ 5.5 % n-HA; Sol3–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp+ 5.5 % n-HA; Sol4–2 % chitosan+ 1 % Biosilicate; Sol5–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp+ 1 % Biosilicate; Sol6–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp. Demineralized bovine dentin specimens and collagen fiber were treated for 5 min and immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days. Dentin fragments were analyzed to determine their chemical composition with Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ART-FTIR) and to evaluate the activity and expression of two key gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) with zymography and immunofluorescence. Dentin slices were used to assess dentin density by transmitted light microscopy. Collagen fiber was tested through microtensile test. Data analysis was performed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis.
Results
Samples treated with Sol1 and Sol3 showed more carbonate after demineralization; and Sol2 and Sol3 presented the highest values of collagen cross-link. The gelatinolytic activity of Sol2 and Sol3 showed statistically similar results to sound dentin (p > 0.05). Sol1, 2, and 4 resulted in a higher mineral density. Sol2, 3, and 6 showed the highest values for tensile strength.
Significance
Therefore, the treatment of demineralized dentin with modified nano-hydroxyapatite resulted in the reinforcement of collagen fiber, mineral deposition in dentin architecture, and the inhibitor of metalloproteinases.
{"title":"Biomodification of coronal bovine dentin with chitosan solutions associated with modified nano-hydroxyapatite and Biosilicate®","authors":"Isabela Barbosa Quero , Pâmella Coelho Dias , Francisco Wanderley Garcia de Paula e Silva , Nilza Letícia Magalhães , Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni , Regina Guenka Palma – Dibb","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to test experimental chitosan-based solutions, with modified nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and Biosilicate as mineral sources with and without L-Aspartic acid (L-Asp) as the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP), on mineral deposition and activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) on demineralized coronal bovine dentin and collagen fiber reinforcement.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six chitosan-based experimental gel solutions were used as treatment: Sol1–2 % chitosan; Sol2–2 % chitosan+ 5.5 % n-HA; Sol3–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp+ 5.5 % n-HA; Sol4–2 % chitosan+ 1 % Biosilicate; Sol5–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp+ 1 % Biosilicate; Sol6–2 % chitosan+ 0.02 % L-Asp. Demineralized bovine dentin specimens and collagen fiber were treated for 5 min and immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days. Dentin fragments were analyzed to determine their chemical composition with Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ART-FTIR) and to evaluate the activity and expression of two key gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) with zymography and immunofluorescence. Dentin slices were used to assess dentin density by transmitted light microscopy. Collagen fiber was tested through microtensile test. Data analysis was performed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Samples treated with Sol1 and Sol3 showed more carbonate after demineralization; and Sol2 and Sol3 presented the highest values of collagen cross-link. The gelatinolytic activity of Sol2 and Sol3 showed statistically similar results to sound dentin (p > 0.05). Sol1, 2, and 4 resulted in a higher mineral density. Sol2, 3, and 6 showed the highest values for tensile strength.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Therefore, the treatment of demineralized dentin with modified nano-hydroxyapatite resulted in the reinforcement of collagen fiber, mineral deposition in dentin architecture, and the inhibitor of metalloproteinases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1581-1588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.016
Ha-Young Kim , Seok Bin Yang , Eun-Young Jang , Jae-Hyung Lee , Kyu Hwan Kwack , Hyo-Won Ahn , Ji-Hoi Moon
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of directly-printed aligners (DPAs) by simulating sequential elution under oral conditions. The research also sought to identify leachable compounds and their potential effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).
Methods
DPAs were fabricated using a 3D printing system and cut into small pieces for immersion in artificial saliva. Sequential eluents were prepared through a series of elution cycles to simulate long-term exposure. HGFs were treated with these eluents to assess cytotoxicity via cell viability assays and microscopic observation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to analyze transcriptomic changes. Additionally, high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) was employed to identify chemical components in the eluents.
Results
Treatment with sequential eluents resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in HGF viability, accompanied by morphological abnormalities such as cell clustering and shape distortion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3188 differentially expressed genes, with upregulated pathways associated with proteotoxic stress and downregulated pathways linked to transcriptional regulation. HR-LC/MS analysis identified caprolactam, phenylphosphonic acid, polyTHF oligomers, and decanamide as key eluate components.
