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Colorimetric Signal Readout for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Using a Printable Glass-Based Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Type Helium Plasma Detector 使用可印刷玻璃基介电阻挡放电型氦等离子体探测器检测挥发性有机化合物的比色信号读出
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00012
Jingqin Mao, Longze Liu, Yahya Atwa, Junming Hou, Zhenxun Wu and Hamza Shakeel*, 

In this paper, we report on a printable glass-based manufacturing method and a new proof-of-concept colorimetric signal readout scheme for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-type helium plasma photoionization detector. The sensor consists of a millimeter-sized glass chamber manufactured using a printable glass suspension. Plasma inside the chip is generated using a custom-built power supply (900 V and 83.6 kHz), and the detector uses ∼5 W of power. Our new detection scheme is based on detecting the change in the color of plasma after the introduction of target gases. The change in color is first captured by a smartphone camera as a video output. The recorded video is then processed and converted to an image light intensity vs retention time plot (gas chromatogram) using three standard color space models (red, green, blue (RGB), hue, saturation, lightness (HSL), and hue, saturation, value (HSV)) with RGB performing the best among the three models. We successfully detected three different categories of volatile organic compounds using our new detection scheme and a 30-m-long gas chromatography column: (1) straight-chain alkanes (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonane), (2) aromatics (benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene), and (3) polar compounds (acetone, ethanol, and dichloromethane). The best limit of detection of 10 ng was achieved for benzene at room temperature. Additionally, the device showed excellent performance for different types of sample mixtures consisting of three and five compounds. Our new detector readout method combined with our ability to print complex glass structures provides a new research avenue to analyze complex gas mixtures and their components.

在本文中,我们报道了一种基于可打印玻璃的制造方法和一种用于介质阻挡放电(DBD)型氦等离子体光电离检测器的新的概念验证比色信号读出方案。传感器由一个毫米大小的玻璃室组成,该玻璃室使用可打印的玻璃悬浮液制造。芯片内部的等离子体是使用定制的电源(900 V和83.6 kHz)产生的,探测器使用~5 W的功率。我们的新检测方案是基于检测引入目标气体后等离子体颜色的变化。颜色的变化首先由智能手机摄像头捕捉到,作为视频输出。然后,使用三个标准颜色空间模型(红、绿、蓝(RGB)、色调、饱和度、亮度(HSL)和色调、饱和度和值(HSV))处理记录的视频并将其转换为图像光强度与保留时间的关系图(气相色谱图),其中RGB在这三个模型中表现最好。我们使用新的检测方案和30米长的气相色谱柱成功检测了三种不同类别的挥发性有机化合物:(1)直链烷烃(正戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷和正壬烷),(2)芳烃(苯、甲苯和乙苯),以及(3)极性化合物(丙酮、乙醇和二氯甲烷)。苯在室温下的最佳检测限为10ng。此外,该装置对由三种和五种化合物组成的不同类型的样品混合物表现出优异的性能。我们新的探测器读出方法与我们打印复杂玻璃结构的能力相结合,为分析复杂气体混合物及其成分提供了一条新的研究途径。
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引用次数: 1
A Versatile and Easy Method to Calibrate a Two-Compartment Flow Cell for Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Measurements 一个通用的和简单的方法来校准一个双室流动电池的微分电化学质谱测量
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00009
Christoph J. Bondue, Marc T. M. Koper and Kristina Tschulik*, 

Online techniques for the quantitative analysis of reaction products have many advantages over offline methods. However, owing to the low product formation rates in electrochemical reactions, few of these techniques can be coupled to electrochemistry. An exception is differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), which gains increasing popularity not least because of its high time resolution in the sub-second regime. DEMS is often combined with a dual thin-layer cell (a two-compartment flow cell), which helps to mitigate a number of problems that arise due to the existence of a vacuum|electrolyte interface. However, the efficiency with which this cell transfers volatile reaction products into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer is far below 100%. Therefore, a calibration constant that considers not only the sensitivity of the DEMS setup but also the transfer efficiency of the dual thin-layer cell is needed to translate the signals observed in the mass spectrometer into electrochemical product formation rates. However, it can be challenging or impossible to design an experiment that yields such a calibration constant. Here, we show that the transfer efficiency of the dual thin-layer cell depends on the diffusion coefficient of the analyte. Based on this observation, we suggest a two-point calibration method. That is, a plot of the logarithm of the transfer efficiencies determined for H2 and O2 versus the logarithm of their diffusion coefficients defines a straight line. Extrapolation of this line to the diffusion coefficient of another analyte yields a good estimate of its transfer efficiency. This is a versatile and easy calibration method, because the transfer efficiencies of H2 and O2 are readily accessible for a large range of electrode–electrolyte combinations.

