Dental Materials最新文献

Objective: To evaluate the clinical performance of a universal adhesive (Futurabond U, Voco) when applied using different bonding techniques in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 7.5 years.

Material and methods: In two clinical centers, two hundred restorations (n = 50 per group) were randomly placed in 50 participants with at least four NCCLs, using four adhesive strategies: self-etch only (SEE); selective enamel etching + self-etch (SET); etch-and-rinse with dry dentin (ERDry); and etch-and-rinse with wet dentin (ERWet). Restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 months, 1, 3, 5 and 7.5 years using the FDI and USPHS criteria for material fracture and retention (primary outcome), along with marginal staining, marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity, and caries at restoration margins (secondary outcomes). The survival rates of the different groups were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test. For secondary outcomes, differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05).

Results: After 7.5 years, with a recall rate of 84 %, a total of 135 restorations were analyzed (SEE 33, SET 34, ERDry 34, and ERWet 34). Thirty-two restorations loss retention (SEE 9, SET 8, ERDry 8, and ERWet 7). Retention rates (95 % confidence interval) were 72.7 % (55.8-84.9) for SEE, 76.5 % (60.0-87.6) for SET and ERDry, and 79.4 % (63.2-89.6) for ERWet (p > 0.05). Sixteen restorations (SEE 7, SET 5, ERDry 2, and ERWet 2) showed minor marginal staining, and twenty-eight restorations (SEE 12, SET 5, ERDry 5, ERWet 6) presented minimal marginal adaptation defects (p > 0.05). One restored tooth (ERWet) showed caries at the restoration margin (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The clinical performance of a universal adhesive in NCCL restorations was satisfactory after 7.5 years, regardless of the bonding technique.

Trial registration number: NCT03244124.

Objective: Camphorquinone (CQ) is a photo-initiator popularly-included in the dentin bonding agent (DBA) and composite resin for tooth decay restoration. CQ application during operative procedures may affect the viability and inflammation of dental pulp. Cytochrome P450 (CYP), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) 1 and NQO2, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are crucial enzymes for metabolism of chemicals with quinone structure. The expression and involvement of various enzymes in CQ metabolism and toxicity were investigated.

Methods: Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) were treated by four DBAs or CQ with/without inhibitors (α-naphthoflavone [CYP inhibitor], dicoumarol & ES936 [NQO1 inhibitors] or quercetin or melatonin [NQO2 inhibitors], ethacrynic acid [GST-P inhibitor], a26 [GPx4 inhibitor], cefoxitin [GPx1 inhibitor]) for 24 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for 8-isoprostane, and PGE₂ analysis in culture medium. MTT assay was used for cell viability estimation. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescent staining were used for mRNA/protein expression analysis.

Results: We found that in various concentrations, four clinically-used DBAs induced 8-isoprostane and PGE₂ production in HDPCs. CQ stimulated CYP1A1, CYP1A2, NQO1, NQO2, GST-P, GPx1 and GPx4 mRNA and protein expression, and some of the stimulation can be attenuated by U0126 (a MEK/ERK inhibitor). The α-naphthoflavone, ES936, ethacrynic acid, melatonin and a26 showed little effect on the CQ-induced cytotoxicity to HDPCs. Most inhibitors (α-naphthoflavone, dicoumarol, ES936, quercetin, melatonin, a26) except ethacrynic acid and cefoxitin showed preventive effect on CQ-induced PGE₂ and 8-isoprostane production, but to a different extent.

Significance: DBAs and CQ may affect the inflammatory responses and tissue viability of dental pulp during clinical dental practice. Expression of CYPs, NQO1/NQO2, GST-P and GPx in HDPCs affects the metabolism of CQ, cell viability, 8-isoprostane and PGE₂ of HDPCs. Results are important for the clinical success of operative restoration to decrease pulp inflammation and necrosis by modulation of these metabolic enzymes.

This scoping review (SR) aimed to map the clinical evidence on the effects of surface pre-reacted glass ionomer (S-PRG)-based materials on dental tissues and performance in restorative, preventive, and therapeutic applications. The SR followed the PRISMA-ScR statement, conducting a comprehensive search across multiple databases for articles published up to January 2025. Out of the 3914 records screened, 49 studies were included in the review. Clinical trials have demonstrated promising outcomes in various dental applications. In caries prevention and white spot lesion management, S-PRG-based sealants and varnishes showed bioactive effects, contributing to remineralization despite limitations in retention. In restorative treatments, S-PRG-based materials showed high clinical success rates, adequate marginal integrity, and minimal postoperative sensitivity, with performance similar to materials without S-PRG fillers. Favorable results were also observed in the treatment of non-carious cervical lesions, dentin hypersensitivity, and molar-incisor hypomineralization, reinforcing the versatility and clinical potential of S-PRG-containing materials. Based on findings, materials containing S-PRG fillers have demonstrated satisfactory clinical performance across various dental applications, especially as restorative agents, sealants, and desensitizers. However, further longer-term clinical studies are needed to confirm their durability, effectiveness over time, and optimize clinical application.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the ion release behaviour and the pH change of melt-derived bioactive glass (45S5) conditioned media compared with mixed strontium calcium silicate glass (Sr40) and to evaluate the influence of BG45S5 and Sr40 conditioned media on the cytotoxicity of gingival fibroblast (GF) cells.