Significance
This study highlights the potential cytotoxic risks of leachable components from DPAs and emphasizes the importance of simulating real-world conditions when evaluating biocompatibility. Strategies such as post-processing through re-elution, boiling, or ultrasonic treatment may help mitigate these risks. Further in-vivo studies are needed to validate these findings and refine material formulations to enhance safety.
{"title":"Effects of directly printed aligner eluent on the viability and transcriptome of gingival fibroblasts","authors":"Ha-Young Kim , Seok Bin Yang , Eun-Young Jang , Jae-Hyung Lee , Kyu Hwan Kwack , Hyo-Won Ahn , Ji-Hoi Moon","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of directly-printed aligners (DPAs) by simulating sequential elution under oral conditions. The research also sought to identify leachable compounds and their potential effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>DPAs were fabricated using a 3D printing system and cut into small pieces for immersion in artificial saliva. Sequential eluents were prepared through a series of elution cycles to simulate long-term exposure. HGFs were treated with these eluents to assess cytotoxicity via cell viability assays and microscopic observation. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to analyze transcriptomic changes. Additionally, high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS) was employed to identify chemical components in the eluents.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Treatment with sequential eluents resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in HGF viability, accompanied by morphological abnormalities such as cell clustering and shape distortion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3188 differentially expressed genes, with upregulated pathways associated with proteotoxic stress and downregulated pathways linked to transcriptional regulation. HR-LC/MS analysis identified caprolactam, phenylphosphonic acid, polyTHF oligomers, and decanamide as key eluate components.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This study highlights the potential cytotoxic risks of leachable components from DPAs and emphasizes the importance of simulating real-world conditions when evaluating biocompatibility. Strategies such as post-processing through re-elution, boiling, or ultrasonic treatment may help mitigate these risks. Further <em>in-vivo</em> studies are needed to validate these findings and refine material formulations to enhance safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1572-1580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.012
Andressa da Silva Barboza , Adriana Poli Castilho Dugaich , Andressa Baptista Nörnberg , Stephen Christina de Moraes , Marcia Adriana Tomaz Santana , Daiara Floriano da Silva , Carlos Eduardo Maduro de Campos , Rafael Guerra Lund , Juliana Silva Ribeiro de Andrade
Objective
This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds composed of poly(L-co-D,L-lactic acid) (PLDLA), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) synthesized from recycled mussel shells, and nanoemulsified chlorhexidine (nCHX) for guided periodontal regeneration (GPR).
Methods
nHA was synthesized from Perna perna mussel shells via wet chemical precipitation and characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman, TGA, and zeta potential. Electrospun PLDLA/polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were functionalized with nHA and/or nCHX. Six experimental groups were evaluated: G1 (PLDLA/PCL 60:40 control), G2 (PLDLA/PCL+1.0 %nHA), G3 (PLDLA/PCL+0.5 %nHA), G4 (PLDLA/PCL+1.0 %nHA+0.12 %nCHX), G5 (PLDLA/PCL+0.5 %nHA +0.12 %nCHX), and G6 (PLDLA/PCL+0.12 %nCHX). Scaffolds were evaluated for morphology, chemical composition, hydrophilicity, degradation, calcium release, antimicrobial activity (against S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans, and C. albicans), cytocompatibility using SHED and HGF cells, and osteogenic potential via Alizarin Red S staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).
Results
nHA displayed a nanostructured, porous morphology, with confirmed phase transformation from CaCO₃ to hydroxyapatite. Scaffolds exhibited uniform, interconnected nanofibers (∼600 nm), hydrophilic surfaces (40–60° contact angle), and moderate roughness (Ra 0.5–1.2 µm). nHA significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation, with a 2-fold increase in mineral deposition (p < 0.05). nCHX-loaded scaffolds showed strong antimicrobial activity (16–20 mm inhibition zones; 3-log bacterial reduction) and retained > 80 % cell viability. Degradation reached ∼20 % over 21 days.
