Pub Date : 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428
Florens Helfferich;Peter M. van den Berg;Rob F. Remis
We present an improved multiplicative Contrast Source Inversion (CSI) approach for Electrical Properties Tomography (EPT). In EPT, the conductivity and permittivity profiles of a body part are reconstructed based on a known circularly polarized part of the magnetic field (the $B_{1}^+$ -field) that has its support inside the body part of interest. The CSI method attempts to reconstruct these profiles in an iterative and alternating manner by first fixing the contrast and updating the contrast source (product of tissue contrast and electric field) and subsequently fixing the contrast source and updating the contrast. In this paper, regularization is included in a multiplicative way similar to the standard multiplicative CSI-EPT method. However, the regularized objective function is different and an update for the contrast is obtained through one-step Jacobi filtering of a least-squares reconstruction that is based on the updated contrast source. Two-dimensional numerical experiments for conductivity and permittivity tissue profiles of a female body model show that, for data with various noise levels, the proposed regularization approach generally provides improved tissue reconstructions compared with standard multiplicative CSI-EPT.
{"title":"Improved Multiplicative Regularization for CSI-EPT","authors":"Florens Helfferich;Peter M. van den Berg;Rob F. Remis","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3363428","url":null,"abstract":"We present an improved multiplicative Contrast Source Inversion (CSI) approach for Electrical Properties Tomography (EPT). In EPT, the conductivity and permittivity profiles of a body part are reconstructed based on a known circularly polarized part of the magnetic field (the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$B_{1}^+$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-field) that has its support inside the body part of interest. The CSI method attempts to reconstruct these profiles in an iterative and alternating manner by first fixing the contrast and updating the contrast source (product of tissue contrast and electric field) and subsequently fixing the contrast source and updating the contrast. In this paper, regularization is included in a multiplicative way similar to the standard multiplicative CSI-EPT method. However, the regularized objective function is different and an update for the contrast is obtained through one-step Jacobi filtering of a least-squares reconstruction that is based on the updated contrast source. Two-dimensional numerical experiments for conductivity and permittivity tissue profiles of a female body model show that, for data with various noise levels, the proposed regularization approach generally provides improved tissue reconstructions compared with standard multiplicative CSI-EPT.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"84-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991
Elena De Vita;Francesca De Tommasi;Carlo Altomare;Daniela Lo Presti;Giuseppina Pacella;Agostino Iadicicco;Massimiliano Carassiti;Rosario Francesco Grasso;Carlo Massaroni;Stefania Campopiano;Emiliano Schena
Thyroid nodules represent a widespread health concern and surgery is often adopted even if the incidence of frequent post-operative complications is not negligible. In recent years, this framework has fostered the growing spread of thermal ablation treatments, in particular microwave ablation (MWA). To date, despite its relevance, state-of-the-art regarding temperature monitoring in thyroid tissue during MWA is lacking. In this paper, the effects of MWA in thyroid by monitoring temperatures have been explored. By using several fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) temperature sensors, the heat maps in the proximity of the MW antenna have been reconstructed for two different power values set at generator. An increase up to about 4.5 cm 3 in ablation volume and up to 24 °C in maximum temperature variation as power rises from 20 W to 30 W has been observed. In addition, the dependency of the temperature evolution on the involved power has been investigated, observing that, with increasing power, some FBGs recorded a ΔT slope increase until the maximum values, resulting in shorter ablation times, and others recorded a plateau phase until the end of the MWA treatment. Such a propensity could be relevant to adjust the clinical settings according to the desired treatment outcome.
