Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028
Nemira Zilinskaite, Rajendra P. Shukla and Ausra Baradoke*,
This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.
{"title":"Use of 3D Printing Techniques to Fabricate Implantable Microelectrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases","authors":"Nemira Zilinskaite, Rajendra P. Shukla and Ausra Baradoke*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"315–336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00027
Marco Mancini, Valentina Gioia, Federica Simonetti, Alessandro Frugis and Stefano Cinti*,
Since 1940, poly- or perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been largely used in many applications, including paints, fire foaming, household items, product packaging, and fabrics. Because of their extremely high persistency, they have been defined as “forever chemicals”. Although the EU is taking action to reduce their use, their widespread occurrence in environmental matrices and their harmful effects on human health require the use of highly performing analytical methods for efficient monitoring. Furthermore, novel PFAS are constantly revealed by both EU and National environmental agencies. The objective of this work is to investigate the cause of the signal decrease during the analysis of a standard PFAS mixture in water-based matrices, by proposing an efficient technical procedure for laboratory specialists. The analyses were carried out on a mixture of 30 PFAS, including both regulated and unknown substances (which are expected to be introduced in the guidelines), characterized by different chemical features, using LC-vials of two different materials, namely, glass and polypropylene, and dissolved in two solvents, namely, water and water–methanol. The temperature of analysis and the concentration of PFAS were also considered through LC-MS analyses at different times, in the 0–15 h range. Depending on the chemical structure and length of the PFAS, sampling and treatment procedures may be adopted to tackle the decrease and the release from the containers, reducing the risk of underestimating PFAS also in real water matrices.
{"title":"Evaluation of Pure PFAS Decrease in Controlled Settings","authors":"Marco Mancini, Valentina Gioia, Federica Simonetti, Alessandro Frugis and Stefano Cinti*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00027","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00027","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Since 1940, poly- or perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been largely used in many applications, including paints, fire foaming, household items, product packaging, and fabrics. Because of their extremely high persistency, they have been defined as “forever chemicals”. Although the EU is taking action to reduce their use, their widespread occurrence in environmental matrices and their harmful effects on human health require the use of highly performing analytical methods for efficient monitoring. Furthermore, novel PFAS are constantly revealed by both EU and National environmental agencies. The objective of this work is to investigate the cause of the signal decrease during the analysis of a standard PFAS mixture in water-based matrices, by proposing an efficient technical procedure for laboratory specialists. The analyses were carried out on a mixture of 30 PFAS, including both regulated and unknown substances (which are expected to be introduced in the guidelines), characterized by different chemical features, using LC-vials of two different materials, namely, glass and polypropylene, and dissolved in two solvents, namely, water and water–methanol. The temperature of analysis and the concentration of PFAS were also considered through LC-MS analyses at different times, in the 0–15 h range. Depending on the chemical structure and length of the PFAS, sampling and treatment procedures may be adopted to tackle the decrease and the release from the containers, reducing the risk of underestimating PFAS also in real water matrices.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 6","pages":"444–451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47299679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-24DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00025
Ashley E. Lenhart, and , Robert T. Kennedy*,
Microfluidic devices are becoming an important tool for bioanalysis with applications including studying cell secretion, cell growth, and drug delivery. Small molecules such as drugs, cell products, or nutrients may partition into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a commonly used material for microfluidic devices, potentially leading to poor recovery or inaccurate delivery of such chemicals. To decrease small-molecule partitioning, surface and bulk PDMS treatments have been developed; however, these have been tested on few analytes, or their biocompatibility are unknown. Studies often focus on one analyte, whereas a diversity of chemicals are of interest and possibly affected. In this study, 11 device treatments are tested and applied to 21 biologically relevant small molecules with a variety of chemical structures. Device treatments are characterized using water contact angle measurements and evaluated by measuring recovery of the 21 target analytes using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. 1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (polybrene), a positively charged polymer, produced the least hydrophilic surface and was found to provide the best recovery with most of the analytes having >50% recovery and up to 92% recovery; however, recovery varied by analyte highlighting the importance of analyte diversity rather than targeting a single analyte in evaluating treatments. A polybrene-treated device was applied to investigate secretion from pancreatic islets, which are micro-organs involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Islets secrete small molecules that have been shown to modulate the secretion of islets’ main functional products, glucose-regulating hormones. The polybrene treatment enabled the detection of 20 target analytes from islets-on-chip during isosmotic and hypo-osmotic glucose perfusions and resulted in detection of more significant secretion changes compared to untreated PDMS.
