Abstract Given the popularity of Chinese culture among learners of Chinese as a Foreign language (CFL), a quality bilingual dictionary is of significance to provide cultural information for language activities. The present study collects a group of typical Chinese culture-specific words (CSWs) and examines the adoption of different equivalent varieties in four Chinese-English dictionaries when dealing with those CSWs. It shows that firstly, while borrowing turns out to be the least used way in the bilingual dictionaries, a combination of equivalents (either translational or explanatory) plus explanation is the major means adopted by Chinese bilingual lexicographers. Secondly, as compared to the dictionaries for general purposes, those intended for CFL learners prefer to include more CSWs and provide a larger amount of encyclopedic explanation for user’s orientation. Finally, the inappropriateness of some translational or explanatory equivalents suggests the necessity for a close scrutiny of various aspects in the process of equivalent identification, including sense discrimination between different TL words, context information of the potential equivalents, and cultural connotation of each constituent part of a TL equivalent. It is hoped that these findings may contribute to the improvement of Chinese-English learner’s dictionaries in the future.
{"title":"Equivalent varieties for culture-specific words in Chinese-English dictionaries","authors":"Q. Li, Yun Xia","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given the popularity of Chinese culture among learners of Chinese as a Foreign language (CFL), a quality bilingual dictionary is of significance to provide cultural information for language activities. The present study collects a group of typical Chinese culture-specific words (CSWs) and examines the adoption of different equivalent varieties in four Chinese-English dictionaries when dealing with those CSWs. It shows that firstly, while borrowing turns out to be the least used way in the bilingual dictionaries, a combination of equivalents (either translational or explanatory) plus explanation is the major means adopted by Chinese bilingual lexicographers. Secondly, as compared to the dictionaries for general purposes, those intended for CFL learners prefer to include more CSWs and provide a larger amount of encyclopedic explanation for user’s orientation. Finally, the inappropriateness of some translational or explanatory equivalents suggests the necessity for a close scrutiny of various aspects in the process of equivalent identification, including sense discrimination between different TL words, context information of the potential equivalents, and cultural connotation of each constituent part of a TL equivalent. It is hoped that these findings may contribute to the improvement of Chinese-English learner’s dictionaries in the future.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"140 1","pages":"123 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77500651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper reflects on aspects of dictionary culture in African language communities. It demonstrates how weak lexicographic traditions in African languages and present pedagogical practices in the public schooling system of African countries militate against the establishment of a thriving dictionary culture. This is against the gains made from the 1990s when the production of mother-tongue dictionaries gained traction in African languages and some efforts to provide for the integration of dictionary pedagogy in schools. The unavailability of dictionaries and the exclusion of dictionary pedagogy are identified as major challenges. The paper thus reiterates the need for the empowerment of teachers through formal training and also for the collaboration between lexicographers and other stakeholders as long-term solutions to the identified challenges.
{"title":"Dictionary culture in African language communities: research, development, challenges and prospects","authors":"D. Nkomo","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper reflects on aspects of dictionary culture in African language communities. It demonstrates how weak lexicographic traditions in African languages and present pedagogical practices in the public schooling system of African countries militate against the establishment of a thriving dictionary culture. This is against the gains made from the 1990s when the production of mother-tongue dictionaries gained traction in African languages and some efforts to provide for the integration of dictionary pedagogy in schools. The unavailability of dictionaries and the exclusion of dictionary pedagogy are identified as major challenges. The paper thus reiterates the need for the empowerment of teachers through formal training and also for the collaboration between lexicographers and other stakeholders as long-term solutions to the identified challenges.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"93 1","pages":"11 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85713964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper deals with a description of new specialized Shakespeare reference books belonging to English cultural heritage lexicography (dictionaries of characters, quotations, proverbs, guides, companions). The main accent is made on LSP titles published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries, describing terminology of different subject fields found in Shakespeare’s works: economics, medicine, politics, philosophy, visual arts, religion, music, etc., where Shakespeare is known to be a professional. The article also covers needs and demands of LSP dictionaries target audience (theatre, cinema producers) and shows perspectives of the digital future of Shakespeare lexicography.
