Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.024
Objective
Investigate the bioactivity and stability of Rhodiola rosea (RR) fractions as a natural source of prodelphinidin gallate (PDg) on dentin collagen via analysis of the viscoelastic and resin-dentin adhesive properties of the dentin matrix.
Methods
The biomimicry and stability of RR subfractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) with collagen were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA used a strain sweep method to assess the dentin matrix viscoelastic properties [storage (E’), loss (E”), and complex (E*) moduli and tan δ] after treatment, 7-, 30- and 90-days of storage in simulated body fluids (SBF). Resin-dentin interface properties were assessed after 1 and 90-days in SBF by microtensile bond strength test and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Data were analyzed using two and one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05).
Results
RR fractions increased dentin matrix complex (96 - 69 MPa) and storage (95 - 68 MPa) moduli, compared to the control (∼9 MPa) in the ranking order: F2 ≥ F3 = F1 = F4 > control (p < 0.001). Treatment did not affect tan δ values. After 30- and 90-days, RR-treated dentin E*, E’ and tan δ decreased (p < 0.001). F2 fraction yielded the highest microtensile bond strength (43.9 MPa), compared to F1, F4 (35.9 - 31.7 MPa), and control (29 MPa). RR-treated interfaces mediated stable surface modifications and enhanced collagen-methacrylate resin interactions at the bioadhesive interface.
Significance
Prodelphinidin gallates from RR are potent and reasonably stable biomimetic agents to dentin. Higher potency of F2 fraction with the dentin matrix and the adhesive interface is associated with a degree of polymerization of 2–3 and gallo(yl) motifs.
{"title":"Prodelphinidins enhance dentin matrix properties and promote adhesion to methacrylate resin","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Investigate the bioactivity and stability of <em>Rhodiola rosea</em> (RR) fractions as a natural source of <u>p</u>ro<u>d</u>elphinidin gallate (PDg) on dentin collagen via analysis of the viscoelastic and resin-dentin adhesive properties of the dentin matrix.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The biomimicry and stability of RR subfractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) with collagen were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). DMA used a strain sweep method to assess the dentin matrix viscoelastic properties [storage (E’), loss (E”), and complex (E*) moduli and tan δ] after treatment, 7-, 30- and 90-days of storage in simulated body fluids (SBF). Resin-dentin interface properties were assessed after 1 and 90-days in SBF by microtensile bond strength test and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Data were analyzed using two and one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>RR fractions increased dentin matrix complex (96 - 69 MPa) and storage (95 - 68 MPa) moduli, compared to the control (∼9 MPa) in the ranking order: F2 ≥ F3 = F1 = F4 > control (p < 0.001). Treatment did not affect tan δ values. After 30- and 90-days, RR-treated dentin E*, E’ and tan δ decreased (p < 0.001). F2 fraction yielded the highest microtensile bond strength (43.9 MPa), compared to F1, F4 (35.9 - 31.7 MPa), and control (29 MPa). RR-treated interfaces mediated stable surface modifications and enhanced collagen-methacrylate resin interactions at the bioadhesive interface.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Prodelphinidin gallates from RR are potent and reasonably stable biomimetic agents to dentin. Higher potency of F2 fraction with the dentin matrix and the adhesive interface is associated with a degree of polymerization of 2–3 and gallo(yl) motifs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141316253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.005
Objectives
To investigate a near-infrared-to-blue luminescence upconversion curing method for polymerizing resin cements under zirconia discs.
Methods
Lava zirconia discs of different thicknesses (0.5–2.0 mm) were manufactured. First, the transmittances of the NIR and two blue lights (BLs) (LED and halogen lights) through these discs were measured. Second, NaYF4:Yb3+/Tm3+ upconversion phosphor (UP) powder was milled into 0.5-μm particle sizes. A light-curable resin cement VariolinkII base was chosen as the control (UP0), and an experimental cement (UP5) was prepared by adding 5 % UPs. These two cements were examined using multiphoton excitation microscopy for particle distribution. UP5 and UP0 were polymerized with or without zirconia shielding then subjected to a microhardness test. A multifold analysis was performed to examine the effects of zirconia thickness, curing protocols (pure BL or combined BL and NIR curing), and cement type.
Results
The transmittance of NIR was superior to that of BL through zirconia discs of all thicknesses. UP particles were homogeneously distributed in UP5 and emitted blue luminescence under 980-nm NIR excitation. UP5 showed higher microhardness values than UP0 under any curing protocol or zirconia shielding condition. The combination of 20-s BL and 40-s NIR curing yielded the highest microhardness in uncovered UP5. However, combining 40-s BL and 20-s NIR curing surpassed the other groups when the zirconia discs were thicker than 0.5 mm.