Significance
This study presents an eco-friendly approach to develop multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds using marine waste as a sustainable source of bioactive hydroxyapatite. The combination of biodegradable polymers, biogenic nHA, and nanoemulsified CHX resulted in scaffolds that integrate biocompatibility, antimicrobial protection, and osteoinductive activity. These findings highlight the potential of green nanomaterials in periodontal tissue engineering and provide a promising alternative to current regenerative therapies.
{"title":"Development and characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds for guided periodontal regeneration using recycled mussel shell-derived nano-hydroxyapatite","authors":"Andressa da Silva Barboza , Adriana Poli Castilho Dugaich , Andressa Baptista Nörnberg , Stephen Christina de Moraes , Marcia Adriana Tomaz Santana , Daiara Floriano da Silva , Carlos Eduardo Maduro de Campos , Rafael Guerra Lund , Juliana Silva Ribeiro de Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to develop and characterize biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds composed of poly(L-co-D,L-lactic acid) (PLDLA), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) synthesized from recycled mussel shells, and nanoemulsified chlorhexidine (nCHX) for guided periodontal regeneration (GPR).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>nHA was synthesized from <em>Perna perna</em> mussel shells via wet chemical precipitation and characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman, TGA, and zeta potential. Electrospun PLDLA/polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds were functionalized with nHA and/or nCHX. Six experimental groups were evaluated: G1 (PLDLA/PCL 60:40 control), G2 (PLDLA/PCL+1.0 %nHA), G3 (PLDLA/PCL+0.5 %nHA), G4 (PLDLA/PCL+1.0 %nHA+0.12 %nCHX), G5 (PLDLA/PCL+0.5 %nHA +0.12 %nCHX), and G6 (PLDLA/PCL+0.12 %nCHX). Scaffolds were evaluated for morphology, chemical composition, hydrophilicity, degradation, calcium release, antimicrobial activity (against <em>S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans,</em> and <em>C. albicans</em>), cytocompatibility using SHED and HGF cells, and osteogenic potential via Alizarin Red S staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>nHA displayed a nanostructured, porous morphology, with confirmed phase transformation from CaCO₃ to hydroxyapatite. Scaffolds exhibited uniform, interconnected nanofibers (∼600 nm), hydrophilic surfaces (40–60° contact angle), and moderate roughness (Ra 0.5–1.2 µm). nHA significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation, with a 2-fold increase in mineral deposition (p < 0.05). nCHX-loaded scaffolds showed strong antimicrobial activity (16–20 mm inhibition zones; 3-log bacterial reduction) and retained > 80 % cell viability. Degradation reached ∼20 % over 21 days.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>This study presents an eco-friendly approach to develop multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds using marine waste as a sustainable source of bioactive hydroxyapatite. The combination of biodegradable polymers, biogenic nHA, and nanoemulsified CHX resulted in scaffolds that integrate biocompatibility, antimicrobial protection, and osteoinductive activity. These findings highlight the potential of green nanomaterials in periodontal tissue engineering and provide a promising alternative to current regenerative therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1556-1571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.014
Camila da Silva Rodrigues , Ana Carolina da Silva , Evelyn Luzia de Souza Santos , Clarice Ferreira Sabino , Rita Adriana Souza da Silva de Assis , Juliana Campos Junqueira , Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos , Renata Marques de Melo
Objective
To evaluate the mechanical, optical, and antimicrobial effects of two experimental soda-lime glass coatings on 4Y-PSZ comparing it to a commercial glaze.
Methods
Experimental soda-lime (SL) and silver-containing soda-lime (Ag) glasses were developed. Disc-shaped 4Y-PSZ ceramic (Katana STML) specimens were prepared and divided according to the coating material: SL, Ag, or commercial glaze (G, Cerabien Zr). The experimental glass powders mixed with propylene glycol or glaze paste were applied and fused onto zirconia discs. Specimens underwent roughness (Ra, Rz), translucency (TP00), biaxial flexural strength, and x-ray diffraction analyses. Coated and fractured surfaces were evaluated in scanning electron microscope. Colony forming units (CFU) of Candida albicans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus mutans analyses were performed with initial and 6-month water-aged specimens. Statistical analysis was performed with Weibull statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, or ANOVA tests.