{"title":"A new wave of Shakespeare lexicography (with special reference to LSP dictionaries)","authors":"O. Karpova","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with a description of new specialized Shakespeare reference books belonging to English cultural heritage lexicography (dictionaries of characters, quotations, proverbs, guides, companions). The main accent is made on LSP titles published by Arden Shakespeare Dictionaries, describing terminology of different subject fields found in Shakespeare’s works: economics, medicine, politics, philosophy, visual arts, religion, music, etc., where Shakespeare is known to be a professional. The article also covers needs and demands of LSP dictionaries target audience (theatre, cinema producers) and shows perspectives of the digital future of Shakespeare lexicography.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"27 1","pages":"241 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86113064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract His admirers assert that the first English dictionary was Johnson’s but this is denied by antagonists who cite late medieval and early Renaissance lexicographers such as Thomas Elyot, Thomas Cooper and John Florio. The admirers emphasize Johnson’s merit above earlier authors and assert innovations to the form. This paper shows both views are limited and lexicography has a much greater antiquity seen in Athenaeus and earlier. All these works, which were composed over thousands of years, did not come from Evolution where Athenaeus is a common ancestor. Instead they are products of literary Spontaneous Generation, showing that Homo est animal grammaticum.
{"title":"The Deipnosophists and Dr Johnson","authors":"M. Witty","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract His admirers assert that the first English dictionary was Johnson’s but this is denied by antagonists who cite late medieval and early Renaissance lexicographers such as Thomas Elyot, Thomas Cooper and John Florio. The admirers emphasize Johnson’s merit above earlier authors and assert innovations to the form. This paper shows both views are limited and lexicography has a much greater antiquity seen in Athenaeus and earlier. All these works, which were composed over thousands of years, did not come from Evolution where Athenaeus is a common ancestor. Instead they are products of literary Spontaneous Generation, showing that Homo est animal grammaticum.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"41 8","pages":"311 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lex-2020-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72409367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Language and culture are closely connected, which is clearly reflected in many phraseological units (PUs). PUs are rarely used outside the language community in which they developed, thus causing comprehension problems to non-native speakers on account of their cultural specificity. That is why dictionaries should include cultural information to enable the users to learn about the cultural background of PUs. In online bilingual phraseological dictionaries, this type of information is of secondary importance if compared with dictionary equivalents, which are of primary importance. The aim of this article is to discuss types of additional information regarded as being of secondary importance and accessible by clicking on extra buttons, the focus being on the presentation of the cultural component. The language pair of sample entries illustrating the use of extra buttons is English and Slovenian, but the same principle could be employed in other language pairs with the necessary language-specific modifications and adaptations.
{"title":"The presentation of information in bilingual online dictionaries: The case of culture-specific phraseological units","authors":"Marjeta Vrbinc, Alenka Vrbinc","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Language and culture are closely connected, which is clearly reflected in many phraseological units (PUs). PUs are rarely used outside the language community in which they developed, thus causing comprehension problems to non-native speakers on account of their cultural specificity. That is why dictionaries should include cultural information to enable the users to learn about the cultural background of PUs. In online bilingual phraseological dictionaries, this type of information is of secondary importance if compared with dictionary equivalents, which are of primary importance. The aim of this article is to discuss types of additional information regarded as being of secondary importance and accessible by clicking on extra buttons, the focus being on the presentation of the cultural component. The language pair of sample entries illustrating the use of extra buttons is English and Slovenian, but the same principle could be employed in other language pairs with the necessary language-specific modifications and adaptations.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"4 1","pages":"159 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lex-2020-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72399624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to Wiegand et al. (2020: 322) metalexicography is the overarching theoretical domain of lexicography. It encompasses the theoretical foundation of all lexicographic activities and processes. An earlier distinction between metalexicography and dictionary research is no longer maintained and these terms are used as synonyms. Consequently the areas of research previously allocated to dictionary research, cf. Wiegand (1998: 114), i.e. systematic dictionary research, research in the use of dictionaries, historical dictionary research and critical dictionary research, now also fall within the domain of metalexicography – as already indicated much earlier in Wiegand (1984: 15). There is an interactive relation between language and culture and familiarity with many aspects