Significance
NIR exhibits higher transmission through zirconia than BL. UP particles work as strengthen fillers and photosensitizers in cements. NIR upconversion curing could be a new strategy for polymerizing resin cements under thick zirconia restorations.
{"title":"Application of near-infrared-to-blue upconversion luminescence for the polymerization of resin cements through zirconia discs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To investigate a near-infrared-to-blue luminescence upconversion curing method for polymerizing resin cements under zirconia discs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Lava zirconia discs of different thicknesses (0.5–2.0 mm) were manufactured. First, the transmittances of the NIR and two blue lights (BLs) (LED and halogen lights) through these discs were measured. Second, NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup> upconversion phosphor (UP) powder was milled into 0.5-μm particle sizes. A light-curable resin cement VariolinkII base was chosen as the control (UP0), and an experimental cement (UP5) was prepared by adding 5 % UPs. These two cements were examined using multiphoton excitation microscopy for particle distribution. UP5 and UP0 were polymerized with or without zirconia shielding then subjected to a microhardness test. A multifold analysis was performed to examine the effects of zirconia thickness, curing protocols (pure BL or combined BL and NIR curing), and cement type.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The transmittance of NIR was superior to that of BL through zirconia discs of all thicknesses. UP particles were homogeneously distributed in UP5 and emitted blue luminescence under 980-nm NIR excitation. UP5 showed higher microhardness values than UP0 under any curing protocol or zirconia shielding condition. The combination of 20-s BL and 40-s NIR curing yielded the highest microhardness in uncovered UP5. However, combining 40-s BL and 20-s NIR curing surpassed the other groups when the zirconia discs were thicker than 0.5 mm.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>NIR exhibits higher transmission through zirconia than BL. UP particles work as strengthen fillers and photosensitizers in cements. NIR upconversion curing could be a new strategy for polymerizing resin cements under thick zirconia restorations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.030
Objectives
To investigate the flexural strength (FS), elastic modulus (E), Martens hardness (HM), water sorption (wsp), water solubility (wsl) and degree of conversion (DC) of 3D-printed, milled and injection molded splint materials.
Methods
Specimens (N = 1140) were fabricated from five 3D-printed (GR-22 flex, GR-10 guide, ProArt Print Splint clear, V-Print Splint, V-Print Splint comfort), five milled (BioniCut, EldyPlus, ProArt CAD Splint clear, Temp Premium Flexible, Thermeo) and two injection molded (PalaXPress clear, Pro Base Cold) materials. FS, E, HM, wsp, wsl and DC were tested initially (24 h, 37 °C, H2O), after water storage (90 d, 37 °C, H2O) as well as after thermal cycling (5000 thermal cycles, 5/55 °C). Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal- Wallis, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation (p < 0.05).
Results
Initially, the mean flexural strength values ranged from 1.9 to 90.7 MPa for printed, 3.8 to 107 MPa for milled and 99.7 to 102 MPa for injection molded materials. The initial mean elastic modulus values were 0.0 to 2.4 GPa for printed, 0.1 to 2.7 GPa for milled and 2.8 GPa for injection molded materials. The initial mean Martens hardness values were 14.5 to 126 N/mm2 for printed, 50.2 to 171 N/mm2 for milled and 143 to 151 N/mm2 for injection molded materials. Initially, the mean water sorption values ranged from 23.1 to 41.2 μg/mm3 for printed, 4.5 to 23.5 μg/mm3 for milled and from 22.5 to 23.3 μg/ mm3 for injection molded materials. The initial mean water solubility values ranged from 2.2 to 7.1 μg/mm3 for printed, 0.0 to 0.5 μg/mm3 for milled and 0.1 to 0.3 μg/mm3 for injection molded materials. After water storage and thermal cycling most of the values decreased and some increased. The mean DC values ranged initially from 72.3 to 94.5 %, after water storage from 74.2 to 96.8 % and after thermal cycling from 75.6 to 95.4 % for the printed materials.
Significance
The mechanical and physical properties of printed, milled and injection molded materials for occlusal devices vary and are influenced by aging processes. For clinical applications, materials need to be chosen according to the specific indications.