{"title":"Evaluation of Surface Treatments of PDMS Microfluidic Devices for Improving Small-Molecule Recovery with Application to Monitoring Metabolites Secreted from Islets of Langerhans","authors":"Ashley E. Lenhart, and , Robert T. Kennedy*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00025","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Microfluidic devices are becoming an important tool for bioanalysis with applications including studying cell secretion, cell growth, and drug delivery. Small molecules such as drugs, cell products, or nutrients may partition into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a commonly used material for microfluidic devices, potentially leading to poor recovery or inaccurate delivery of such chemicals. To decrease small-molecule partitioning, surface and bulk PDMS treatments have been developed; however, these have been tested on few analytes, or their biocompatibility are unknown. Studies often focus on one analyte, whereas a diversity of chemicals are of interest and possibly affected. In this study, 11 device treatments are tested and applied to 21 biologically relevant small molecules with a variety of chemical structures. Device treatments are characterized using water contact angle measurements and evaluated by measuring recovery of the 21 target analytes using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. 1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (polybrene), a positively charged polymer, produced the least hydrophilic surface and was found to provide the best recovery with most of the analytes having >50% recovery and up to 92% recovery; however, recovery varied by analyte highlighting the importance of analyte diversity rather than targeting a single analyte in evaluating treatments. A polybrene-treated device was applied to investigate secretion from pancreatic islets, which are micro-organs involved in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Islets secrete small molecules that have been shown to modulate the secretion of islets’ main functional products, glucose-regulating hormones. The polybrene treatment enabled the detection of 20 target analytes from islets-on-chip during isosmotic and hypo-osmotic glucose perfusions and resulted in detection of more significant secretion changes compared to untreated PDMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"380–389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44358558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-13DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00022
Benjamin H. R. Gerroll, Krista M. Kulesa, Charles A. Ault and Lane A. Baker*,
Electrochemical arrays promise utility for accelerated hypothesis testing and breakthrough discoveries. Herein, we report a new high-throughput electrochemistry platform, colloquially called “Legion,” for applications in electroanalysis and electrosynthesis. Legion consists of 96 electrochemical cells dimensioned to match common 96-well plates that are independently controlled with a field-programmable gate array. We demonstrate the utility of Legion by measuring model electrochemical probes, pH-dependent electron transfers, and electrocatalytic dehalogenation reactions. We consider advantages and disadvantages of this new instrumentation, with the hope of expanding the electrochemical toolbox.