甲状腺结节是人们普遍关注的健康问题，即使术后并发症频发的几率不容忽视，人们还是经常采用手术治疗。近年来，这一框架促进了热消融治疗，特别是微波消融（MWA）的日益普及。迄今为止，尽管微波消融与甲状腺组织息息相关，但有关微波消融过程中甲状腺组织温度监测的最新研究成果还很缺乏。本文通过监测甲状腺的温度，探讨了微波消融对甲状腺的影响。通过使用多个光纤布拉格光栅（FBGs）温度传感器，在发电机设定的两个不同功率值下重建了MWA天线附近的热图。当功率从 20 W 上升到 30 W 时，烧蚀体积增加了约 4.5 cm3，最大温度变化高达 24 °C。此外，我们还研究了温度变化与相关功率的关系，观察到随着功率的增加，一些 FBG 的 ΔT 斜率增加，直至达到最大值，从而缩短了烧蚀时间，而另一些 FBG 的温度变化则处于平稳阶段，直至 MWA 处理结束。这种倾向可能与根据预期治疗结果调整临床设置有关。
{"title":"Thyroid Microwave Ablation Study Based on Fiber Bragg Gratings Thermal Mapping","authors":"Elena De Vita;Francesca De Tommasi;Carlo Altomare;Daniela Lo Presti;Giuseppina Pacella;Agostino Iadicicco;Massimiliano Carassiti;Rosario Francesco Grasso;Carlo Massaroni;Stefania Campopiano;Emiliano Schena","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3358991","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid nodules represent a widespread health concern and surgery is often adopted even if the incidence of frequent post-operative complications is not negligible. In recent years, this framework has fostered the growing spread of thermal ablation treatments, in particular microwave ablation (MWA). To date, despite its relevance, state-of-the-art regarding temperature monitoring in thyroid tissue during MWA is lacking. In this paper, the effects of MWA in thyroid by monitoring temperatures have been explored. By using several fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) temperature sensors, the heat maps in the proximity of the MW antenna have been reconstructed for two different power values set at generator. An increase up to about 4.5 cm\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000 in ablation volume and up to 24 °C in maximum temperature variation as power rises from 20 W to 30 W has been observed. In addition, the dependency of the temperature evolution on the involved power has been investigated, observing that, with increasing power, some FBGs recorded a ΔT slope increase until the maximum values, resulting in shorter ablation times, and others recorded a plateau phase until the end of the MWA treatment. Such a propensity could be relevant to adjust the clinical settings according to the desired treatment outcome.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"26-35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10429761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751
Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma
This paper presents a coil rectenna array design to address the lateral misalignment problem in near-field wireless powering of biomedical implants and wearable devices. For this purpose, the proposed design comprises three non-identical orthogonal coil antennas optimized to harvest three orthogonal H-field components efficiently. The rectified energy generated by these antenna units is utilized to supply power to the load by combining the individual rectified output voltages. Out of the two distinct combining techniques, DC and AC combining, DC combining proved advantageous in effectively harnessing the lateral field components. The design parameters of the orthogonal coil rectennas are optimized to enhance the lateral misalignment tolerance area. To realize the proposed rectenna array, a multi-layer PCB technology is employed, resulting in a compact, robust, and cost-effective solution for wireless powering of biomedical implanted and wearable devices. Experimental validation of the analytical results demonstrates that the proposed design has the potential to significantly mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a 2D plane, achieving a uniformity percentage of $boldsymbol{38.18}$ % for a misalignment tolerance range of $60times 60$ mm $^{2}$ .
本文介绍了一种线圈矩形天线阵列设计，以解决生物医学植入物和可穿戴设备近场无线供电中的横向错位问题。为此，所提出的设计由三个非相同的正交线圈天线组成，经过优化后可有效收集三个正交的 H 场分量。利用这些天线单元产生的整流能量，通过组合各个整流输出电压为负载供电。在直流和交流两种不同的组合技术中，直流组合被证明在有效利用横向场分量方面具有优势。对正交线圈整流天线的设计参数进行了优化，以提高横向偏差容限。为实现所提出的矩形天线阵列，采用了多层印刷电路板技术，从而为生物医学植入式和可穿戴设备的无线供电提供了一种紧凑、坚固且经济高效的解决方案。分析结果的实验验证表明，所提出的设计具有显著缓解二维平面横向偏差问题的潜力，在偏差公差范围为 60/times 60$ mm$^{2}$ 的情况下，均匀性百分比达到了 $/boldsymbol{38.18}$%。
{"title":"A Coil Rectenna Array Design to Harvest All H-Field Components for Lateral Misalignment Tolerant Wireless Powering of Bio-Medical Implant Devices","authors":"Vivek Kumar Srivastava;Ashwani Sharma","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3351751","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a coil rectenna array design to address the lateral misalignment problem in near-field wireless powering of biomedical implants and wearable devices. For this purpose, the proposed design comprises three non-identical orthogonal coil antennas optimized to harvest three orthogonal H-field components efficiently. The rectified energy generated by these antenna units is utilized to supply power to the load by combining the individual rectified output voltages. Out of the two distinct combining techniques, DC and AC combining, DC combining proved advantageous in effectively harnessing the lateral field components. The design parameters of the orthogonal coil rectennas are optimized to enhance the lateral misalignment tolerance area. To realize the proposed rectenna array, a multi-layer PCB technology is employed, resulting in a compact, robust, and cost-effective solution for wireless powering of biomedical implanted and wearable devices. Experimental validation of the analytical results demonstrates that the proposed design has the potential to significantly mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a 2D plane, achieving a uniformity percentage of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol{38.18}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000% for a misalignment tolerance range of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$60times 60$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-18DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3349851