{"title":"Mechanical and physical properties of splint materials for oral appliances produced by additive, subtractive and conventional manufacturing","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To investigate the flexural strength (FS), elastic modulus (E), Martens hardness (HM), water sorption (w<sub>sp</sub>), water solubility (w<sub>sl</sub>) and degree of conversion (DC) of 3D-printed, milled and injection molded splint materials.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Specimens (N = 1140) were fabricated from five 3D-printed (GR-22 flex, GR-10 guide, ProArt Print Splint clear, V-Print Splint, V-Print Splint comfort), five milled (BioniCut, EldyPlus, ProArt CAD Splint clear, Temp Premium Flexible, Thermeo) and two injection molded (PalaXPress clear, Pro Base Cold) materials. FS, E, HM, w<sub>sp</sub>, w<sub>sl</sub> and DC were tested initially (24 h, 37 °C, H<sub>2</sub>O), after water storage (90 d, 37 °C, H<sub>2</sub>O) as well as after thermal cycling (5000 thermal cycles, 5/55 °C). Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal- Wallis, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation (p < 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Initially, the mean flexural strength values ranged from 1.9 to 90.7 MPa for printed, 3.8 to 107 MPa for milled and 99.7 to 102 MPa for injection molded materials. The initial mean elastic modulus values were 0.0 to 2.4 GPa for printed, 0.1 to 2.7 GPa for milled and 2.8 GPa for injection molded materials. The initial mean Martens hardness values were 14.5 to 126 N/mm<sup>2</sup> for printed, 50.2 to 171 N/mm<sup>2</sup> for milled and 143 to 151 N/mm<sup>2</sup> for injection molded materials. Initially, the mean water sorption values ranged from 23.1 to 41.2 μg/mm<sup>3</sup> for printed, 4.5 to 23.5 μg/mm<sup>3</sup> for milled and from 22.5 to 23.3 μg/ mm<sup>3</sup> for injection molded materials. The initial mean water solubility values ranged from 2.2 to 7.1 μg/mm<sup>3</sup> for printed, 0.0 to 0.5 μg/mm<sup>3</sup> for milled and 0.1 to 0.3 μg/mm<sup>3</sup> for injection molded materials. After water storage and thermal cycling most of the values decreased and some increased. The mean DC values ranged initially from 72.3 to 94.5 %, after water storage from 74.2 to 96.8 % and after thermal cycling from 75.6 to 95.4 % for the printed materials.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The mechanical and physical properties of printed, milled and injection molded materials for occlusal devices vary and are influenced by aging processes. For clinical applications, materials need to be chosen according to the specific indications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564124001313/pdfft?md5=65ccc403870cc56766f0d8cc6216252f&pid=1-s2.0-S0109564124001313-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.029
Introduction
Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory process around dental implants that is characterised by bone loss that may jeopardize the long-term survival of osseo integrated dental implants. The aim of this study was to create a surface coating on titanium abutments that possesses cellular adhesion and anti-microbial properties as a post-implant placement strategy for patients at risk of peri-implantitis.
Materials and Methodsmethods
Titanium alloy Grade V stubs were coated with gold particles and then subjected to ceramic conversion treatment (CCT) at 620 °C for 3, 8 and 80 h. The surface characteristics and chemistry were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The leaching profile was investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for all groups after 7, 14 and 28 days in contact with distilled water. A scratch test was conducted to assess the adhesion of the gold coating to the underlying titanium discs. Two bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus (SA) & Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN)) were used to assess the antibacterial behaviour of the coated discs using a direct attachment assay test. The potential changes in surface chemistry by the bacterial species were investigated by grazing angle XRD.
Results
The gold pre-coated titanium discs exhibited good stability of the coating especially after immersion in distilled water and after bacterial colonisation as evident by XRD analysis. Good surface adhesion of the coating was demonstrated for gold treated discs after scratch test analysis, especially titanium, following a 3-hour (3 H) ceramic conversion treatment. All coated discs exhibited significantly improved antimicrobial properties against both tested bacterial species compared to untreated titanium discs.
Conclusions
Ceramic conversion treated titanium with a pre-deposited gold layer showed improved antimicrobial properties against both SA and FN species than untreated Ti-C discs. Scratch test analysis showed good adherence properties of the coated discs the oxide layer formed is firmly adherent to the underlying titanium substrate, suggesting that this approach may have clinical efficacy for coating implant abutments.
导言:种植体周围炎是牙科种植体周围的一种炎症过程,其特点是骨质流失,可能危及骨整合牙科种植体的长期存活。本研究的目的是在钛基台上制作一种具有细胞粘附性和抗菌性的表面涂层,作为种植体植入后的一种策略,用于治疗有种植体周围炎风险的患者:使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱(EDS)和 X 射线衍射(XRD)分析评估表面特征和化学性质。在与蒸馏水接触 7、14 和 28 天后,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对所有组别的浸出情况进行了研究。进行了划痕测试,以评估金涂层与底层钛盘的附着力。使用直接附着试验评估两种细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)和核酸梭状芽孢杆菌(FN))的抗菌性能。通过掠角 XRD 研究了细菌种类对表面化学性质的潜在影响:结果:XRD 分析表明,预涂金钛盘的涂层稳定性良好,尤其是在蒸馏水中浸泡和细菌定植后。划痕测试分析表明,经过金处理的圆片,尤其是钛圆片,在经过 3 小时(3 H)的陶瓷转换处理后,涂层的表面附着力良好。与未经处理的钛盘相比,所有涂层钛盘对两种受测细菌的抗菌性能都有明显改善:结论:与未经处理的 Ti-C 盘相比,经过陶瓷转化处理并带有预沉积金层的钛盘对 SA 和 FN 菌种的抗菌性能都有所提高。划痕测试分析表明,涂层盘具有良好的粘附性,形成的氧化层与底层钛基底牢固粘附,这表明这种方法可能对种植基台涂层具有临床疗效。
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Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.004
Objectives
This study conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of three intraoral scanners (CEREC Primescan, TRIOS, CEREC Omnicam) and a lab scanner (inEosX5) assessing their precision in simulating subgingival tooth preparations.
