Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the word culture in selected co-texts and contexts with negative connotations in the OED online The OED (Oxford English Dictionary) online (from now on OED, unless when it is necessary to specify “online”) “is a work in progress. Hundreds of new entries are added every year […] with the aim of producing a completely updated third edition”. https://www.oed.com/page/245; see also https://public.oed.com/how-words-enter-the-oed/. Last access: June 7, 2023. 21st-century definitions, phrases, compounds, and quotations. The study was prompted by the use of the words oriental and especially culture in a few comments following the August 2022 announcement of the Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies name change to the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies: this new name was selected because “many [staff and students] considered the word Oriental to be inappropriate”. (https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/article/announcing-a-change-of-name-to-the-faculty-of-asian-and-middle-eastern-studies). Last access: September 23, 2022. Alongside the word oriental, the word culture, significantly absent in the announcement, is used in various comments carrying a negative connotation. Research findings indicate that in several OED Phrases and Quotations the word culture is used in the same co-text as words that have a negative connotation. These words give (or “pass on”) their negative connotation (and/or “inappropriateness”, according to the context) to the word culture itself.
{"title":"Culture in the OED online Phrases and Quotations","authors":"Stefania Nuccorini","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the word culture in selected co-texts and contexts with negative connotations in the OED online The OED (Oxford English Dictionary) online (from now on OED, unless when it is necessary to specify “online”) “is a work in progress. Hundreds of new entries are added every year […] with the aim of producing a completely updated third edition”. https://www.oed.com/page/245; see also https://public.oed.com/how-words-enter-the-oed/. Last access: June 7, 2023. 21st-century definitions, phrases, compounds, and quotations. The study was prompted by the use of the words oriental and especially culture in a few comments following the August 2022 announcement of the Oxford Faculty of Oriental Studies name change to the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies: this new name was selected because “many [staff and students] considered the word Oriental to be inappropriate”. (https://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/article/announcing-a-change-of-name-to-the-faculty-of-asian-and-middle-eastern-studies). Last access: September 23, 2022. Alongside the word oriental, the word culture, significantly absent in the announcement, is used in various comments carrying a negative connotation. Research findings indicate that in several OED Phrases and Quotations the word culture is used in the same co-text as words that have a negative connotation. These words give (or “pass on”) their negative connotation (and/or “inappropriateness”, according to the context) to the word culture itself.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"9 1","pages":"33 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research uncovers lexical contact between English and other languages in texts about the part of the Spanish Philippines under the control of the British East India Company from September 1762 to April 1764. Better known as the Manilha Consultations, the texts in English sent to, and received from, British India are scrutinised in search of the British East India Company’s vocabulary. That vocabulary partly consists of lexemes found in the English/British East India Company’s consultations worldwide but unrecorded in monolingual dictionaries and glossaries of major and/or minor varieties of English. The Manilha Consultations contain lexemes unrecorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Hobson-Jobson Glossary, and/or the Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. The 38 lexemes here considered instances of the British East India Company’s vocabulary might be included in those, and/or other, dictionaries and glossaries of British English, Indian English, and/or Philippine English if expansive criteria for lexeme inclusion were applied.
{"title":"From Great Britain to the Spanish Philippines via British India… and back","authors":"José Miguel Alcolado Carnicero","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research uncovers lexical contact between English and other languages in texts about the part of the Spanish Philippines under the control of the British East India Company from September 1762 to April 1764. Better known as the Manilha Consultations, the texts in English sent to, and received from, British India are scrutinised in search of the British East India Company’s vocabulary. That vocabulary partly consists of lexemes found in the English/British East India Company’s consultations worldwide but unrecorded in monolingual dictionaries and glossaries of major and/or minor varieties of English. The Manilha Consultations contain lexemes unrecorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Hobson-Jobson Glossary, and/or the Merriam-Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. The 38 lexemes here considered instances of the British East India Company’s vocabulary might be included in those, and/or other, dictionaries and glossaries of British English, Indian English, and/or Philippine English if expansive criteria for lexeme inclusion were applied.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"13 1","pages":"279 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Although the contribution of linguistics to terminology is widely recognized today, there remains a lack of tools allowing the construction of specialized dictionaries that deal with both the conceptual and the linguistic dimension of the terms. In this paper we present LexO, a collaborative web editor that was built with the aim of filling this gap. The guiding principles of LexO are the following: i) to allow terminologists to define the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of a term, w.r.t. the traditional onomasiological perspective; ii) to adhere to the open science philosophy and to the FAIR principles, so to create specialized dictionaries that can be shared and reused within the scientific community.