{"title":"Legion: An Instrument for High-Throughput Electrochemistry","authors":"Benjamin H. R. Gerroll, Krista M. Kulesa, Charles A. Ault and Lane A. Baker*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00022","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00022","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrochemical arrays promise utility for accelerated hypothesis testing and breakthrough discoveries. Herein, we report a new high-throughput electrochemistry platform, colloquially called “Legion,” for applications in electroanalysis and electrosynthesis. Legion consists of 96 electrochemical cells dimensioned to match common 96-well plates that are independently controlled with a field-programmable gate array. We demonstrate the utility of Legion by measuring model electrochemical probes, pH-dependent electron transfers, and electrocatalytic dehalogenation reactions. We consider advantages and disadvantages of this new instrumentation, with the hope of expanding the electrochemical toolbox.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"371–379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47988235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00019
Kelsey Cremin, Gabriel N. Meloni, Dimitrios Valavanis, Orkun S. Soyer* and Patrick R. Unwin*,
Ultramicroelectrode (UME), or, equivalently, microelectrode, probes are increasingly used for single-cell measurements of cellular properties and processes, including physiological activity, such as metabolic fluxes and respiration rates. Major challenges for the sensitivity of such measurements include: (i) the relative magnitude of cellular and UME fluxes (manifested in the current); and (ii) issues around the stability of the UME response over time. To explore the extent to which these factors impact the precision of electrochemical cellular measurements, we undertake a systematic analysis of measurement conditions and experimental parameters for determining single cell respiration rates via the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in single HeLa cells. Using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with a platinum UME as the probe, we employ a self-referencing measurement protocol, rarely employed in SECM, whereby the UME is repeatedly approached from bulk solution to a cell, and a short pulse to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) potential is performed near the cell and in bulk solution. This approach enables the periodic tracking of the bulk UME response to which the near-cell response is repeatedly compared (referenced) and also ensures that the ORR near the cell is performed only briefly, minimizing the effect of the electrochemical process on the cell. SECM experiments are combined with a finite element method (FEM) modeling framework to simulate oxygen diffusion and the UME response. Taking a realistic range of single cell OCR to be 1 × 10–18 to 1 × 10–16 mol s–1, results from the combination of FEM simulations and self-referencing SECM measurements show that these OCR values are at, or below, the present detection sensitivity of the technique. We provide a set of model-based suggestions for improving these measurements in the future but highlight that extraordinary improvements in the stability and precision of SECM measurements will be required if single cell OCR measurements are to be realized.
{"title":"Can Single Cell Respiration be Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)?","authors":"Kelsey Cremin, Gabriel N. Meloni, Dimitrios Valavanis, Orkun S. Soyer* and Patrick R. Unwin*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00019","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ultramicroelectrode (UME), or, equivalently, microelectrode, probes are increasingly used for single-cell measurements of cellular properties and processes, including physiological activity, such as metabolic fluxes and respiration rates. Major challenges for the sensitivity of such measurements include: (i) the relative magnitude of cellular and UME fluxes (manifested in the current); and (ii) issues around the stability of the UME response over time. To explore the extent to which these factors impact the precision of electrochemical cellular measurements, we undertake a systematic analysis of measurement conditions and experimental parameters for determining single cell respiration rates via the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in single HeLa cells. Using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with a platinum UME as the probe, we employ a self-referencing measurement protocol, rarely employed in SECM, whereby the UME is repeatedly approached from bulk solution to a cell, and a short pulse to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) potential is performed near the cell and in bulk solution. This approach enables the periodic tracking of the bulk UME response to which the near-cell response is repeatedly compared (referenced) and also ensures that the ORR near the cell is performed only briefly, minimizing the effect of the electrochemical process on the cell. SECM experiments are combined with a finite element method (FEM) modeling framework to simulate oxygen diffusion and the UME response. Taking a realistic range of single cell OCR to be 1 × 10<sup>–18</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>–16</sup> mol s<sup>–1</sup>, results from the combination of FEM simulations and self-referencing SECM measurements show that these OCR values are at, or below, the present detection sensitivity of the technique. We provide a set of model-based suggestions for improving these measurements in the future but highlight that extraordinary improvements in the stability and precision of SECM measurements will be required if single cell OCR measurements are to be realized.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"361–370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00021
Ruby M. Miller, Jennifer Sescil, Marina C. Sarcinella, Ryan C. Bailey and Wenjing Wang*,
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve critical physiological roles as the most abundant family of receptors. Here, we describe the design of a generalizable and cell lysate-based method that leverages the interaction between an agonist-activated GPCR and a conformation-specific binder to reconstitute split nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) in vitro. This tool, In vitro GPCR split NanoLuc ligand Triggered Reporter (IGNiTR), has broad applications. We have demonstrated IGNiTR’s use with three Gs-coupled GPCRs, two Gi-coupled GPCRs and three classes of conformation-specific binders: nanobodies, miniG proteins, and G protein peptidomimetics. As an in vitro method, IGNiTR enables the use of synthetic G protein peptidomimetics and provides easily scalable and portable reagents for characterizing GPCRs and ligands. We tested three diverse applications of IGNiTR: (1) proof-of-concept GPCR ligand screening using dopamine receptor D1 IGNiTR; (2) detection of opioids for point-of-care testing; and (3) characterizing GPCR functionality during Nanodisc-based reconstitution processes. Due to IGNiTR’s unique advantages and the convenience of its cell lysate-based format, this tool will find extensive applications in GPCR ligand detection, screening, and GPCR characterization.