Methods
Utilizing a dental simulation mannequin with a 3D-printed resin structure, 100 structures with depths ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm were created within a square mimicking a rectangular tank surface. Four scanner groups (A-D) and five subgroups were established. Two digitization methods, a customized parallelometer and an intraoral simulation, were applied, ensuring a standardized scanning sequence. Trueness was evaluated by comparing CAD-calculated surface areas with actual dimensions, and qualitative trueness analysis was conducted using MeshLab. Surface areas were computed using the formula SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh. Statistical analyses, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov–Smirnoff and Levene’s tests, three-way ANOVA, and paired sample t-tests, elucidated relationships and differences (a=0.05).
Results
A robust correlation (r = 0.850, p < 0.001) between intraoral scanner choice and scanned area depth was found. Inverse correlations were noted for experimental methods. Three-way ANOVA demonstrated significant scanner-depth interaction (F(12,760) = 760.801, p < 0.001).
Significance
Emphasizing high-resolution sensors and advanced technologies, the study underscores the optimal choice for subgingival digitization, acknowledging variations among scanners.
研究目的:本研究对三种口内扫描仪(CEREC Primescan、TRIOS、CEREC Omnicam)和一种实验室扫描仪(inEosX5)进行了全面的比较分析,评估它们在模拟龈下牙预备方面的精确度:利用带有 3D 打印树脂结构的牙科模拟人体模型,在模拟矩形槽表面的正方形内创建了 100 个深度为 0.5 至 4.0 毫米的结构。共设立了四个扫描仪组(A-D)和五个子组。应用了两种数字化方法,一种是定制的平行计,另一种是口内模拟,以确保标准化的扫描顺序。通过比较 CAD 计算的表面积和实际尺寸来评估真实度,并使用 MeshLab 对真实度进行定性分析。表面积的计算公式为 SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh。统计分析包括皮尔逊相关系数、Kolmogorov-Smirnoff 和 Levene 检验、三向方差分析和配对样本 t 检验,以阐明关系和差异(a=0.05):结果:强相关性(r = 0.850,p 显著性:研究强调了高分辨率传感器和先进技术,强调了龈下数字化的最佳选择,同时承认了扫描仪之间的差异。
{"title":"Beyond the surface: A comparative study of intraoral scanners in subgingival configuration scanning","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of three intraoral scanners (CEREC Primescan, TRIOS, CEREC Omnicam) and a lab scanner (inEosX5) assessing their precision in simulating subgingival tooth preparations.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Utilizing a dental simulation mannequin with a 3D-printed resin structure, 100 structures with depths ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm were created within a square mimicking a rectangular tank surface. Four scanner groups (A-D) and five subgroups were established. Two digitization methods, a customized parallelometer and an intraoral simulation, were applied, ensuring a standardized scanning sequence. Trueness was evaluated by comparing CAD-calculated surface areas with actual dimensions, and qualitative trueness analysis was conducted using MeshLab. Surface areas were computed using the formula SA = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh. Statistical analyses, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Kolmogorov–Smirnoff and Levene’s tests, three-way ANOVA, and paired sample t-tests, elucidated relationships and differences (a=0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A robust correlation (r = 0.850, p < 0.001) between intraoral scanner choice and scanned area depth was found. Inverse correlations were noted for experimental methods. Three-way ANOVA demonstrated significant scanner-depth interaction (F(12,760) = 760.801, p < 0.001).</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Emphasizing high-resolution sensors and advanced technologies, the study underscores the optimal choice for subgingival digitization, acknowledging variations among scanners.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141287484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.006
This work aims to demonstrate the effect of ZrO2 and MgO inclusion into the Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To fabricate novel hybrid composites via heat cure method, various composites (PZM2, PZM4 and PZM6) were synthesized in the system [(95-x) PMMA + 5 ZrO2 + x MgO] (x = 2, 4, and 6) respectively. Density of the prepared composites were determined and varying between 1.035–1.152 g/cm3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by EDAX and mechanical testing were performed to evaluate the fabricated composite properties. Moreover, to explore the structure of the fabricated composites the 13 C CP-MAS SSNMR and 1 H-13 C Phase-Modulated Lee Goldberg (PMLG) HETCOR Spectrum were recorded which clarify chemical shifting and motional dynamics of the composites. Mechanical tests were performed by UTM and the obtained parameters such as compressive strength, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, brittleness coefficient, flexural strength and flexural modulus are found to be in the range of 91–100 MPa, 0.48–0.51 GPa, 9.122–9.705 MPa.m1/2, 0.66–0.815, 51.03–42.78 MPa and 499–663 MPa respectively. Some more mechanical parameters such as proportional limit, elastic limit, failure strength, modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness were also calculated. Furthermore, tribological properties were also determined and the coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased by 17.4 % and 38 % for composite PZM6 at 20 N and 40 N as compared to the composite PZM2 and the lowest wear volume of 1.55 mm3 was observed for PZM2, whereas the maximum volume loss of 5.64 mm3 is observed for composite PZM6. To check out the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the fabricated composites the Trypan-blue assay was also performed for PZM2 and PZM6 composites. Dissection on the gut of larvae was also performed on the both composites followed by DAPI and DCFH-DA staining. Therefore, these synthesized samples can be used for the fabrication of denture materials.