用于反应产物定量分析的在线技术比离线方法具有许多优点。然而,由于电化学反应中产物形成率低,这些技术很少能与电化学结合。微分电化学质谱法(DEMS)是一个例外,它越来越受欢迎,尤其是因为它在亚秒范围内的高时间分辨率。DEMS通常与双薄层电池(双室流动电池)相结合,这有助于缓解由于真空电解质界面的存在而出现的许多问题。然而,该池将挥发性反应产物转移到质谱仪的真空中的效率远低于100%。因此,需要一个不仅考虑DEMS设置的灵敏度,还考虑双薄层电池的转移效率的校准常数,以将质谱仪中观察到的信号转化为电化学产物形成速率。然而,设计一个产生这样一个校准常数的实验可能具有挑战性或不可能。在这里,我们证明了双薄层细胞的转移效率取决于分析物的扩散系数。基于这一观察结果,我们提出了一种两点校准方法。也就是说,为H2和O2确定的转移效率的对数与它们的扩散系数的对数的关系图定义了一条直线。将这条线外推到另一种分析物的扩散系数可以很好地估计其转移效率。这是一种通用且简单的校准方法,因为H2和O2的转移效率对于大范围的电极-电解质组合来说很容易获得。
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引用次数: 1
Strategies for Overcoming the Single-Molecule Concentration Barrier 克服单分子浓度障碍的策略。
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00002
David S. White, Mackinsey A. Smith, Baron Chanda and Randall H. Goldsmith*, 

Fluorescence-based single-molecule approaches have helped revolutionize our understanding of chemical and biological mechanisms. Unfortunately, these methods are only suitable at low concentrations of fluorescent molecules so that single fluorescent species of interest can be successfully resolved beyond background signal. The application of these techniques has therefore been limited to high-affinity interactions despite most biological and chemical processes occurring at much higher reactant concentrations. Fortunately, recent methodological advances have demonstrated that this concentration barrier can indeed be broken, with techniques reaching concentrations as high as 1 mM. The goal of this Review is to discuss the challenges in performing single-molecule fluorescence techniques at high-concentration, offer applications in both biology and chemistry, and highlight the major milestones that shatter the concentration barrier. We also hope to inspire the widespread use of these techniques so we can begin exploring the new physical phenomena lying beyond this barrier.

基于荧光的单分子方法有助于彻底改变我们对化学和生物机制的理解。不幸的是,这些方法只适用于低浓度的荧光分子,因此感兴趣的单个荧光物种可以成功地分辨出背景信号之外的荧光。因此,尽管大多数生物和化学过程发生在高得多的反应物浓度下,但这些技术的应用仅限于高亲和力相互作用。幸运的是,最近的方法学进展表明,这种浓度屏障确实可以被打破,技术浓度高达1mM。这篇综述的目标是讨论在高浓度下进行单分子荧光技术的挑战,在生物学和化学中提供应用,并强调打破注意力障碍的主要里程碑。我们还希望激发这些技术的广泛应用,以便我们能够开始探索超越这一障碍的新物理现象。
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引用次数: 2
Correction to “Why and How Savitzky–Golay Filters Should Be Replaced” 更正“为什么以及如何更换Savitzky-Golay过滤器”
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00017
Michael Schmid*, David Rath and Ulrike Diebold, 
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00054.].
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引用次数: 0
Calculation of Tissue Oxygenation via an Inverse Boundary Problem for Transcutaneous Oxygenation Wearable Applications 基于反边界问题的经皮氧合可穿戴应用组织氧合计算
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00013
Juan Pedro Cascales*, Adina E. Draghici, Helen Keshishian, J. Andrew Taylor and Conor L. Evans*, 