of this relation can be regarded as necessary for the best possible comprehension of language and the appropriate use of language in typical situations of use. General language dictionaries are tools that reflect language in order to enhance its understanding and use. Therefore it is of paramount importance that dictionaries should also reflect some of the aspects of the relation between language and culture. Research directed at this responsibility of dictionaries is also accommodated within the domain of metalexicography. Such research is needed to enrich the metalexicographic literature, to stimulate advanced research into this field and eventually to have a sound impact on the lexicographic practice. This should result in an improved approach to this interactive relation in new and revised lexicographic products. The scope of the topic dealt with in the thematic part of this volume of Lexicographica allows the discussion of a wide range of focal points that brings dictionaries and culture within the cradle of metalexicography. In the invitation to authors they were informed that there could be different approaches to the topic “Metalexicography, dictionaries and culture”. The invitation stated:
{"title":"Metalexicography, dictionaries and culture","authors":"R. Gouws","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"According to Wiegand et al. (2020: 322) metalexicography is the overarching theoretical domain of lexicography. It encompasses the theoretical foundation of all lexicographic activities and processes. An earlier distinction between metalexicography and dictionary research is no longer maintained and these terms are used as synonyms. Consequently the areas of research previously allocated to dictionary research, cf. Wiegand (1998: 114), i.e. systematic dictionary research, research in the use of dictionaries, historical dictionary research and critical dictionary research, now also fall within the domain of metalexicography – as already indicated much earlier in Wiegand (1984: 15). There is an interactive relation between language and culture and familiarity with many aspects of this relation can be regarded as necessary for the best possible comprehension of language and the appropriate use of language in typical situations of use. General language dictionaries are tools that reflect language in order to enhance its understanding and use. Therefore it is of paramount importance that dictionaries should also reflect some of the aspects of the relation between language and culture. Research directed at this responsibility of dictionaries is also accommodated within the domain of metalexicography. Such research is needed to enrich the metalexicographic literature, to stimulate advanced research into this field and eventually to have a sound impact on the lexicographic practice. This should result in an improved approach to this interactive relation in new and revised lexicographic products. The scope of the topic dealt with in the thematic part of this volume of Lexicographica allows the discussion of a wide range of focal points that brings dictionaries and culture within the cradle of metalexicography. In the invitation to authors they were informed that there could be different approaches to the topic “Metalexicography, dictionaries and culture”. The invitation stated:","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"39 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81006829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Digitization of dictionaries, which were founded in predigital times, face the challenge of modern technics. In the case of the Early New High German dictionary this challenge has proved to be more a chance than a curse. This article demonstrates how the textual structure of the (old) dictionary is transformed in the (new) digital language. It has shown that the new technics produce an added value. This is of course only possible under the condition, that the conception of the dictionary and the formulation by the lexicographer has prepared an elaborated base of semantic informations.
{"title":"Lexikographische Konzeption und kulturgeschichtliche Erkenntnis im digitalen Zeitalter","authors":"A. Lobenstein-Reichmann, O. Reichmann","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Digitization of dictionaries, which were founded in predigital times, face the challenge of modern technics. In the case of the Early New High German dictionary this challenge has proved to be more a chance than a curse. This article demonstrates how the textual structure of the (old) dictionary is transformed in the (new) digital language. It has shown that the new technics produce an added value. This is of course only possible under the condition, that the conception of the dictionary and the formulation by the lexicographer has prepared an elaborated base of semantic informations.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"91 1","pages":"287 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88544166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Lexicography is traditionally associated with its significant social and cultural role and consequently corresponding tasks and functions. Dictionaries have several, partially overlapping functions: they serve practical lexicography to satisfy various individual needs of the speakers, hence at the same time they also serve the language documentation which addresses national, language policy, administrative, economic as well as educational and scientific needs of a language community. This basic attitude to the social-cultural status of dictionaries, although simplified, is the starting point for considerations of historically significant milestones in the development of lexicography with Slovenian. Following Hausmann (1989) and his presentation of approaches to the social status of lexicography and its products, Slovenian lexicography is viewed from the perspective of the cultural-historical development of Slovenian-speaking society.