{"title":"Synergetic impact of MgO on PMMA-ZrO2 hybrid composites: Evaluation of structural, morphological and improved mechanical behavior for dental applications","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aims to demonstrate the effect of ZrO<sub>2</sub> and MgO inclusion into the Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To fabricate novel hybrid composites via heat cure method, various composites (PZM2, PZM4 and PZM6) were synthesized in the system [(95-x) PMMA + 5 ZrO<sub>2</sub> + x MgO] (x = 2, 4, and 6) respectively. Density of the prepared composites were determined and varying between 1.035–1.152 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sub>.</sub> X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by EDAX and mechanical testing were performed to evaluate the fabricated composite properties. Moreover, to explore the structure of the fabricated composites the 13 C CP-MAS SSNMR and 1 H-13 C Phase-Modulated Lee Goldberg (PMLG) HETCOR Spectrum were recorded which clarify chemical shifting and motional dynamics of the composites. Mechanical tests were performed by UTM and the obtained parameters such as compressive strength, Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, brittleness coefficient, flexural strength and flexural modulus are found to be in the range of 91–100 MPa, 0.48–0.51 GPa, 9.122–9.705 MPa.m<sup>1/2</sup><sub>,</sub> 0.66–0.815, 51.03–42.78 MPa and 499–663 MPa respectively. Some more mechanical parameters such as proportional limit, elastic limit, failure strength, modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness were also calculated. Furthermore, tribological properties were also determined and the coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased by 17.4 % and 38 % for composite PZM6 at 20 N and 40 N as compared to the composite PZM2 and the lowest wear volume of 1.55 mm<sup>3</sup> was observed for PZM2, whereas the maximum volume loss of 5.64 mm<sup>3</sup> is observed for composite PZM6. To check out the biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the fabricated composites the Trypan-blue assay was also performed for PZM2 and PZM6 composites. Dissection on the gut of larvae was also performed on the both composites followed by DAPI and DCFH-DA staining. Therefore, these synthesized samples can be used for the fabrication of denture materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.011
Objectives
To evaluate the hygroscopic expansion characterization of resin composite dies during thermal cycling, and their influence on the fracture resistance of dental ceramic materials as well as the effect of pre-immersion on these measurements.
Methods
Disc-shaped specimens (φ = 15.0 mm, h = 1.2 mm) and anatomical crown dies of four resin composites (epoxy, Z350, P60, G10) were fabricated. Disc-shaped samples were continuously soaked in distilled water and the volume expansion was measured at different time point by Archimedes method. Disc-shaped samples were pre-immersed for 0, 7, or 30 days, elastic modulus and hardness were measured using Nanoindentation test; thermal cycling (TC) test was performed (5 °C-55 °C, 104 cycles), and volume expansion during TC was measured. Four kinds of resin die with pre-immersion for 0, 7, or 30 days were cemented to 5Y-Z crown, or epoxy dies without pre-immersion were cemented to 5Y-Z, 3Y-Z and lithium disilicate glass (LDG) crowns, and load-to-failure testing was performed before and after TC. Finite element analysis (FEA) and fractography analysis were also conducted.