Methods: Melt-derived bioactive glass (BG45S5) and a mixed strontium calcium silicate glass (Sr40) were prepared and supplied by Cera Dynamic Ltd. The pH and ion release profile from each glass were evaluated by immersing glass particles (< 38 µm) in gingival fibroblast (GF) media (50 ml) for up to 72 h at room temperature. GF cells were seeded into 24-well plates and exposed to BG45S5 and Sr40 glass-conditioned media at 1, 3, and 5 days in vitro to evaluate their cytotoxicity on GF. The cytotoxic effects were assessed via a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and then measured via absorbance using a Biochrom Asys UVM 340 Microplate (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK) plate reader.

Results: The pH increase and ion release from 45S5 glass were greater than Sr40 glass. 45S5 showed a drastic increase in pH from 7.5 to 8.7 at 24 h, followed by a constant pH for up to 3 days (72 h). A less pronounced pH increase was evident for Sr40, with the pH increasing from 7.5 to 7.6 at 24 h, followed by a gradual increase to 7.8 for up to 3 days. Concerning cytotoxicity, GF exposed to 45S5 media presented a significant increase in LDH release at 1 and 3 days in vitro compared to no glass media. However, for the Sr40 glass, no significant increase in cytotoxicity was observed at 1 and 3 days. There was a significant increase in LDH detected in the media compared with the low control (no glass media) at day 5.

Significance: This study emphasises the superior biocompatibility of Sr40 glass compared to 45S5 for gingival fibroblasts. Sr40's lower cytotoxicity indicates its potential as a safer alternative for coating dental implants.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the color stability of four three-dimensionally-printed (3D) resin composites, and compare them with nine other commonly used subtractive computer-aided designing/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials and resin composites for direct restoration.

Methods: Totally, 130 specimens (n = 10) were prepared from four different 3D-printed resin composites (Brilliant Print Experimental, Crowntec, Temp PRINT, VarseoSmile Crown Plus), six subtractive CAD/CAM materials (Initial Lisi Block, IPS e.max CAD, Katana Avencia, Telio CAD, Tetric CAD, Vita Enamic) and three direct light-curing resin composites (Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Classic, Tetric EvoCeram, and G-ænial Universal Injectable), and immersed in five solutions (water, tea, red wine, coffee and curry) for 28 days. Initial and final color values (CIE L* a* b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer over white and black backgrounds. Color changes were calculated (ΔE00) and statistically compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Fisher's post-hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results: Statistical analysis of ∆E00 values revealed that two 3D-printed resin composites exhibited comparable discoloration to two subtractive CAD/CAM resin composites and one of the lithium disilicate over a black background. They revealed less discoloration compared with all direct resin composites (p < 0.05).

Significance: The investigated commercially-available 3D-printed resin composites are reliable to use in visible restorations, where common subtractive CAD/CAM and direct resin composites are indicated.

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of incorporating stannous chloride (SnCl₂) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) into resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on its mechanical properties, fluoride release, antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity, and cytotoxicity.

Methods: Six experimental cements were tested: (1) RMGIC; (2) RMGIC+14 %TMP; (3) RMGIC+400 ppm SnCl₂; (4) RMGIC+ 14 %TMP+400 ppm SnCl₂; (5) RMGIC+800 ppm SnCl₂; (6) RMGIC+14 %TMP+800 ppm SnCl₂. Degree of conversion (%DC), diametral/compressive/flexural tensile strength (DTS, CS and FS), Vickers hardness surface (VHS) and surface roughness (Ra) were determined. Fluoride release (F) was assessed over 15 days in demineralizing/remineralizing solutions. Antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects were analyzed using agar diffusion test and DAPI Staining against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Cytotoxicity was evaluated on human primary gingival fibroblasts/epithelial cells.

Results: The incorporation of TMP and SnCl₂ enhanced the mechanical performance of the RMGIC. The group containing TMP with 400 ppm SnCl₂ showed the highest DTS and CS (p < 0.05). Ra and VHS varied slightly among groups but remained within acceptable ranges. F release peaked within the first 24 h, particularly in formulations containing TMP with SnCl₂ (p < 0.05), and declined gradually thereafter. SnCl₂, alone or combined with TMP, significantly reduced S. mutans viability (p < 0.05), as confirmed by bacterial counts and fluorescence staining. Cytotoxicity remained low in all groups containing SnCl₂.

Significance: The modification of RMGIC with SnCl₂ and/or TMP showed potential to enhance certain functional properties. Biocompatibility concerns with TMP and the short evaluation period limit definitive conclusions. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm safety and clinical efficacy, particularly regarding fluoride release and antimicrobial effects.