Results
Ra, Rz, TP00, flexural, and characteristic strengths were similar among all groups. Weibull modulus of SL was higher than Ag. SL and Ag specimens failed from bulk zirconia defects while G fractures originated at the glaze-zirconia interface. SL and Ag microstructure shows oriented crystalline phase. Surface coating did not affect C. albicans CFU. However, SL showed less hyphal form. SL decreased CFU of S. sanguinis and S. mutans at both initial and aged analysis, while Ag reduced these microorganisms only after aging.
Significance
SL and Ag experimental glasses provided antimicrobial effect without harming flexural strength, translucency, or roughness of 4Y-PSZ as compared to commercial glaze. SL revealed both initial and long-term antimicrobial effect and avoided C. albicans hypha formation.
{"title":"Exploring antimicrobial soda-lime glasses as glaze alternatives for 4Y-PSZ","authors":"Camila da Silva Rodrigues , Ana Carolina da Silva , Evelyn Luzia de Souza Santos , Clarice Ferreira Sabino , Rita Adriana Souza da Silva de Assis , Juliana Campos Junqueira , Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos , Renata Marques de Melo","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the mechanical, optical, and antimicrobial effects of two experimental soda-lime glass coatings on 4Y-PSZ comparing it to a commercial glaze.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Experimental soda-lime (SL) and silver-containing soda-lime (Ag) glasses were developed. Disc-shaped 4Y-PSZ ceramic (Katana STML) specimens were prepared and divided according to the coating material: SL, Ag, or commercial glaze (G, Cerabien Zr). The experimental glass powders mixed with propylene glycol or glaze paste were applied and fused onto zirconia discs. Specimens underwent roughness (Ra, Rz), translucency (TP<sub>00</sub>), biaxial flexural strength, and x-ray diffraction analyses. Coated and fractured surfaces were evaluated in scanning electron microscope. Colony forming units (CFU) of <em>Candida albicans</em>, <em>Streptococcus sanguinis</em>, and <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> analyses were performed with initial and 6-month water-aged specimens. Statistical analysis was performed with Weibull statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, or ANOVA tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ra, Rz, TP<sub>00</sub>, flexural, and characteristic strengths were similar among all groups. Weibull modulus of SL was higher than Ag. SL and Ag specimens failed from bulk zirconia defects while G fractures originated at the glaze-zirconia interface. SL and Ag microstructure shows oriented crystalline phase. Surface coating did not affect <em>C. albicans</em> CFU. However, SL showed less hyphal form. SL decreased CFU of S. sanguinis and S. mutans at both initial and aged analysis, while Ag reduced these microorganisms only after aging.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>SL and Ag experimental glasses provided antimicrobial effect without harming flexural strength, translucency, or roughness of 4Y-PSZ as compared to commercial glaze. SL revealed both initial and long-term antimicrobial effect and avoided <em>C. albicans</em> hypha formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1535-1546"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.013
Fernanda de Lucena, Peter Nguyen, Tiana Pham, Samuel Weber, Matthew Logan, Steven Lewis, Carmem Pfeifer
<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Endogenous metalloproteinases (MMPs) lead to dentin collagen degradation when exposed to demineralizing events, such as during the cariogenic process. Quaternary ammonium compounds are known to be antibacterial, and there is also evidence for their action as a MMP inhibitor. The aim of this study was to evaluate a quaternary ammonium-based methacrylate (dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate – DMAHDM, QAM) as an experimental adhesive, tested for bond stability and gap formation under physiologically-relevant conditions using a bioreactor system.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The inhibition of MMP activity was assessed using a fluorescence-based assay, in the presence of serial concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) or QAM (n = 3). Shear storage modulus (G′) was measured on demineralized dentin slices before and after incubation into the inhibitor’s solutions, using a rheometer (n = 5). Collagen solubilization was quantified through hydroxyproline assay, using powdered dentin obtained from extracted human third molars (n = 6). Adhesives were formulated with BisGMA/HEMA, added of either 2 % CHX or 10 % QAM, and the degree of conversion was evaluated by near-IR (n = 6). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was assessed on restored dentin beams after storage in dH<sub>2</sub>O or bacterial challenge (n = 6). Biofilm growth and viability were tested on adhesive disks exposed to <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, with biofilm growth, viability and morphology assessed through optical density, luminescence, and crystal violet staining, respectively (n = 6). Restorative procedures of simulated dental preparations involved etching, adhesive application, and composite restoration in standardized cavities, followed by biofilm challenge tests in an incubator or in a modified bioreactor system (n = 5). Epoxy replicas of the samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for gap measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy (n = 5).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dentin disks treated with either 2 % CHX or 10 % QAM exhibited a significant increase in shear storage modulus after 72 h (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively), indicating enhanced mechanical stability. The hydroxyproline assay demonstrated that both CHX and QAM effectively reduced collagen degradation, with QAM showing superior inhibition (p = 0.02). In terms of the degree of conversion, the QAM adhesive achieved significantly higher values compared to the control and CHX groups (p = <.001). Biological assays showed that QAM markedly inhibited planktonic bacterial growth (p = <.001), biofilm biomass (p = <.001), and biofilm viability (p = <.001), outperforming CHX. In the S. mutans biofilm challenge model, both 2 % CHX and 10 % QAM groups showed a significant increase in perimeter gap length, PGL (p = <.001 and p = 0.039, respectively) and occlusal gap width, OGW (p = <.001 for both) from initial to final measurements, al
{"title":"Marginal integrity produced by quaternary ammonium methacrylate-based dental adhesive tested under physiologically relevant models","authors":"Fernanda de Lucena, Peter Nguyen, Tiana Pham, Samuel Weber, Matthew Logan, Steven Lewis, Carmem Pfeifer","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Endogenous metalloproteinases (MMPs) lead to dentin collagen degradation when exposed to demineralizing events, such as during the cariogenic process. Quaternary ammonium compounds are known to be antibacterial, and there is also evidence for their action as a MMP inhibitor. The aim of this study was to evaluate a quaternary ammonium-based methacrylate (dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate – DMAHDM, QAM) as an experimental adhesive, tested for bond stability and gap formation under physiologically-relevant conditions using a bioreactor system.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The inhibition of MMP activity was assessed using a fluorescence-based assay, in the presence of serial concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) or QAM (n = 3). Shear storage modulus (G′) was measured on demineralized dentin slices before and after incubation into the inhibitor’s solutions, using a rheometer (n = 5). Collagen solubilization was quantified through hydroxyproline assay, using powdered dentin obtained from extracted human third molars (n = 6). Adhesives were formulated with BisGMA/HEMA, added of either 2 % CHX or 10 % QAM, and the degree of conversion was evaluated by near-IR (n = 6). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was assessed on restored dentin beams after storage in dH<sub>2</sub>O or bacterial challenge (n = 6). Biofilm growth and viability were tested on adhesive disks exposed to <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, with biofilm growth, viability and morphology assessed through optical density, luminescence, and crystal violet staining, respectively (n = 6). Restorative procedures of simulated dental preparations involved etching, adhesive application, and composite restoration in standardized cavities, followed by biofilm challenge tests in an incubator or in a modified bioreactor system (n = 5). Epoxy replicas of the samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for gap measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy (n = 5).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dentin disks treated with either 2 % CHX or 10 % QAM exhibited a significant increase in shear storage modulus after 72 h (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively), indicating enhanced mechanical stability. The hydroxyproline assay demonstrated that both CHX and QAM effectively reduced collagen degradation, with QAM showing superior inhibition (p = 0.02). In terms of the degree of conversion, the QAM adhesive achieved significantly higher values compared to the control and CHX groups (p = <.001). Biological assays showed that QAM markedly inhibited planktonic bacterial growth (p = <.001), biofilm biomass (p = <.001), and biofilm viability (p = <.001), outperforming CHX. In the S. mutans biofilm challenge model, both 2 % CHX and 10 % QAM groups showed a significant increase in perimeter gap length, PGL (p = <.001 and p = 0.039, respectively) and occlusal gap width, OGW (p = <.001 for both) from initial to final measurements, al","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":"41 12","pages":"Pages 1521-1534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144937392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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