In this article, we present a toolset to fully leverage a previously developed transcutaneous oxygenation monitor (TCOM) wearable technology to accurately measure skin oxygenation values. We describe numerical models and experimental characterization techniques that allow for the extraction of precise tissue oxygenation measurements. The numerical model is based on an inverse boundary problem of the parabolic equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. To validate this model and characterize the diffusion of oxygen through the oxygen sensing materials, we designed a series of control/calibration experiments modeled after the device’s clinical application using oxygenation values in the physiological range expected for healthy tissue. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain accurate tissue pO2 measurements without the need for long equilibration times with a small wearable device.

在这篇文章中,我们提出了一个工具集,以充分利用先前开发的经皮氧合监测仪(TCOM)可穿戴技术来准确测量皮肤氧合值。我们描述了允许提取精确组织氧合测量值的数值模型和实验表征技术。该数值模型基于具有狄利克雷边界条件的抛物型方程的逆边界问题。为了验证该模型并表征氧气通过氧气传感材料的扩散,我们根据该设备的临床应用设计了一系列控制/校准实验,使用健康组织预期生理范围内的氧合值。我们的结果表明,在不需要使用小型可穿戴设备长时间平衡的情况下,可以获得准确的组织pO2测量值。
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引用次数: 1
Multiplex Assays Enable Simultaneous Detection and Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Clinical and Wastewater Samples 多重检测能够同时检测和鉴定临床和废水样本中关注的SARS-CoV-2变体
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00005
Yanming Liu, Teresa Kumblathan, Michael A. Joyce, D. Lorne Tyrrell, Graham Tipples, Xiaoli Pang, Xing-Fang Li* and X. Chris Le*, 

The targeted screening and sequencing approaches for COVID-19 surveillance need to be adjusted to fit the evolving surveillance objectives which necessarily change over time. We present the development of variant screening assays that can be applied to new targets in a timely manner and enable multiplexing of targets for efficient implementation in the laboratory. By targeting the HV69/70 deletion for Alpha, K417N for Beta, K417T for Gamma, and HV69/70 deletion plus K417N for sub-variants BA.1, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5 of Omicron, we achieved simultaneous detection and differentiation of Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron in a single assay. Targeting both T478K and P681R mutations enabled specific detection of the Delta variant. The multiplex assays used in combination, targeting K417N and T478K, specifically detected the Omicron sub-variant BA.2. The limits of detection for the five variants of concern were 4–16 copies of the viral RNA per reaction. Both assays achieved 100% clinical sensitivity and 100% specificity. Analyses of 377 clinical samples and 24 wastewater samples revealed the Delta variant in 100 clinical samples (nasopharyngeal and throat swab) collected in November 2021. Omicron BA.1 was detected in 79 nasopharyngeal swab samples collected in January 2022. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants were detected in 24 wastewater samples collected in May–June 2021 from two major cities of Alberta (Canada), and the results were consistent with the clinical cases of multiple variants reported in the community.

新冠肺炎监测的靶向筛查和测序方法需要进行调整,以适应不断变化的监测目标,这些目标必然会随着时间的推移而变化。我们介绍了可及时应用于新靶点的变体筛选分析的开发,并使靶点能够多路复用,以便在实验室中高效实施。通过靶向阿尔法的HV69/70缺失,贝塔的K417N,伽马的K417T,以及奥密克戎的亚变体BA.1、BA.3、BA.4和BA.5的HV69+70缺失加K417N的突变,我们在一次检测中实现了阿尔法、贝塔、伽马和奥密克戎的同时检测和分化。靶向T478K和P681R突变使得能够特异性检测德尔塔变体。组合使用的针对K417N和T478K的多重检测,特异性检测到奥密克戎亚变体BA.2。五种变异毒株的检测极限为每次反应4-16个拷贝的病毒RNA。两种检测均达到100%的临床敏感性和100%的特异性。对377份临床样本和24份废水样本的分析显示,2021年11月采集的100份临床样本(鼻咽和咽拭子)中存在德尔塔变异株。在2022年1月采集的79份鼻咽拭子样本中检测到奥密克戎BA.1。在2021年5月至6月从阿尔伯塔省(加拿大)两个主要城市采集的24份废水样本中检测到阿尔法、贝塔和伽马变体,结果与社区报告的多种变体的临床病例一致。
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引用次数: 2
Electrochemical Cellulase-Linked ELASA for Rapid Liquid Biopsy Testing of Serum HER-2/neu 电化学纤维素酶连接的ELASA快速液体活检检测血清HER-2/neu
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-14 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00067
Ana Díaz-Fernández, Alexey Ferapontov, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo and Elena E. Ferapontova*, 