Objectives: This study evaluated whether titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO₂-nts), loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) or doxycycline (DOX) and incorporated into a universal adhesive, could sustain matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition and enhance long-term bond durability without compromising polymerization or cytocompatibility. The influence of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) surface functionalization on drug release, adhesive conversion, and mechanical performance was also investigated.

Methods: TiO₂-nts were synthesized via hydrothermal processing and either left unmodified or functionalized with APTMS. CHX or DOX was loaded into both nanotube types and incorporated into a universal adhesive (5 wt%). Nanotube morphology and functionalization were assessed using TEM, SEM/EDS, XRD, and TGA. Drug loading and release were quantified by HPLC. Degree of conversion (DC) was measured via FTIR. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was evaluated after 24 h and 6 months in both etch-and-rinse and self-etch modes (n = 6). MMP activity was assessed using a colorimetric assay (n = 8), and transdentinal cytotoxicity was analyzed using MTT and Live/Dead assays with human dental pulp stem cells (n = 6). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α=0.05).

Results: DOX exhibited higher loading efficiency and more sustained release than CHX in both nanotube types (p < 0.01). APTMS functionalization improved nanotube dispersion and preserved DC (76-82 %), while unmodified nanotubes significantly reduced DC (24-32 %, p < 0.001 vs. control). Despite lower DC, unmodified drug-loaded nanotubes maintained bond strength over 6 months with < 15 % μTBS reduction, whereas APTMS-functionalized groups exhibited greater degradation (30-40 % loss, p < 0.05). All drug-loaded adhesives inhibited MMP activity by > 60 % relative to control (p < 0.001). No significant cytotoxic effects were observed across any group (p > 0.05).

Significance: Incorporating TiO₂ nanotubes into adhesives highlighted a trade-off between polymerization and the duration of drug release. While drug release was short-lived, all modified adhesives reduced MMP activity and showed differences in bond stability depending on nanotube functionalization. These results provide insight into how nanotube surface chemistry influences adhesive performance and point to strategies for optimizing conversion and therapeutic longevity in future adhesive systems.

Objectives: Titanium and its alloys are widely used in medicine, particularly in dentistry, due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, limitations associated with commercially pure Titanium (cp-Ti) grade IV and conventional alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V require the development of alternative materials. This short review aims to highlight the potential of β-phase Titanium alloys as next-generation materials for oral implantology.

Methods: This review is based on ISO standards and clinical requirements related to dental biomaterials, with a particular focus regarding mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Literature research, was conducted targeting studies on both the mechanical and biological performance of Titanium-based materials, with emphasis on β-phase Titanium alloys.

Results: Cp-Ti grade IV remains the most commonly used Titanium for dental implants due to its long-standing clinical use, however, it exhibits some limitations, including a high elastic modulus and limited wear resistance. Ti-6Al-4V provides enhanced mechanical strength but raises biocompatibility concerns due to potential Aluminium and Vanadium ion release. β-phase Titanium alloys, with their body-centered cubic structure, demonstrate reduced elastic modulus closer to that of bone, enhanced mechanical strength and improved corrosion resistance, making them promising candidates for dental implants applications.

Conclusion: β-phase Titanium alloys present significant potential to overcome the limitations of current Titanium materials used in oral implantology. Their favorable biomechanical behavior and the absence of released toxic elements, suggest improved implant performance and longevity. Nonetheless, rigorous in vitro and in vivo investigations are essential to confirm their safety, biocompatibility, and long-term clinical outcome before widespread clinical adoption.

This study aimed to investigate the interaction mechanisms of the statherin derived phosphomimetic peptide (DDSt15) with hydroxyapatite through molecular dynamics simulations and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D) analysis and evaluate its protective effect against intrinsic enamel erosion in vitro. The peptide was engineered by mutating two residues in the statherin derived peptide (StatpSpS), and its topology was established using CHARMM-GUI for GROMACS simulations. A 500 ns molecular dynamics simulation assessed the peptide's behavior with hydroxyapatite. Additionally, DDSt15 was synthesized using a solid-phase method. Interactions of DDSt15 with saliva and hydroxyapatite surface were analyzed using QCM-D to evaluate the effect of acquired pellicle enrichment with this peptide. In vitro experiments were performed on bovine enamel samples treated with concentrations of DDSt15 at 0.94 × 10⁻⁵ M, 1.88 × 10⁻⁵ M, 3.76 × 10⁻⁵ M, and 1.88 × 10^-5 M StatpSpS, with negative and positive control groups receiving deionized water and the commercial solution Elmex Erosion Protection®, respectively. Erosive challenges were applied using 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (pH 2.3) once/day for 3 consecutive days, and enamel hardness and reflection intensity were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Results indicated that DDSt15 exhibited affinity for the hydroxyapatite surface, and the pellicle formed with DDSt15 demonstrated significant properties, as observed in QCM-D analyses. In vitro experiments revealed that this peptide effectively enhanced enamel resistance to acid-induced erosion compared to control treatments. These results suggest the potential of DDSt15, particularly at the concentration of 0.94 × 10⁻⁵ M, to contribute to the development of strategies for acquired pellicle modulation aimed at preventing intrinsic enamel erosion.