Simona Di Meo;Giulia Matrone;Giovanni Magenes;Marco Pasian
Objectives: In this paper, a simple methodology for making skin phantoms is presented. In addition, the first millimeter (mm)-wave images in scenarios including the skin phantoms are shown. Technology or Method: Two mixtures based on the use of simple and inexpensive materials are produced and dielectrically characterized in the [0.5--40] GHz frequency range. Cole-Cole parameters are derived by the least-squares method. An inexpensive polystyrene mold to obtain morphologically compatible skin thicknesses is presented. Finally, these phantoms are used for experimental mm-wave imaging tests in two scenarios, with targets with different size and reflectivity in air and in an oil-based phantom. Results: The dielectric characteristics of the produced skin phantoms are compared with those of human skin, showing excellent agreement over the entire spectrum. Realistic and uniform thicknesses from 1 to 2.5 mm were obtained. The experimental images show the possibility of detecting targets with different reflectivity below the skin at mm- waves. Conclusions: two phantoms based on safe and low-cost materials emulating dielectric characteristics (up to 40 GHz) and morphological characteristics of the skin were proposed. One of these phantoms has been used for a number of mm-wave imaging system tests in different scenarios, and the potential of mm-waves to detect non-superficial targets even in the presence of skin is demonstrated. Clinical or Biological Impact: the results presented in this paper provide a replicable methodology for skin phantom realization and show the potential feasibility of mm-wave imaging for early detection of breast cancer.
{"title":"On the Low-Cost Production of Tissue-Mimicking Skin Phantoms Up to 40 GHz","authors":"Simona Di Meo;Giulia Matrone;Giovanni Magenes;Marco Pasian","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3349851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3349851","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Objectives:</i>\u0000 In this paper, a simple methodology for making skin phantoms is presented. In addition, the first millimeter (mm)-wave images in scenarios including the skin phantoms are shown. \u0000<italic>Technology or Method:</i>\u0000 Two mixtures based on the use of simple and inexpensive materials are produced and dielectrically characterized in the [0.5--40] GHz frequency range. Cole-Cole parameters are derived by the least-squares method. An inexpensive polystyrene mold to obtain morphologically compatible skin thicknesses is presented. Finally, these phantoms are used for experimental mm-wave imaging tests in two scenarios, with targets with different size and reflectivity in air and in an oil-based phantom. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The dielectric characteristics of the produced skin phantoms are compared with those of human skin, showing excellent agreement over the entire spectrum. Realistic and uniform thicknesses from 1 to 2.5 mm were obtained. The experimental images show the possibility of detecting targets with different reflectivity below the skin at mm- waves. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 two phantoms based on safe and low-cost materials emulating dielectric characteristics (up to 40 GHz) and morphological characteristics of the skin were proposed. One of these phantoms has been used for a number of mm-wave imaging system tests in different scenarios, and the potential of mm-waves to detect non-superficial targets even in the presence of skin is demonstrated. \u0000<italic>Clinical or Biological Impact:</i>\u0000 the results presented in this paper provide a replicable methodology for skin phantom realization and show the potential feasibility of mm-wave imaging for early detection of breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3347395
Rifa Atul Izza Asyari;Kuan-Yuan Lee;Rezki El Arif;Tzyy-Sheng Jason Horng;Daniel Teichmann
This study introduces a novel method employing adaptable transmitarray lenses for medical radar systems, enhancing the direction of electromagnetic beams in the far-field. The newly developed antenna array exhibited marked improvements in gain, bandwidth, return loss, and isolation within specific frequency ranges during testing. Comprehensive evaluations, including various focal lengths and bending scenarios, underscored the superior performance of this adaptable lens over prior techniques. Its exceptional precision and sensitivity render it an ideal tool for real-time remote health monitoring systems, particularly in pulse detection. The research findings consistently aligned the heart rates detected by this innovative method with standard reference rates, reaffirming its reliability and accuracy. This consistency highlights the potential of the transmitarray lenses as a valuable advancement in medical radar systems. The study not only validates the effectiveness and reliability of the lenses but also lays a solid foundation for further research and development in this field. The insights garnered are expected to significantly bolster the progression of radar technologies in healthcare, leading to more accurate, efficient, and non-invasive health monitoring solutions, thereby enhancing patient care and outcomes.