{"title":"Accessible and Generalizable in Vitro Luminescence Assay for Detecting GPCR Activation","authors":"Ruby M. Miller, Jennifer Sescil, Marina C. Sarcinella, Ryan C. Bailey and Wenjing Wang*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00021","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p >G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve critical physiological roles as the most abundant family of receptors. Here, we describe the design of a generalizable and cell lysate-based method that leverages the interaction between an agonist-activated GPCR and a conformation-specific binder to reconstitute split nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) in vitro. This tool, <b>I</b>n vitro <b>G</b>PCR split <b>N</b>anoLuc l<b>i</b>gand <b>T</b>riggered <b>R</b>eporter (IGNiTR), has broad applications. We have demonstrated IGNiTR’s use with three G<sub>s</sub>-coupled GPCRs, two G<sub>i</sub>-coupled GPCRs and three classes of conformation-specific binders: nanobodies, miniG proteins, and G protein peptidomimetics. As an in vitro method, IGNiTR enables the use of synthetic G protein peptidomimetics and provides easily scalable and portable reagents for characterizing GPCRs and ligands. We tested three diverse applications of IGNiTR: (1) proof-of-concept GPCR ligand screening using dopamine receptor D1 IGNiTR; (2) detection of opioids for point-of-care testing; and (3) characterizing GPCR functionality during Nanodisc-based reconstitution processes. Due to IGNiTR’s unique advantages and the convenience of its cell lysate-based format, this tool will find extensive applications in GPCR ligand detection, screening, and GPCR characterization.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"337–343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49692741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00023
Shelley Minteer*, Stephanie L. Brock*, Géraldine Masson* and Raymond E. Schaak*,
C are now critical in all areas of chemistry, from biochemistry to synthesis to energy to biomedical devices. It is perhaps not surprising then that the ACS Au community journals have published a wealth of exciting content in the area of catalysis. From among these publications, we have chosen to highlight a few examples in this virtual issue to demonstrate the excellence and diversity of these contributions and the field, as representations of catalysis in the early 2020s. Heterogeneous catalysis has been critical in improving modern life and environmental technologies, from the Haber− Bosch process, to the catalytic converter for cars, to upgrading chemicals. For example, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acids can be upgraded to HMF levulinate for biorefining (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00027). Recent efforts have focused on designing catalysts to increase product selectivity and sustainability (10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00057). There is a wealth of work on the conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and value-added products, e.g., cyclic carbonate (10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00012), and the abatement of other greenhouse gases like methane (10.1021/ acsenvironau.1c00034). Researchers are also studying the development of heterogeneous catalysts for renewable fuel production, e.g., jet fuel via hydrodeoxygenation (10.1021/ acsengineeringau.2c00015). Challenges in managing omnipresent polymer waste have motivated research on nextgeneration heterogeneous catalysts for chemical recycling of, e.g., PET (10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00029). Recently, zeolite and zeolite-supported catalysts have become popular for applications such as diesel oxidation (10.1021/acsengineeringau.1c00016) and ethene dimerization (10.1021/acsengineeringau.1c00014). It is important to note that although many of these new catalysts are focused on moving the chemical and fuel industry toward better sustainability, there is also a wealth of effort in making the catalysts themselves more sustainable by moving to catalysts made from earth abundant elements instead of precious metals. Homogeneous catalysts are integral to the chemical, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. These catalysts are used to both increase reaction rates and improve selectivity. In the polymer field, researchers have designed organometallic catalysts for making hyperbranched ethylene oligomers and ethylene/methyl acrylate co-oligomers (10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00039) and have studied borate cocatalysts for ethylene copolymerization (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00020). In the pharmaceutical area, researchers have been interested in biscyclometalated chiral-at-iridium/rhodium complexes for asymmetric catalysis in organic synthesis (10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00032). Researchers have also been studying trinuclear complexes enabling more efficient C−C bond-forming transformations (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00029). Recently, organocatalysts have also become popular, including the use of diphenylprolinol silyl eth