{"title":"Wörterbücher mit Slowenisch. Historische, kulturelle und sprachpolitische Aspekte","authors":"Vida Jesenšek","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lexicography is traditionally associated with its significant social and cultural role and consequently corresponding tasks and functions. Dictionaries have several, partially overlapping functions: they serve practical lexicography to satisfy various individual needs of the speakers, hence at the same time they also serve the language documentation which addresses national, language policy, administrative, economic as well as educational and scientific needs of a language community. This basic attitude to the social-cultural status of dictionaries, although simplified, is the starting point for considerations of historically significant milestones in the development of lexicography with Slovenian. Following Hausmann (1989) and his presentation of approaches to the social status of lexicography and its products, Slovenian lexicography is viewed from the perspective of the cultural-historical development of Slovenian-speaking society.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"17 1","pages":"139 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81135980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Boys will be boys encapsulates most of what is wrong with patriarchy, hegemonic masculinity, gender roles, victimisation of females, and the gender binary, all of which play crucial roles in the continued subjugation and oppression of females in our society. Although most general English dictionaries provide a definition for this expression, this paper will demonstrate how they mischaracterise it, and therefore legitimise the repressive, destructive, and violent manifestations of this cultural mindset. After a brief review of the literature, the paraphrases of meaning that several popular dictionaries provide for this expression will be scrutinised. These will be contrasted with a bias-free and inclusive paraphrase of meaning, to be followed by a discussion and conclusions This paper is based on content from my doctoral dissertation, Kaplan (2020)..
{"title":"Boys will be boys: an example of biased and exclusive usage","authors":"Steven M. Kaplan","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Boys will be boys encapsulates most of what is wrong with patriarchy, hegemonic masculinity, gender roles, victimisation of females, and the gender binary, all of which play crucial roles in the continued subjugation and oppression of females in our society. Although most general English dictionaries provide a definition for this expression, this paper will demonstrate how they mischaracterise it, and therefore legitimise the repressive, destructive, and violent manifestations of this cultural mindset. After a brief review of the literature, the paraphrases of meaning that several popular dictionaries provide for this expression will be scrutinised. These will be contrasted with a bias-free and inclusive paraphrase of meaning, to be followed by a discussion and conclusions This paper is based on content from my doctoral dissertation, Kaplan (2020)..","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"12 3","pages":"205 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/lex-2020-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72447115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The growing number of people learning Chinese as a second language (CSL) appears to precipitate an increasing demand for Chinese dictionaries for international learners (CDIL). However, many of these dictionaries are not accepted by Chinese learners around the world. This paper, starting with the status quo and the current challenges of the CDIL, attempts to highlight the role of culture-specific constructs (CSCs) in compiling dictionaries for learners from various perspectives. The discussion is directed to the inseparable relationship between CDIL and Chinese CSCs from the viewpoint of cultural differences, the characteristics and classification of CSCs in the light of cultural anthropology and lexicography, as well as the culture enhancement in entry-word selection and definition according to the characteristics of second language acquisition and users’ dictionary needs. Finally, based on the analysis of the CSCs extracted from the Chinese-Related English Corpus, the translational definition method and principles of the CDIL are proposed. In addition, the conceptual integration mechanism for cross-cultural memetic calque of CSCs is profiled with practical instances drawn from the Corpus.
{"title":"Enhancing the role of culture-specific constructs in Chinese (-English) dictionaries for international learners","authors":"Yihua Zhang, Han-fu Mi","doi":"10.1515/lex-2020-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/lex-2020-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The growing number of people learning Chinese as a second language (CSL) appears to precipitate an increasing demand for Chinese dictionaries for international learners (CDIL). However, many of these dictionaries are not accepted by Chinese learners around the world. This paper, starting with the status quo and the current challenges of the CDIL, attempts to highlight the role of culture-specific constructs (CSCs) in compiling dictionaries for learners from various perspectives. The discussion is directed to the inseparable relationship between CDIL and Chinese CSCs from the viewpoint of cultural differences, the characteristics and classification of CSCs in the light of cultural anthropology and lexicography, as well as the culture enhancement in entry-word selection and definition according to the characteristics of second language acquisition and users’ dictionary needs. Finally, based on the analysis of the CSCs extracted from the Chinese-Related English Corpus, the translational definition method and principles of the CDIL are proposed. In addition, the conceptual integration mechanism for cross-cultural memetic calque of CSCs is profiled with practical instances drawn from the Corpus.","PeriodicalId":29876,"journal":{"name":"LEXICOGRAPHICA","volume":"13 1","pages":"59 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74948542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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