Perhaps it is through one of Irvin Yalom's writings that I first got to know Sandor Ferenczi's name. His name was associated with the concept of "mutual analysis," which sounded fascinating, though I had little knowledge as to its exact meaning. I speculated that if the analyst analyzes the patient, perhaps in mutual analysis the patient also analyzes the analyst. My speculation was, in fact, not too far from the actual meaning of mutual analysis: one of Ferenczi's patients, who was sexually abused by her father, "demanded that the patient should also have the right to analyze the analyst" (Ferenczi, 1988, p.3). Ferenczi, with his relentless experimental spirit, embarked on this attempt of mutual analysis, by alternating "analyzing" positions/roles session by session (Myers, 1996).
{"title":"Ferenczi's Footprints at The New School","authors":"Misa Tsuruta","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-009","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps it is through one of Irvin Yalom's writings that I first got to know Sandor Ferenczi's name. His name was associated with the concept of \"mutual analysis,\" which sounded fascinating, though I had little knowledge as to its exact meaning. I speculated that if the analyst analyzes the patient, perhaps in mutual analysis the patient also analyzes the analyst. My speculation was, in fact, not too far from the actual meaning of mutual analysis: one of Ferenczi's patients, who was sexually abused by her father, \"demanded that the patient should also have the right to analyze the analyst\" (Ferenczi, 1988, p.3). Ferenczi, with his relentless experimental spirit, embarked on this attempt of mutual analysis, by alternating \"analyzing\" positions/roles session by session (Myers, 1996).","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"123-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study questions whether the emotions that people associate with body postures change depending on how they are asked to identify the stimulus. The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Test of Posture (DANVA2-POS) is used as the standard by which to rate people's agreement levels. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to 3 response conditions: Aforced-choice option where participants chose from 4 emotions (happy, sad, angry, fearful), a forced-choice option with a "none of the above" option, and an open-ended option. Comparisons of the results indicate that the "none of the above" option produces significantly less agreement than the other forced-choice option, while the open-ended response format elicits even lesser agreement.
{"title":"Perceptions of Body Posture and Emotion: A Question of Methodology","authors":"A. Winters","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-003","url":null,"abstract":"The current study questions whether the emotions that people associate with body postures change depending on how they are asked to identify the stimulus. The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Test of Posture (DANVA2-POS) is used as the standard by which to rate people's agreement levels. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to 3 response conditions: Aforced-choice option where participants chose from 4 emotions (happy, sad, angry, fearful), a forced-choice option with a \"none of the above\" option, and an open-ended option. Comparisons of the results indicate that the \"none of the above\" option produces significantly less agreement than the other forced-choice option, while the open-ended response format elicits even lesser agreement.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"35-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inattentional Blindness (Mack & Rock, 1998), the Attentional Blink (Shapiro, 1994) and Change Blindness (Rensink, O'Regan, & Clark, 1997) are all taken as evidence that there is no conscious, visual perception in the absence of focused attention. However, there are some stimuli that have been shown to capture attention even under conditions of inattention, such as one's own name, or a happy face icon. Such stimuli most likely have this unique ability to capture attention, because of their salience, and perhaps to some extent, familiarity. Ro, Russell, and Lavie (2001) found that photographs of human faces also appear to capture our attention by showing that they attenuate Change Blindness in a flicker paradigm. More recently, research by Ohman and Mineka (2003) has suggested that snakes may also be special in their ability to capture attention, mainly due to their evolutionary heritage as a threat stimulus. This study asks: Will Change Blindness be attenuated for snakes and another threat stimulus (weapons) that do not have a long evolutionary history?
无意盲视(Mack & Rock, 1998)、注意瞬变(Shapiro, 1994)和变化盲视(Rensink, O'Regan， & Clark, 1997)都被认为是在没有集中注意力的情况下没有有意识的视觉感知的证据。然而，有一些刺激物即使在注意力不集中的情况下也能吸引注意力，比如自己的名字，或者笑脸图标。这些刺激极有可能具有吸引注意力的独特能力，因为它们的显著性，也许在某种程度上是熟悉的。Ro, Russell和Lavie(2001)发现，人脸照片似乎也通过在闪烁范式中减弱变化盲视来吸引我们的注意力。最近，Ohman和Mineka(2003)的研究表明，蛇在吸引注意力方面可能也很特别，这主要是由于它们作为威胁刺激的进化遗产。这项研究的问题是:对于蛇和另一种没有很长进化历史的威胁刺激(武器)来说，变化盲视是否会减弱?