Results
The hygroscopic expansion was in the order: epoxy > Z350 > P60 > G10. Except for G10, the other three resin composites exhibited different degrees of hygroscopic expansion during TC. Only the elastic modulus and hardness of epoxy decreased after water storage. However, only the fracture loads of 5Y-Z and LDG crowns supported by epoxy dies were significantly decreased after TC. FEA showed a stress concentration at the cervical region of the crown after volume expansion of the die, leading to the increase of the peak stress at the crown during loading.
Significance: Only the hygroscopic expansion of epoxy dies caused by TC led to the decrease in the fracture resistance of the 5Y-Z and LDG crown, which may be related to the decrease in the elastic modulus of the epoxy die and the tensile stress caused by it.
{"title":"The influence of hygroscopic expansion of resin supporting dies on the fracture resistance of ceramic restorations during thermal cycling","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To evaluate the hygroscopic expansion characterization of resin composite dies during thermal cycling, and their influence on the fracture resistance of dental ceramic materials as well as the effect of pre-immersion on these measurements.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Disc-shaped specimens (φ = 15.0 mm, h = 1.2 mm) and anatomical crown dies of four resin composites (epoxy, Z350, P60, G10) were fabricated. Disc-shaped samples were continuously soaked in distilled water and the volume expansion was measured at different time point by Archimedes method. Disc-shaped samples were pre-immersed for 0, 7, or 30 days, elastic modulus and hardness were measured using Nanoindentation test; thermal cycling (TC) test was performed (5 °C-55 °C, 10<sup>4</sup> cycles), and volume expansion during TC was measured. Four kinds of resin die with pre-immersion for 0, 7, or 30 days were cemented to 5Y-Z crown, or epoxy dies without pre-immersion were cemented to 5Y-Z, 3Y-Z and lithium disilicate glass (LDG) crowns, and load-to-failure testing was performed before and after TC. Finite element analysis (FEA) and fractography analysis were also conducted.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The hygroscopic expansion was in the order: epoxy > Z350 > P60 > G10. Except for G10, the other three resin composites exhibited different degrees of hygroscopic expansion during TC. Only the elastic modulus and hardness of epoxy decreased after water storage. However, only the fracture loads of 5Y-Z and LDG crowns supported by epoxy dies were significantly decreased after TC. FEA showed a stress concentration at the cervical region of the crown after volume expansion of the die, leading to the increase of the peak stress at the crown during loading.</p><p><em>Significance</em>: Only the hygroscopic expansion of epoxy dies caused by TC led to the decrease in the fracture resistance of the 5Y-Z and LDG crown, which may be related to the decrease in the elastic modulus of the epoxy die and the tensile stress caused by it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564124001520/pdfft?md5=64b9a3fcd0395a8728ebab1661d9518b&pid=1-s2.0-S0109564124001520-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.008
Objectives
Hydroperoxides are key constituents of two-component dental materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the hydroperoxide structure on the reactivity and on the mechanical properties of self-cure composites.
Methods
Hydroperoxides HP1–3 were synthesized by selective catalytic oxidation of the corresponding para-substituted cumene precursors and isolated in high purity. They were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 16 self-cure composites, based on the redox initiator system hydroperoxide (Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), HP1–3 or tert.-Amyl hydroperoxide (TAH))/polymerizable thiourea ATU1/copper(II) acetylacetonate, were formulated in Sulzer Mixpac two-component syringes. An equimolar hydroperoxide/ATU1 ratio was selected for each self-cure composite. The reactivity and the final double-bond conversions obtained with these two-component materials was assessed using RT-FTIR spectroscopy. The flexural strength and modulus were measured using a three-point bending setup, after storage of the specimens for 45 min at 37 °C (dry) and for 24 h in water at 37 °C. The working time of each self-cure composite was measured using an oscillating rheometer.
Results
CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group (HP2: ester or HP3: nitrile) in the para position were found to be more reactive than CHP, whereas the compound bearing an electron donating group (tert-butyl, HP1) was less reactive; molecular modelling data were reported for a better understanding of this structure/reactivity/efficiency relationship. All CHP derivatives were more reactive than the aliphatic hydroperoxide TAH. Excellent mechanical properties were obtained with self-cure composites containing either CHP or a para-functionalized CHP derivative. By carefully selecting the amounts of oxidizing/reducing agents and metal catalyst, suitable working times can be obtained with all evaluated hydroperoxides. HP3, thanks to its high reactivity, is nonetheless the most promising compound.
Significance
The curing rate of self-cure composites can be adapted by modifying the structure of the hydroperoxide. In agreement with molecular modelling data, the incorporation of CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group in the para position is particularly attractive. Indeed, due to a significant reactivity enhancement, the desired properties (working time, flexural strength/modulus) can be obtained by incorporating moderate amounts of hydroperoxide/acylthiourea as well as particularly low contents of metal catalyst to the two-component dental materials.