{"title":"Creating specialised dictionaries using LexO","authors":"Andrea Bellandi, Silvia Piccini","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although the contribution of linguistics to terminology is widely recognized today, there remains a lack of tools allowing the construction of specialized dictionaries that deal with both the conceptual and the linguistic dimension of the terms. In this paper we present LexO, a collaborative web editor that was built with the aim of filling this gap. The guiding principles of LexO are the following: i) to allow terminologists to define the morphological, syntactic and semantic features of a term, w.r.t. the traditional onomasiological perspective; ii) to adhere to the open science philosophy and to the FAIR principles, so to create specialized dictionaries that can be shared and reused within the scientific community.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"14 1","pages":"225 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dagmar Gromann, Barbara Heinisch, Lennart Wachowiak, Christian Lang
Abstract Terminology as a term refers to terminology science and simultaneously to practically curated terminological resources (TR). The latter fall within the scope of language resources. Manually curating such a TR is labor- and time-intensive. Thus, it has been a long-standing research endeavor to reduce this effort by automating the TR creation process. However, to this point such endeavors have focused on terms rather than on interrelations. Instead of directly interrelating terms, they are conventionally grouped by synonymy and equivalence into concepts, and relations are established between concepts. This paper introduces preliminaries of terminology science and practice, common models of interrelating terminological concepts, and especially focuses on a new way to define terminological relations and a system to extract terminological information from texts across domains and languages by means of recent neural methods.
{"title":"A novel way of extracting full-fledged terminologies from multilingual texts","authors":"Dagmar Gromann, Barbara Heinisch, Lennart Wachowiak, Christian Lang","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Terminology as a term refers to terminology science and simultaneously to practically curated terminological resources (TR). The latter fall within the scope of language resources. Manually curating such a TR is labor- and time-intensive. Thus, it has been a long-standing research endeavor to reduce this effort by automating the TR creation process. However, to this point such endeavors have focused on terms rather than on interrelations. Instead of directly interrelating terms, they are conventionally grouped by synonymy and equivalence into concepts, and relations are established between concepts. This paper introduces preliminaries of terminology science and practice, common models of interrelating terminological concepts, and especially focuses on a new way to define terminological relations and a system to extract terminological information from texts across domains and languages by means of recent neural methods.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"32 1","pages":"209 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139303606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article This article has been adapted from the author’s master’s thesis as part of completion of the European Master in Lexicography (EMLex). delves into the impact of colonialist and racist ideologies as manifested in lexicons, with a special focus on the Afrika Hand-Lexikon (1885) and other lexicons from the German colonialist period (1884–1914). By examining the front matter and selected entries from these lexicons, the article uncovers the origins of racial hierarchies and scrutinizes dehumanization tactics, including the use of animal metaphors. Moreover, the article provides historical context to understand the language and rhetorical devices employed by lexicographers such as Paul Heichen in the Afrika Hand-Lexikon. Additionally, it emphasizes the pivotal role that colonialist ideologies played in influencing the ideologies embraced by the Nazi regime in its war of extermination. Through this analysis, the article sheds light on the historical significance of lexicons in perpetuating and legitimizing derogatory language, while also underscoring their relevance in comprehending the broader socio-political impact of colonialism and racism.