{"title":"A Novel Approach to Remote Detection in Medical Radar Applications Using Flexible Transmit Array Lenses","authors":"Rifa Atul Izza Asyari;Kuan-Yuan Lee;Rezki El Arif;Tzyy-Sheng Jason Horng;Daniel Teichmann","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3347395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2023.3347395","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel method employing adaptable transmitarray lenses for medical radar systems, enhancing the direction of electromagnetic beams in the far-field. The newly developed antenna array exhibited marked improvements in gain, bandwidth, return loss, and isolation within specific frequency ranges during testing. Comprehensive evaluations, including various focal lengths and bending scenarios, underscored the superior performance of this adaptable lens over prior techniques. Its exceptional precision and sensitivity render it an ideal tool for real-time remote health monitoring systems, particularly in pulse detection. The research findings consistently aligned the heart rates detected by this innovative method with standard reference rates, reaffirming its reliability and accuracy. This consistency highlights the potential of the transmitarray lenses as a valuable advancement in medical radar systems. The study not only validates the effectiveness and reliability of the lenses but also lays a solid foundation for further research and development in this field. The insights garnered are expected to significantly bolster the progression of radar technologies in healthcare, leading to more accurate, efficient, and non-invasive health monitoring solutions, thereby enhancing patient care and outcomes.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10400754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3338960
Kai Zhang;Ping Jack Soh;Juan Chen;Sen Yan
Wearable antennas are increasingly being miniaturized and broadened in terms of bandwidth due to the increasing need for multi-standard biomedical communication and imaging capabilities. In this paper, a novel, compact and wideband button-like antenna based on composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) theory is proposed. The antenna consists of a compact FR-4 PCB as its substrate and a semi-rigid coaxial cable is used as feed. The button dish has a dimension of π × 6 × 6 × 1.5 mm 3 (π × 0.11 × 0.11 × 0.027λ 3 ) at 5.5 GHz. The ring-shaped radiator includes two end-to-end CRLH TL unit elements on top of the substrate, which is excited by coupling with a concentric circular patch. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) mode and +1st order mode are generated and combined to achieve an ultra-wideband operation from 5.15 GHz to 9.35 GHz (58% fractional bandwidth). Furthermore, a spiral structure is employed in this design to decrease the negative effects of the ground plane, resulting in a high gain and a low specific absorption rate (SAR). To our best knowledge, this is the first button ZOR antenna based on CRLH TL structure designed for wearable applications with such wide bandwidth besides acceptable gain and compactness levels.
{"title":"CRLH TL-Based Compact Wideband Button Antenna for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Kai Zhang;Ping Jack Soh;Juan Chen;Sen Yan","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3338960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2023.3338960","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable antennas are increasingly being miniaturized and broadened in terms of bandwidth due to the increasing need for multi-standard biomedical communication and imaging capabilities. In this paper, a novel, compact and wideband button-like antenna based on composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) theory is proposed. The antenna consists of a compact FR-4 PCB as its substrate and a semi-rigid coaxial cable is used as feed. The button dish has a dimension of π × 6 × 6 × 1.5 mm\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000 (π × 0.11 × 0.11 × 0.027λ\u0000<sup>3</sup>\u0000) at 5.5 GHz. The ring-shaped radiator includes two end-to-end CRLH TL unit elements on top of the substrate, which is excited by coupling with a concentric circular patch. The zeroth-order resonance (ZOR) mode and +1st order mode are generated and combined to achieve an ultra-wideband operation from 5.15 GHz to 9.35 GHz (58% fractional bandwidth). Furthermore, a spiral structure is employed in this design to decrease the negative effects of the ground plane, resulting in a high gain and a low specific absorption rate (SAR). To our best knowledge, this is the first button ZOR antenna based on CRLH TL structure designed for wearable applications with such wide bandwidth besides acceptable gain and compactness levels.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"68-77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3337660
Zheng Gong;Yifan Chen;Yahui Ding;Hui Zhang
Microwave medical imaging (MMI) operating over the frequency range covering hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz has the potential to provide proactive healthcare solutions to patients with acute (for early diagnosis) or chronic (for daily monitoring) medical conditions. This technology exploits the tissue dielectric properties for disease diagnosis by using quantitative or qualitative algorithms. The advantages of MMI include low health risk, low operational cost, lightweight implementation, and ease of use, given its perspective of miniaturization and integration into portable and handheld devices with networking capability. MMI has been proposed for cancer detection, stroke detection, heart imaging, bone imaging, tracking of in-body drug-loaded nanorobots, etc. It is, however, challenging to develop accurate and robust MMI algorithms for both sensitive and selective diagnosis, due to the inherently ill-conditioned inverse scattering problems and the low dielectric contrast between healthy and diseased tissues. As such, using the a priori knowledge (APK) about the scattering profile to improve the performance of MMI is crucial for practical implementation and clinical deployment of MMI systems. This perspective article presents a new viewpoint of categorizing and utilizing various types of APK, which is acquired from the space, time, or frequency (STF) domain. The article starts with a general categorization framework of APK, followed by formulations of MMI algorithms utilizing APK. Subsequently, the existing APK-oriented MMI algorithms are reviewed in the respective STF domain. Finally, the influence of accuracy of APK on MMI performance is discussed using numerical examples. Through the analysis of the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) and the pulse radar method, we have discussed the accurate usage of time-domain APK for both quantitative and qualitative evaluations, and the performance improvements of the quantitative and qualitative algorithms are 92% and 80%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proper implementation of APK can significantly improve imaging accuracy, further validating the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed model. This perspective would offer some useful insights into the future directions of MMI algorithmic development.