{"title":"Influence of the hydroperoxide structure on the reactivity and mechanical properties of self-cure dental composites","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Hydroperoxides are key constituents of two-component dental materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the hydroperoxide structure on the reactivity and on the mechanical properties of self-cure composites.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Hydroperoxides <strong>HP1–3</strong> were synthesized by selective catalytic oxidation of the corresponding <em>para</em>-substituted cumene precursors and isolated in high purity. They were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy. 16 self-cure composites, based on the redox initiator system hydroperoxide (Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), <strong>HP1–3</strong> or <em>tert</em>.-Amyl hydroperoxide (TAH))/polymerizable thiourea <strong>ATU1</strong>/copper(II) acetylacetonate, were formulated in Sulzer Mixpac two-component syringes. An equimolar hydroperoxide/<strong>ATU1</strong> ratio was selected for each self-cure composite. The reactivity and the final double-bond conversions obtained with these two-component materials was assessed using RT-FTIR spectroscopy. The flexural strength and modulus were measured using a three-point bending setup, after storage of the specimens for 45 min at 37 °C (dry) and for 24 h in water at 37 °C. The working time of each self-cure composite was measured using an oscillating rheometer.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group (<strong>HP2</strong>: ester or <strong>HP3</strong>: nitrile) in the <em>para</em> position were found to be more reactive than CHP, whereas the compound bearing an electron donating group (<em>tert</em>-butyl, <strong>HP1</strong>) was less reactive; molecular modelling data were reported for a better understanding of this structure/reactivity/efficiency relationship. All CHP derivatives were more reactive than the aliphatic hydroperoxide TAH. Excellent mechanical properties were obtained with self-cure composites containing either CHP or a <em>para</em>-functionalized CHP derivative. By carefully selecting the amounts of oxidizing/reducing agents and metal catalyst, suitable working times can be obtained with all evaluated hydroperoxides. <strong>HP3</strong>, thanks to its high reactivity, is nonetheless the most promising compound.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The curing rate of self-cure composites can be adapted by modifying the structure of the hydroperoxide. In agreement with molecular modelling data, the incorporation of CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group in the <em>para</em> position is particularly attractive. Indeed, due to a significant reactivity enhancement, the desired properties (working time, flexural strength/modulus) can be obtained by incorporating moderate amounts of hydroperoxide/acylthiourea as well as particularly low contents of metal catalyst to the two-component dental materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.022
Objectives
Nowadays, a wide variety of software for 3D reconstruction from CT scans is available; they differ for costs, capabilities, a priori knowledge, and, it is not trivial to identify the most suitable one for specific purposes. The article is aimed to provide some more information, having set up various metrics for the evaluation of different software’s performance.
Methods
Metrics include software usability, segmentation quality, geometric accuracy, mesh properties and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Five different software have been considered (Mimics, D2P, Blue Sky Plan, Relu, and 3D Slicer) and tested on four cases; the mandibular bone was used as a benchmark.
Results
Relu software, being based on AI, was able to solve some very intricate geometry and proved to have a very good usability. On the other side, the time required for segmentation was significantly higher than other software (reaching over twice the time required by Mimics). Geometric distances between nodes position calculated by different software usually kept below 2.5 mm, reaching 3.1 mm in some very critical area; 75th percentile q75 is generally less than 0.5 mm, with a maximum of 1.11 mm. Dealing with consistency among software, the maximum DSC value was observed between Mimics and Slicer, D2P and Mimics, and D2P and Slicer, reaching 0.96.
Significance
This work has demonstrated how mandible segmentation performance among software was generally very good. Nonetheless, differences in geometric accuracy, usability, costs and times required can be significant so that information here provided can be useful to perform an informed choice.
{"title":"Mandibular bone segmentation from CT scans: Quantitative and qualitative comparison among software","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Nowadays, a wide variety of software for 3D reconstruction from CT scans is available; they differ for costs, capabilities, a priori knowledge, and, it is not trivial to identify the most suitable one for specific purposes. The article is aimed to provide some more information, having set up various metrics for the evaluation of different software’s performance.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Metrics include software usability, segmentation quality, geometric accuracy, mesh properties and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Five different software have been considered (Mimics, D2P, Blue Sky Plan, Relu, and 3D Slicer) and tested on four cases; the mandibular bone was used as a benchmark.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Relu software, being based on AI, was able to solve some very intricate geometry and proved to have a very good usability. On the other side, the time required for segmentation was significantly higher than other software (reaching over twice the time required by Mimics). Geometric distances between nodes position calculated by different software usually kept below 2.5 mm, reaching 3.1 mm in some very critical area; 75th percentile q<sub>75</sub> is generally less than 0.5 mm, with a maximum of 1.11 mm. Dealing with consistency among software, the maximum DSC value was observed between Mimics and Slicer, D2P and Mimics, and D2P and Slicer, reaching 0.96.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>This work has demonstrated how mandible segmentation performance among software was generally very good. Nonetheless, differences in geometric accuracy, usability, costs and times required can be significant so that information here provided can be useful to perform an informed choice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564124001222/pdfft?md5=b9635d1906e2c1599524c14baa443ac4&pid=1-s2.0-S0109564124001222-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141282544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.014
Background
Root canal irrigation endodontic solutions have effects on the chemistry of dentin. Infrared spectroscopy is a non-destructive chemical characterization method where the strength of absorption often correlates with mineral or organic composition.