{"title":"Change Is the Only Constant: A Virtual Issue on Contemporary Catalysis","authors":"Shelley Minteer*, Stephanie L. Brock*, Géraldine Masson* and Raymond E. Schaak*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00023","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00023","url":null,"abstract":"C are now critical in all areas of chemistry, from biochemistry to synthesis to energy to biomedical devices. It is perhaps not surprising then that the ACS Au community journals have published a wealth of exciting content in the area of catalysis. From among these publications, we have chosen to highlight a few examples in this virtual issue to demonstrate the excellence and diversity of these contributions and the field, as representations of catalysis in the early 2020s. Heterogeneous catalysis has been critical in improving modern life and environmental technologies, from the Haber− Bosch process, to the catalytic converter for cars, to upgrading chemicals. For example, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acids can be upgraded to HMF levulinate for biorefining (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00027). Recent efforts have focused on designing catalysts to increase product selectivity and sustainability (10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00057). There is a wealth of work on the conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and value-added products, e.g., cyclic carbonate (10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00012), and the abatement of other greenhouse gases like methane (10.1021/ acsenvironau.1c00034). Researchers are also studying the development of heterogeneous catalysts for renewable fuel production, e.g., jet fuel via hydrodeoxygenation (10.1021/ acsengineeringau.2c00015). Challenges in managing omnipresent polymer waste have motivated research on nextgeneration heterogeneous catalysts for chemical recycling of, e.g., PET (10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00029). Recently, zeolite and zeolite-supported catalysts have become popular for applications such as diesel oxidation (10.1021/acsengineeringau.1c00016) and ethene dimerization (10.1021/acsengineeringau.1c00014). It is important to note that although many of these new catalysts are focused on moving the chemical and fuel industry toward better sustainability, there is also a wealth of effort in making the catalysts themselves more sustainable by moving to catalysts made from earth abundant elements instead of precious metals. Homogeneous catalysts are integral to the chemical, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. These catalysts are used to both increase reaction rates and improve selectivity. In the polymer field, researchers have designed organometallic catalysts for making hyperbranched ethylene oligomers and ethylene/methyl acrylate co-oligomers (10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00039) and have studied borate cocatalysts for ethylene copolymerization (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00020). In the pharmaceutical area, researchers have been interested in biscyclometalated chiral-at-iridium/rhodium complexes for asymmetric catalysis in organic synthesis (10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00032). Researchers have also been studying trinuclear complexes enabling more efficient C−C bond-forming transformations (10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00029). Recently, organocatalysts have also become popular, including the use of diphenylprolinol silyl eth","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 4","pages":"237–238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d0/46/tg3c00023.PMC10436365.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10089514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00015
Dominick P. Guida, Alyssa M. Stavola, Andrew Chihpin Chuang, John S. Okasinski, Matthew T. Wendling, Xiaotong H. Chadderdon and Joshua W. Gallaway*,
High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become an invaluable tool in battery research for its ability to probe phase distributions in sealed samples. The Cartesian coordinates used in describing the CT image stack are not appropriate for understanding radial dependencies, like that seen in bobbin-type batteries. The most prominent of these bobbin-type batteries is alkaline Zn–MnO2, which dominates the primary battery market. To understand material radial dependencies within these batteries, a method is presented to approximate the Cartesian coordinates of CT data into pseudo-cylindrical coordinates. This is important because radial volume fractions are the output of computational battery models, and this will allow the correlation of a battery model to CT data. A selection of 10 anodes inside Zn–MnO2 AA batteries are used to demonstrate the method. For these, the pseudo-radius is defined as the relative distance in the anode between the central current collecting pin and the separator. Using these anodes, we validate that this method results in averaged one-dimensional material profiles that, when compared to other methods, show a better quantitative match to individual local slices of the anodes in the polar θ-direction. The other methods tested are methods that average to an absolute center point based on either the pin or the separator. The pseudo-cylindrical method also corrects for slight asymmetries observed in bobbin-type batteries because the pin is often slightly off-center and the separator often has a noncircular shape.