{"title":"Unpacking colonialist and racist ideologies in historical German lexicons: A critical analysis of the Afrika Hand-Lexikon (1885) and similar reference books","authors":"Adam Kirchner","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article This article has been adapted from the author’s master’s thesis as part of completion of the European Master in Lexicography (EMLex). delves into the impact of colonialist and racist ideologies as manifested in lexicons, with a special focus on the Afrika Hand-Lexikon (1885) and other lexicons from the German colonialist period (1884–1914). By examining the front matter and selected entries from these lexicons, the article uncovers the origins of racial hierarchies and scrutinizes dehumanization tactics, including the use of animal metaphors. Moreover, the article provides historical context to understand the language and rhetorical devices employed by lexicographers such as Paul Heichen in the Afrika Hand-Lexikon. Additionally, it emphasizes the pivotal role that colonialist ideologies played in influencing the ideologies embraced by the Nazi regime in its war of extermination. Through this analysis, the article sheds light on the historical significance of lexicons in perpetuating and legitimizing derogatory language, while also underscoring their relevance in comprehending the broader socio-political impact of colonialism and racism.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"186 1","pages":"97 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139292386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Dictionaries and Society” – Conference Report about XX EURALEX in Mannheim","authors":"Merle Benter, Julia Pawels, Petra Storjohann","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Lexicography","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"18 1","pages":"373 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139292059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract AI-generated text production is on the rise Zandan (2020), and AI writers seem to be playing an increasingly important role in marketing, L2 text production, lexicography and language teaching, cf. Simonsen (2020b; 2021a; 2022a; 2022b; Sharples/Pérez Y Pérez 2022; ChatGPT 2023; RYTR 2023; Writewithlaika 2023). In addition to that large national language datasets are being developed in many countries, cf. for example Kirchmeier et al. (2020), and these national word registers are expected to become an important backbone in AI-based lexicographic services. On this background, there seems to be a need for AI-based business models for lexicography. This article draws on a literature review focussing on business models and business-related considerations of relevance for lexicography. The insights from the literature review led to the development of a number of theoretical considerations on AI-based business models for lexicography. The article suggests three AI-based business models for different types of lexicography and demonstrates how these business models could be implemented in three concrete projects.
Abstract AI-generated text production is on the rise Zandan (2020), and AI writers seem to play an increasingly important role in marketing, L2 text production, lexicography and language teaching, cf. Simonsen (2020b; 2021a; 2022a; 2022b; Sharples/Pérez Y Pérez 2022; ChatGPT 2023; RYTR 2023; Writewithlaika 2023)。此外，许多国家正在开发大型国家语言数据集，例如 Kirchmeier 等人 (2020)，这些国家词库有望成为基于人工智能的词典服务的重要支柱。在此背景下，似乎有必要为词典学建立基于人工智能的商业模式。本文在文献综述的基础上，重点探讨了与词典学相关的商业模式和商业相关考虑因素。从文献综述中获得的启示促使我们对基于人工智能的词典学商业模式进行了一系列理论思考。文章针对不同类型的词典学提出了三种基于人工智能的商业模式，并展示了如何在三个具体项目中实施这些商业模式。
{"title":"Theoretical Considerations on AI-based Business Models for Lexicography","authors":"Henrik Køhler Simonsen","doi":"10.1515/lex-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract AI-generated text production is on the rise Zandan (2020), and AI writers seem to be playing an increasingly important role in marketing, L2 text production, lexicography and language teaching, cf. Simonsen (2020b; 2021a; 2022a; 2022b; Sharples/Pérez Y Pérez 2022; ChatGPT 2023; RYTR 2023; Writewithlaika 2023). In addition to that large national language datasets are being developed in many countries, cf. for example Kirchmeier et al. (2020), and these national word registers are expected to become an important backbone in AI-based lexicographic services. On this background, there seems to be a need for AI-based business models for lexicography. This article draws on a literature review focussing on business models and business-related considerations of relevance for lexicography. The insights from the literature review led to the development of a number of theoretical considerations on AI-based business models for lexicography. The article suggests three AI-based business models for different types of lexicography and demonstrates how these business models could be implemented in three concrete projects.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"16 1","pages":"251 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139301399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The following report provides a brief overview of the international summer term of the Erasmus-Mundus Joint Master’s Degree – European Master in Lexicography (EMJMD – EMLex), which took place in 2022 at the University of Minho, School of Letters, Arts and Human Sciences, Braga, Portugal. The first part of the report pays tribute to Carolina Michaëlis, the German-Portuguese philologist who was our guide and inspiration throughout the semester. The second part of the report provides a detailed account of the academic and cultural activities organized.
{"title":"European Master in Lexicography: A Platform for Scientific and Cultural Exchange and Dialogue","authors":"Idalete Dias","doi":"10.1515/lex-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following report provides a brief overview of the international summer term of the Erasmus-Mundus Joint Master’s Degree – European Master in Lexicography (EMJMD – EMLex), which took place in 2022 at the University of Minho, School of Letters, Arts and Human Sciences, Braga, Portugal. The first part of the report pays tribute to Carolina Michaëlis, the German-Portuguese philologist who was our guide and inspiration throughout the semester. The second part of the report provides a detailed account of the academic and cultural activities organized.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"28 1","pages":"503 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84547853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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