{"title":"Do Threat Images Attenuate Change Blindness","authors":"January Massin, A. Mack","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-008","url":null,"abstract":"Inattentional Blindness (Mack & Rock, 1998), the Attentional Blink (Shapiro, 1994) and Change Blindness (Rensink, O'Regan, & Clark, 1997) are all taken as evidence that there is no conscious, visual perception in the absence of focused attention. However, there are some stimuli that have been shown to capture attention even under conditions of inattention, such as one's own name, or a happy face icon. Such stimuli most likely have this unique ability to capture attention, because of their salience, and perhaps to some extent, familiarity. Ro, Russell, and Lavie (2001) found that photographs of human faces also appear to capture our attention by showing that they attenuate Change Blindness in a flicker paradigm. More recently, research by Ohman and Mineka (2003) has suggested that snakes may also be special in their ability to capture attention, mainly due to their evolutionary heritage as a threat stimulus. This study asks: Will Change Blindness be attenuated for snakes and another threat stimulus (weapons) that do not have a long evolutionary history?","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past decades, both clinical researchers and practitioners alike have noted the gap between psychotherapy research and practice. Previous research has found that a contributing factor to this gap is that psychotherapy research lacks ecological validity. Therefore, in an effort to distinguish research findings that do have an impact on clinical practice, the present study investigates the following primary question: what particular research findings do psychotherapy researchers, who are also clinical practitioners themselves, find to be useful within their own clinical practice? Since members of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR) are comprised of psychotherapy research-practitioners, they were asked to fill out a web-based Psychotherapy Research Questionnaire (PRQ) that would help answer this question.
{"title":"What Findings Do Psychotherapy Researchers Use in Their Own Practice? A Survey of the Society for Psychotherapy Research","authors":"A. J. Ogilvie, I. Abreu, J. Safran","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-002","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decades, both clinical researchers and practitioners alike have noted the gap between psychotherapy research and practice. Previous research has found that a contributing factor to this gap is that psychotherapy research lacks ecological validity. Therefore, in an effort to distinguish research findings that do have an impact on clinical practice, the present study investigates the following primary question: what particular research findings do psychotherapy researchers, who are also clinical practitioners themselves, find to be useful within their own clinical practice? Since members of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR) are comprised of psychotherapy research-practitioners, they were asked to fill out a web-based Psychotherapy Research Questionnaire (PRQ) that would help answer this question.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When a person experiences a traumatic event, s/he may have a strong emotional reaction. This reaction may disrupt the person's ability to function at the scene of the incident or later, and may range from a normal stress response to the symptoms indicative of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychological debriefing is an immediate intervention used following a traumatic experience that purportedly helps individuals manage their normal stress reactions to the incident. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) was designed for workers in high-risk occupations, such as police officers, disaster workers, and firefighters. Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) is a multi-component intervention system that incorporates CISD. The use of this intervention has been expanded to individuals, groups, and communities. While this intervention has been used extensively following traumatic events, its efficacy is under much debate. Currently, there is a controversy regarding the issue of whether it helps with initial distress and if it does, in fact, prevent post-traumatic symptoms. This review is limited to studies assessing emergency response workers, as critical incident stress debriefing and management was originally designed for this population.