{"title":"Methods for Tomographic Segmentation in Pseudo-Cylindrical Coordinates for Bobbin-Type Batteries","authors":"Dominick P. Guida, Alyssa M. Stavola, Andrew Chihpin Chuang, John S. Okasinski, Matthew T. Wendling, Xiaotong H. Chadderdon and Joshua W. Gallaway*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00015","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00015","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become an invaluable tool in battery research for its ability to probe phase distributions in sealed samples. The Cartesian coordinates used in describing the CT image stack are not appropriate for understanding radial dependencies, like that seen in bobbin-type batteries. The most prominent of these bobbin-type batteries is alkaline Zn–MnO<sub>2</sub>, which dominates the primary battery market. To understand material radial dependencies within these batteries, a method is presented to approximate the Cartesian coordinates of CT data into pseudo-cylindrical coordinates. This is important because radial volume fractions are the output of computational battery models, and this will allow the correlation of a battery model to CT data. A selection of 10 anodes inside Zn–MnO<sub>2</sub> AA batteries are used to demonstrate the method. For these, the pseudo-radius is defined as the relative distance in the anode between the central current collecting pin and the separator. Using these anodes, we validate that this method results in averaged one-dimensional material profiles that, when compared to other methods, show a better quantitative match to individual local slices of the anodes in the polar θ-direction. The other methods tested are methods that average to an absolute center point based on either the pin or the separator. The pseudo-cylindrical method also corrects for slight asymmetries observed in bobbin-type batteries because the pin is often slightly off-center and the separator often has a noncircular shape.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"344–354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41878300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-17DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00007
Mariana D. Avila-Huerta, Karina Leyva-Hidalgo, Karen Cortés-Sarabia, Ana K. Estrada-Moreno, Amalia Vences-Velázquez and Eden Morales-Narváez*,
Due to the increasing demand for clinical testing of infectious diseases at the point-of-care, the global market claims alternatives for rapid diagnosis tools such as disposable biosensors, avoiding the need for specialized laboratories and skilled personnel. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infectious disease that commonly affects reproductive-age women and predisposes the infection of sexually transmitted diseases. Especially in asymptomatic cases, BV can lead to pelvic inflammatory conditions, postpartum endometritis, and preterm labor. Conventionally, BV diagnosis involves the microscopic analysis of vaginal swab samples; it thus requires highly trained personnel. In response, we report a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device for BV diagnosis. Sialidase, a biomarker overexpressed in BV, was detected by exploiting an immunosensing mechanism previously discovered by our team. This technology employs a graphene oxide-coated surface as a quencher of fluorescence; the fluorescence of the immunoprobes that do not experiment immunoreactions (antibody–antigen) are deactivated by graphene oxide via non-radiative energy transfer, whereas those immunoprobes undergoing immunoreactions preserve their photoluminescence due to the distance and the low affinity between the immunocomplex and the graphene oxide-coated surface. Our paper-based test was typically carried out within 20 min, and the sample volume was 6 μL. Besides, it was tested with 14 vaginal swabs specimens to discriminate clinical samples of women with normal microbiota from those with BV. Our disposable device represents a new tool to prevent the consequences of BV.