Non-invasive liquid biopsy assays for blood-circulating biomarkers of cancer allow both its early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Here, we assessed serum levels of protein HER-2/neu, overexpressed in a number of aggressive cancers, by the cellulase-linked sandwich bioassay on magnetic beads. Instead of traditional antibodies we used inexpensive reporter and capture aptamer sequences, transforming the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) into an enzyme-linked aptamer-sorbent assay (ELASA). The reporter aptamer was conjugated to cellulase, whose digestion of nitrocellulose film electrodes resulted in the electrochemical signal change. ELASA, optimized relative aptamer lengths (dimer vs monomer and trimer), and assay steps allowed 0.1 fM detection of HER-2/neu in the 10% human serum in 1.3 h. Urokinase plasminogen activator and thrombin as well as human serum albumin did not interfere, and liquid biopsy analysis of serum HER-2/neu was similarly robust but 4 times faster and 300 times cheaper than both electrochemical and optical ELISA. Simplicity and low cost of cellulase-linked ELASA makes it a perspective diagnostic tool for fast and accurate liquid biopsy detection of HER-2/neu and of other proteins for which aptamers are available.

癌症血液循环生物标志物的非侵入性液体活组织检查允许其早期诊断和治疗监测。在这里,我们通过在磁珠上进行纤维素酶连接的三明治生物测定,评估了在许多侵袭性癌症中过表达的HER-2/neu蛋白的血清水平。代替传统的抗体,我们使用了廉价的报告子和捕获适体序列,将酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)转化为酶联适体吸附测定(ELASA)。将报告适体与纤维素酶偶联,纤维素酶对硝化纤维素膜电极的消化导致电化学信号的变化。ELASA、优化的相对适体长度(二聚体与单体和三聚体)和测定步骤允许在1.3小时内在10%的人血清中检测到0.1fM的HER-2/neu。尿激酶纤溶酶原激活剂和凝血酶以及人血清白蛋白不干扰,血清HER-2/neu的液体活检分析同样稳健,但比电化学和光学ELISA快4倍,便宜300倍。纤维素酶连接的ELASA的简单性和低成本使其成为一种有前景的诊断工具,用于快速准确的HER-2/neu和适体可用的其他蛋白质的液体活检检测。
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引用次数: 3
Novel Additive Manufactured Multielectrode Electrochemical Cell with Honeycomb Inspired Design for the Detection of Methyl Parathion in Honey Samples 新型添加剂制造的蜂窝设计多电极电化学电池用于蜂蜜样品中甲基对硫磷的检测
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00003
Bruno C. Janegitz*, Robert D. Crapnell, Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, Cristiane Kalinke, Matthew J. Whittingham, Alejandro Garcia-Miranda Ferrari and Craig E. Banks*, 

The development and increase in the number of crops recently have led to the requirement for greater efficiency in world food production and greater consumption of pesticides. In this context, the widespread use of pesticides has affected the decrease in the population of pollinating insects and has caused food contamination. Therefore, simple, low-cost, and quick analytical methods can be interesting alternatives for checking the quality of foods such as honey. In this work, we propose a new additively manufactured (3D-printed) device inspired by a honeycomb cell, with 6 working electrodes for the direct electrochemical analysis of methyl parathion by reduction process monitoring in food and environmental samples. Under optimized parameters, the proposed sensor presented a linear range between 0.85 and 19.6 μmol L–1, with a limit of detection of 0.20 μmol L–1. The sensors were successfully applied in honey and tap water samples by using the standard addition method. The proposed honeycomb cell made of polylactic acid and commercial conductive filament is easy to construct, and there is no need for chemical treatments to be used. These devices based on 6 working electrodes array are versatile platforms for rapid, highly repeatable analysis in food and environment, capable of performing detection in low concentrations.