{"title":"Perspective: Microwave Medical Imaging Using Space-Time-Frequency A Priori Knowledge for Health Monitoring","authors":"Zheng Gong;Yifan Chen;Yahui Ding;Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2023.3337660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2023.3337660","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave medical imaging (MMI) operating over the frequency range covering hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz has the potential to provide proactive healthcare solutions to patients with acute (for early diagnosis) or chronic (for daily monitoring) medical conditions. This technology exploits the tissue dielectric properties for disease diagnosis by using quantitative or qualitative algorithms. The advantages of MMI include low health risk, low operational cost, lightweight implementation, and ease of use, given its perspective of miniaturization and integration into portable and handheld devices with networking capability. MMI has been proposed for cancer detection, stroke detection, heart imaging, bone imaging, tracking of in-body drug-loaded nanorobots, etc. It is, however, challenging to develop accurate and robust MMI algorithms for both sensitive and selective diagnosis, due to the inherently ill-conditioned inverse scattering problems and the low dielectric contrast between healthy and diseased tissues. As such, using the a priori knowledge (APK) about the scattering profile to improve the performance of MMI is crucial for practical implementation and clinical deployment of MMI systems. This perspective article presents a new viewpoint of categorizing and utilizing various types of APK, which is acquired from the space, time, or frequency (STF) domain. The article starts with a general categorization framework of APK, followed by formulations of MMI algorithms utilizing APK. Subsequently, the existing APK-oriented MMI algorithms are reviewed in the respective STF domain. Finally, the influence of accuracy of APK on MMI performance is discussed using numerical examples. Through the analysis of the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) and the pulse radar method, we have discussed the accurate usage of time-domain APK for both quantitative and qualitative evaluations, and the performance improvements of the quantitative and qualitative algorithms are 92% and 80%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proper implementation of APK can significantly improve imaging accuracy, further validating the effectiveness and generalizability of the proposed model. This perspective would offer some useful insights into the future directions of MMI algorithmic development.","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"2-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2024.3358969
{"title":"2023 Index IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology Vol. 7","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JERM.2024.3358969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2024.3358969","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29955,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology","volume":"7 4","pages":"491-503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10415274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3306310
Zijun Xi;Xuanyu Wang;Ke Ye;Xiong Wang
Microwave hyperthermia of brain tumors using an antenna array is a novel noninvasive and accurate treatment method. This work evaluates the performance of focused microwave brain hyperthermia guided by microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (FMBH-MITAT). An applicator with 17 antennas working at 1.3 GHz specifically for FMBH-MITAT is designed and a realistic human head phantom with a tumor is used. EM and EM-thermal simulations with different tumor cases are conducted to obtain the field distribution, specific absorption rate distribution and temperature distribution in the entire head. These factors can evaluate the performance of the technique for dealing with different tumors. We investigate how well the microwave field is focusing, how much power is demanded in a practical system, if the temperature in the tumor is high enough to do the hyperthermia and if the hyperthermia hurts the normal brain tissues. The obtained results demonstrate that the FMBH-MITAT technique can efficiently deal with most of the tested tumors, despite that the performance for a deeply located tumor is not good. This work is very meaningful for potential development of a practical system based on FMBH-MITAT.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1109/JERM.2023.3331991
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