Objectives
To survey effects of commonly used irrigation solutions on the composition of root dentin as detected by widely-available Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods.
Methods
Electronic databases were searched for articles published between 1983 to 2023. After risk of bias assessments (OHAT), studies were grouped according to effects per irrigation solution. Inclusion criteria comprised in vitro studies that used extracted human or bovine teeth, treated by irrigation solutions characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and presenting spectral data. Publications that did not present spectra were excluded.
Results
A wide range of concentrations, durations, and treatment protocols have been tested but only 30 out of 3452 studies met our inclusion criteria. Different FTIR methods were used with Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) variant being the most common (21 studies). Investigated solutions included sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid (EDTA), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1–1-diphosphonic-acid (HEDP), peracetic-acid (PAA), glycolic-acid (GA), and citric-acid (CA) though most focused on NaOCl and EDTA. All solutions had detectable effects in the FTIR signature of dentin. NaOCl mainly affects the organics, revealing reduced amide/phosphate ratios with increasing concentrations. EDTA mainly effects the inorganic component, with the effects increasing with time and concentration, yet glycolic acid has stronger effects than EDTA on dentin. Beyond the type of irrigant and dentin exposure durations, concentration and protocol of application had strong effects. There is a lack of studies comparing similar irrigants under conditions that mimic clinical scenarios analyzing bulk sample because FTIR of powder dentin differs from FTIR of bulk dentin.
Significance
The ideal root-canal irrigant should combine local disinfection properties with minimal compositional effects on healthy dentin. FTIR methods appear reliable to identify important changes in root dentin chemical composition. Such information can help understand when endodontic irrigation might lead to root degradation or possibly contribute to long term failures such as vertical fractures. Awareness of chemical damage from irrigation procedures may help clinicians select procedures that reduce deleterious effects on the root canal structures.
{"title":"Effects of endodontic root canal irrigants on tooth dentin revealed by infrared spectroscopy: a systematic literature review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dental.2024.05.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Root canal irrigation endodontic solutions have effects on the chemistry of dentin. Infrared spectroscopy is a non-destructive chemical characterization method where the strength of absorption often correlates with mineral or organic composition.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To survey effects of commonly used irrigation solutions on the composition of root dentin as detected by widely-available Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Electronic databases were searched for articles published between 1983 to 2023. After risk of bias assessments (OHAT), studies were grouped according to effects per irrigation solution. Inclusion criteria comprised in vitro studies that used extracted human or bovine teeth, treated by irrigation solutions characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and presenting spectral data. Publications that did not present spectra were excluded.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A wide range of concentrations, durations, and treatment protocols have been tested but only 30 out of 3452 studies met our inclusion criteria. Different FTIR methods were used with Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) variant being the most common (21 studies). Investigated solutions included sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid (EDTA), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1–1-diphosphonic-acid (HEDP), peracetic-acid (PAA), glycolic-acid (GA), and citric-acid (CA) though most focused on NaOCl and EDTA. All solutions had detectable effects in the FTIR signature of dentin. NaOCl mainly affects the organics, revealing reduced amide/phosphate ratios with increasing concentrations. EDTA mainly effects the inorganic component, with the effects increasing with time and concentration, yet glycolic acid has stronger effects than EDTA on dentin. Beyond the type of irrigant and dentin exposure durations, concentration and protocol of application had strong effects. There is a lack of studies comparing similar irrigants under conditions that mimic clinical scenarios analyzing bulk sample because FTIR of powder dentin differs from FTIR of bulk dentin.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>The ideal root-canal irrigant should combine local disinfection properties with minimal compositional effects on healthy dentin. FTIR methods appear reliable to identify important changes in root dentin chemical composition. Such information can help understand when endodontic irrigation might lead to root degradation or possibly contribute to long term failures such as vertical fractures. Awareness of chemical damage from irrigation procedures may help clinicians select procedures that reduce deleterious effects on the root canal structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":298,"journal":{"name":"Dental Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0109564124001131/pdfft?md5=b5922d6b1710c803185898cba2c04166&pid=1-s2.0-S0109564124001131-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}