{"title":"Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD): Efficacy in Question","authors":"Katherine Barboza","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-004","url":null,"abstract":"When a person experiences a traumatic event, s/he may have a strong emotional reaction. This reaction may disrupt the person's ability to function at the scene of the incident or later, and may range from a normal stress response to the symptoms indicative of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Psychological debriefing is an immediate intervention used following a traumatic experience that purportedly helps individuals manage their normal stress reactions to the incident. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) was designed for workers in high-risk occupations, such as police officers, disaster workers, and firefighters. Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) is a multi-component intervention system that incorporates CISD. The use of this intervention has been expanded to individuals, groups, and communities. While this intervention has been used extensively following traumatic events, its efficacy is under much debate. Currently, there is a controversy regarding the issue of whether it helps with initial distress and if it does, in fact, prevent post-traumatic symptoms. This review is limited to studies assessing emergency response workers, as critical incident stress debriefing and management was originally designed for this population.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"49-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychological Debriefing (PD) is an early intervention administered to trauma victims in order to prevent the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The method has been considered a "mandatory" intervention and has long been endorsed by the American Red Cross and several relief agencies around the globe (Litz, Gray, Bryant & Adler, 2002), yet it has also incited warnings of contraindication from 20 renowned trauma experts shortly after 9/11 (Herbert, Lilienfeld, Kline, Montgomery, Lohr, Brandsma et al., 2001) in an APA Monitor open letter and from the World Health Organization (van Ommeren, 2002). Given that lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events in the general population is extremely high over 60% (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes & Nelson, 1995) any measures to prevent PTSD deserves ongoing in-depth evaluation. Fortunately, the vast majority of these trauma-exposed people do not go on to develop an acute, chronic, or delayed onset PTSD, attesting to the protective resiliency prevalent in the normal population. This fact alone immediately raises the question of whether any type of early psychological intervention should continue to be administered, especially if there is mounting empirical evidence to suggest that certain forms of intervention such as PD may either be inert or can even exacerbate and solidify the very symptoms of PTSD that mental health professionals and relief workers set out to prevent in the first place.
{"title":"The Debate over Psychological Debriefing for PTSD","authors":"Injae Choe","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-005","url":null,"abstract":"Psychological Debriefing (PD) is an early intervention administered to trauma victims in order to prevent the onset of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The method has been considered a \"mandatory\" intervention and has long been endorsed by the American Red Cross and several relief agencies around the globe (Litz, Gray, Bryant & Adler, 2002), yet it has also incited warnings of contraindication from 20 renowned trauma experts shortly after 9/11 (Herbert, Lilienfeld, Kline, Montgomery, Lohr, Brandsma et al., 2001) in an APA Monitor open letter and from the World Health Organization (van Ommeren, 2002). Given that lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events in the general population is extremely high over 60% (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes & Nelson, 1995) any measures to prevent PTSD deserves ongoing in-depth evaluation. Fortunately, the vast majority of these trauma-exposed people do not go on to develop an acute, chronic, or delayed onset PTSD, attesting to the protective resiliency prevalent in the normal population. This fact alone immediately raises the question of whether any type of early psychological intervention should continue to be administered, especially if there is mounting empirical evidence to suggest that certain forms of intervention such as PD may either be inert or can even exacerbate and solidify the very symptoms of PTSD that mental health professionals and relief workers set out to prevent in the first place.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an inventive, popular and highly controversial treatment. Within the scientific and professional community, there is divergent support for each side of this debate. The heart of this controversy critically examines the question of whether EMDR is as efficacious as other well-established interventions for the treatment of PTSD. The efficacy of EMDR could be due to its employment of a variety of clinically sound therapeutic procedures, such as those similar or the same as Prolonged Exposure Therapy, and not because of its centerpiece eye-movements. Indeed, some researchers have argued that the eye-movements are completely unnecessary and that EMDR is best understood as an exposure technique (Renfrey & Spates, 1994; Davidson & Parker, 2001; Lohr, Lilienfeld, Tolin & Herbert, 1999). EMDR may be an effective treatment for non-combat related PTSD but is not effective for PTSD etiologically related to combat induced trauma. Thus there are three questions that serve as the focus of this evaluation: is EMDR qualitatively different than Prolonged Exposure Therapy; are the eye-movements necessary for treatment efficacy; and is EMDR effective for combat-related PTSD?