最近作物数量的发展和增加导致了对提高世界粮食生产效率和增加农药消费的要求。在这种情况下,杀虫剂的广泛使用影响了传粉昆虫数量的减少,并造成了食物污染。因此,简单、低成本、快速的分析方法可能是检查蜂蜜等食品质量的有趣替代方法。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种受蜂窝电池启发的新型添加制造(3D打印)装置,该装置具有6个工作电极,用于通过食品和环境样品中的还原过程监测对甲基对硫磷进行直接电化学分析。在优化的参数下,所提出的传感器的线性范围在0.85和19.6μmol L–1之间,检测极限为0.20μmol L-1。采用标准添加法将传感器成功应用于蜂蜜和自来水样品中。所提出的由聚乳酸和商业导电细丝制成的蜂窝单元易于构建,并且不需要使用化学处理。这些基于6个工作电极阵列的设备是在食品和环境中进行快速、高度可重复分析的通用平台,能够在低浓度下进行检测。
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引用次数: 2
Electrochemical Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Using a Biomimetic Flow Cell System 基于仿生流动池系统的伯氏疏螺旋体电化学检测
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00004
Connor D. Flynn*, Mariusz Sandomierski, Kelly Kim, Julie Lewis, Vett Lloyd and Anna Ignaszak*, 

Lyme disease, caused by infection with pathogenic Borrelia bacteria, has emerged as a pervasive illness throughout North America and many other regions of the world in recent years, owing in part to climate-mediated habitat expansion of the tick vectors. Standard diagnostic testing has remained largely unchanged over the past several decades and is indirect, relying on detection of antibodies against the Borrelia pathogen, rather than detection of the pathogen itself. The development of new rapid, point-of-care tests for Lyme disease that directly detects the pathogen could drastically improve patient health by enabling faster and more frequent testing that could better inform patient treatment. Here, we describe a proof-of-concept electrochemical sensing approach to the detection of the Lyme disease-causing bacteria, which utilizes a biomimetic electrode to interact with the Borrelia bacteria that induce impedance alterations. In addition, the catch-bond mechanism between bacterial BBK32 protein and human fibronectin protein, which exhibits improved bond strength with increased tensile force, is tested within an electrochemical injection flow-cell to achieve Borrelia detection under shear stress.

近年来,由致病性疏螺旋体细菌感染引起的莱姆病已成为北美和世界许多其他地区的一种普遍疾病,部分原因是气候介导的蜱媒栖息地扩张。在过去的几十年里,标准诊断测试基本上保持不变,是间接的,依赖于检测针对疏螺旋体病原体的抗体,而不是检测病原体本身。开发新的快速、直接检测病原体的莱姆病护理点检测方法,可以更快、更频繁地进行检测,从而更好地为患者治疗提供信息,从而大大改善患者的健康状况。在这里,我们描述了一种检测莱姆病致病细菌的概念验证电化学传感方法,该方法利用仿生电极与引起阻抗变化的疏螺旋体细菌相互作用。此外,在电化学注射流动池中测试了细菌BBK32蛋白和人纤连蛋白之间的捕获结合机制,该机制表现出随着张力的增加而提高的结合强度,以实现剪切应力下的疏螺旋体检测。
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引用次数: 2
New Guidelines for Presenting Electrochemical Data in All ACS Journals 在所有ACS期刊上发表电化学数据的新指南
Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00008
Shelley Minteer, Jingguang Chen, Song Lin, Cathleen Crudden, Stefanie Dehnen, Prashant V. Kamat, Marisa Kozlowski, Géraldine Masson and Scott J. Miller, 
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引用次数: 0
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