{"title":"Disposable Device for Bacterial Vaginosis Detection","authors":"Mariana D. Avila-Huerta, Karina Leyva-Hidalgo, Karen Cortés-Sarabia, Ana K. Estrada-Moreno, Amalia Vences-Velázquez and Eden Morales-Narváez*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00007","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00007","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Due to the increasing demand for clinical testing of infectious diseases at the point-of-care, the global market claims alternatives for rapid diagnosis tools such as disposable biosensors, avoiding the need for specialized laboratories and skilled personnel. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infectious disease that commonly affects reproductive-age women and predisposes the infection of sexually transmitted diseases. Especially in asymptomatic cases, BV can lead to pelvic inflammatory conditions, postpartum endometritis, and preterm labor. Conventionally, BV diagnosis involves the microscopic analysis of vaginal swab samples; it thus requires highly trained personnel. In response, we report a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device for BV diagnosis. Sialidase, a biomarker overexpressed in BV, was detected by exploiting an immunosensing mechanism previously discovered by our team. This technology employs a graphene oxide-coated surface as a quencher of fluorescence; the fluorescence of the immunoprobes that do not experiment immunoreactions (antibody–antigen) are deactivated by graphene oxide via non-radiative energy transfer, whereas those immunoprobes undergoing immunoreactions preserve their photoluminescence due to the distance and the low affinity between the immunocomplex and the graphene oxide-coated surface. Our paper-based test was typically carried out within 20 min, and the sample volume was 6 μL. Besides, it was tested with 14 vaginal swabs specimens to discriminate clinical samples of women with normal microbiota from those with BV. Our disposable device represents a new tool to prevent the consequences of BV.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"355–360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48754824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010
A. Catarina V. D. dos Santos, Nikolaus Hondl, Victoria Ramos-Garcia, Julia Kuligowski, Bernhard Lendl and Georg Ramer*,
Despite the ubiquitous absorption of mid-infrared (IR) radiation by virtually all molecules that belong to the major biomolecules groups (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), the application of conventional IR microscopy to the life sciences remained somewhat limited, due to the restrictions on spatial resolution imposed by the diffraction limit (in the order of several micrometers). This issue is addressed by AFM-IR, a scanning probe-based technique that allows for chemical analysis at the nanoscale with resolutions down to 10 nm and thus has the potential to contribute to the investigation of nano and microscale biological processes. In this perspective, in addition to a concise description of the working principles and operating modes of AFM-IR, we present and evaluate the latest key applications of AFM-IR to the life sciences, summarizing what the technique has to offer to this field. Furthermore, we discuss the most relevant current limitations and point out potential future developments and areas for further application for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration.
{"title":"AFM-IR for Nanoscale Chemical Characterization in Life Sciences: Recent Developments and Future Directions","authors":"A. Catarina V. D. dos Santos, Nikolaus Hondl, Victoria Ramos-Garcia, Julia Kuligowski, Bernhard Lendl and Georg Ramer*, ","doi":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Despite the ubiquitous absorption of mid-infrared (IR) radiation by virtually all molecules that belong to the major biomolecules groups (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), the application of conventional IR microscopy to the life sciences remained somewhat limited, due to the restrictions on spatial resolution imposed by the diffraction limit (in the order of several micrometers). This issue is addressed by AFM-IR, a scanning probe-based technique that allows for chemical analysis at the nanoscale with resolutions down to 10 nm and thus has the potential to contribute to the investigation of nano and microscale biological processes. In this perspective, in addition to a concise description of the working principles and operating modes of AFM-IR, we present and evaluate the latest key applications of AFM-IR to the life sciences, summarizing what the technique has to offer to this field. Furthermore, we discuss the most relevant current limitations and point out potential future developments and areas for further application for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration.</p>","PeriodicalId":29800,"journal":{"name":"ACS Measurement Science Au","volume":"3 5","pages":"301–314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43482828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}