{"title":"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: An Analysis of a Controversial Evidence Based Treatment","authors":"Pat Rafferty","doi":"10.1037/e741582011-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741582011-006","url":null,"abstract":"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an inventive, popular and highly controversial treatment. Within the scientific and professional community, there is divergent support for each side of this debate. The heart of this controversy critically examines the question of whether EMDR is as efficacious as other well-established interventions for the treatment of PTSD. The efficacy of EMDR could be due to its employment of a variety of clinically sound therapeutic procedures, such as those similar or the same as Prolonged Exposure Therapy, and not because of its centerpiece eye-movements. Indeed, some researchers have argued that the eye-movements are completely unnecessary and that EMDR is best understood as an exposure technique (Renfrey & Spates, 1994; Davidson & Parker, 2001; Lohr, Lilienfeld, Tolin & Herbert, 1999). EMDR may be an effective treatment for non-combat related PTSD but is not effective for PTSD etiologically related to combat induced trauma. Thus there are three questions that serve as the focus of this evaluation: is EMDR qualitatively different than Prolonged Exposure Therapy; are the eye-movements necessary for treatment efficacy; and is EMDR effective for combat-related PTSD?","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"83-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compared interpersonal schemas, as measured by the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire (ISQ), and self-reported interpersonal problems on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) in a sample of women physically and/or sexually abused in childhood. Study participants were divided into childhood abuse only (CA) and revictimized in adulthood (RV) groups. As predicted, a strong negative relationship between number of interpersonal problems reported and affiliation scores on the ISQ was found. Contrary to the hypotheses, the CA group reported a higher number of interpersonal problems than the RV group. The CA group also had a higher mean score of the competitive-mistrusting octant of the ISQ than the RV group. Subjects who experienced more frequent abuse were found to report fewer interpersonal problems. The IIP and ISQ were also compared in terms of circumplex overlap. Only the cold and the cold-hostile octants of the IIP and ISQ were found to be positively correlated, suggesting that the two measure substantially different constructs. Implications for understanding and treatment of abused women are discussed.
{"title":"Interpersonal Schemas and Functioning in Women Abused in Childhood: The Role of Revictimization","authors":"Helene J. Jurgens","doi":"10.1037/e741592011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741592011-002","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared interpersonal schemas, as measured by the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire (ISQ), and self-reported interpersonal problems on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) in a sample of women physically and/or sexually abused in childhood. Study participants were divided into childhood abuse only (CA) and revictimized in adulthood (RV) groups. As predicted, a strong negative relationship between number of interpersonal problems reported and affiliation scores on the ISQ was found. Contrary to the hypotheses, the CA group reported a higher number of interpersonal problems than the RV group. The CA group also had a higher mean score of the competitive-mistrusting octant of the ISQ than the RV group. Subjects who experienced more frequent abuse were found to report fewer interpersonal problems. The IIP and ISQ were also compared in terms of circumplex overlap. Only the cold and the cold-hostile octants of the IIP and ISQ were found to be positively correlated, suggesting that the two measure substantially different constructs. Implications for understanding and treatment of abused women are discussed.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"11-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57940386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea of death is a universally repressed fear that lies at the root of so much of what we create, define, imagine, hypothesize, believe and dream. The fear of death is always present to us in its manifestations, which have been influenced by the forces of narcissism, heroism, and repression-all of which have creatively shifted throughout culture and history. Without the answer to the purpose of our biological existence, we have created symbolic surrogates, the purpose of which is an attempt to avoid death. Culture provides us with the images and symbols of immortality aiding us in repressing the fear of death by providing us with ways of building a sense of self. Afraid of the unknown, we crave for meaning and a sense of specialness in order to help us forget that we all die.
{"title":"The Fear of Death and Narcissism","authors":"Rachel Perrulli","doi":"10.1037/e741592011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741592011-003","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of death is a universally repressed fear that lies at the root of so much of what we create, define, imagine, hypothesize, believe and dream. The fear of death is always present to us in its manifestations, which have been influenced by the forces of narcissism, heroism, and repression-all of which have creatively shifted throughout culture and history. Without the answer to the purpose of our biological existence, we have created symbolic surrogates, the purpose of which is an attempt to avoid death. Culture provides us with the images and symbols of immortality aiding us in repressing the fear of death by providing us with ways of building a sense of self. Afraid of the unknown, we crave for meaning and a sense of specialness in order to help us forget that we all die.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"43-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So far personal initiative has mostly been studied in an organizational context, preferably the work place. But when do people develop initiative and which developmental factors play a role in the development of high levels of personal initiative? The objective of this paper is to investigate if there is a relation between attachment styles and the degree of personal initiative exhibited in the workplace, in other words, does attachment style have any predictive value with regard to initiative behaviors in the workplace?
{"title":"Personal Initiative and Attachment Styles","authors":"Kristina Krause","doi":"10.1037/e741592011-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741592011-007","url":null,"abstract":"So far personal initiative has mostly been studied in an organizational context, preferably the work place. But when do people develop initiative and which developmental factors play a role in the development of high levels of personal initiative? The objective of this paper is to investigate if there is a relation between attachment styles and the degree of personal initiative exhibited in the workplace, in other words, does attachment style have any predictive value with regard to initiative behaviors in the workplace?","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"3 1","pages":"129-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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