Correlation between meteorological data observed at Gokwe and intensity of malaria outbreak or the number of clinical malaria cases occurring at malaria season in whole Zimbabwe was studied. Meteorological year (Met Year) in this country starts in July at the coldest month and ends in the next June, and malaria peak season lasts from January to May. The correlation of the number of clinical malaria cases at peak season in thousand (Mp) and meteorological factors was calculated from the data in 8 years from Met Year 1990/1991 to 1997/1998. Among single factors, correlation was highest with a total rainfall (mm) in a year (Rt) followed by that in Janu- ary (R1), in February (R2) and average temperature in August (Av8), showing the coefficients of 0.873, 0.870, 0.862 and 0.739, respectively. The adjusted R 2 of the above factors were 0.722, 0.717, 0.700 and 0.470, respec- tively, where Av8 was non significant statistically. In two meteorological factors, the correlations higher than a sin- gle factor were a combination of R1+R2 with an adjusted R 2 of 0.792. Malaria at peak season will be increased by more rainfall in January, February and total in a year, and may be high average temperature in August. Formulae of regression lines are as follow, and by these, intensity of malaria outbreak at malaria season will be indicated. 1. Mp = 361.30×Av8 - 6,182.96 (approximation)
{"title":"METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTENSITY OF MALARIA OUTBREAK IN ZIMBABWE","authors":"K. Moji, R. Tsuyuoka, B. Makunike, Hiroshi Tanaka","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.283","url":null,"abstract":"Correlation between meteorological data observed at Gokwe and intensity of malaria outbreak or the number of clinical malaria cases occurring at malaria season in whole Zimbabwe was studied. Meteorological year (Met Year) in this country starts in July at the coldest month and ends in the next June, and malaria peak season lasts from January to May. The correlation of the number of clinical malaria cases at peak season in thousand (Mp) and meteorological factors was calculated from the data in 8 years from Met Year 1990/1991 to 1997/1998. Among single factors, correlation was highest with a total rainfall (mm) in a year (Rt) followed by that in Janu- ary (R1), in February (R2) and average temperature in August (Av8), showing the coefficients of 0.873, 0.870, 0.862 and 0.739, respectively. The adjusted R 2 of the above factors were 0.722, 0.717, 0.700 and 0.470, respec- tively, where Av8 was non significant statistically. In two meteorological factors, the correlations higher than a sin- gle factor were a combination of R1+R2 with an adjusted R 2 of 0.792. Malaria at peak season will be increased by more rainfall in January, February and total in a year, and may be high average temperature in August. Formulae of regression lines are as follow, and by these, intensity of malaria outbreak at malaria season will be indicated. 1. Mp = 361.30×Av8 - 6,182.96 (approximation)","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128298016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new black-fly species, Simulium nemuroense sp. nov., is described from pharate female, pharate male, pupal and larval specimens collected from Hokkaido, Japan. This new species is assigned to the slossonae species-group within the subgenus Simulium (Simulium) , by having the following characters : in both sexes of adults, no hairs on the basal portion of radial vein; in the female, the claw with a large basal tooth and the genital fork with two projections on each arm, one directed anteriorly and the other posteromedially; in the male, the ventral plate lamellate with a median wide projection, the style longer than the coxite and with a prominent basal protuberance; and in the larva, the postgenal cleft very deep and the presence of the ventral papillae. S. nemuroense sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all the three known species by several characters including the male genitalia with a wide ventral plate and a hairy basal protuberance of the style, and the cocoon with an anterodorsal projection. This is the first record of the slossonae species-group in Japan.
{"title":"DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SIMULIUM (SIMULIUM )FROM HOKKAIDO, JAPAN (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE","authors":"H. Takaoka, Katsumi Saito","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.311","url":null,"abstract":"A new black-fly species, Simulium nemuroense sp. nov., is described from pharate female, pharate male, pupal and larval specimens collected from Hokkaido, Japan. This new species is assigned to the slossonae species-group within the subgenus Simulium (Simulium) , by having the following characters : in both sexes of adults, no hairs on the basal portion of radial vein; in the female, the claw with a large basal tooth and the genital fork with two projections on each arm, one directed anteriorly and the other posteromedially; in the male, the ventral plate lamellate with a median wide projection, the style longer than the coxite and with a prominent basal protuberance; and in the larva, the postgenal cleft very deep and the presence of the ventral papillae. S. nemuroense sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all the three known species by several characters including the male genitalia with a wide ventral plate and a hairy basal protuberance of the style, and the cocoon with an anterodorsal projection. This is the first record of the slossonae species-group in Japan.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122967489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Jutavijittum, Y. Jiviriyawat, A. Yousukh, W. Kunachiwa, S. Hayashi, K. Toriyama
Title Short Communication Seroprevalence of hepatitis D virus infection among HBsAg carriers in northern Thailand Author(s) Jutavijittum, Prapan; Jiviriyawat, Yupa; Yousukh, Amnat; Kunachiwa, Warunee; Hayashi, Shigeki; Toriyama, Kan Citation 日本熱帯医学会雑誌, vol.30(3), pp.319-320; 2002 Issue Date 2002-09-15 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/22439 Right Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE
{"title":"Short Communication Seroprevalence of hepatitis D virus infection among HBsAg carriers in northern Thailand","authors":"P. Jutavijittum, Y. Jiviriyawat, A. Yousukh, W. Kunachiwa, S. Hayashi, K. Toriyama","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.319","url":null,"abstract":"Title Short Communication Seroprevalence of hepatitis D virus infection among HBsAg carriers in northern Thailand Author(s) Jutavijittum, Prapan; Jiviriyawat, Yupa; Yousukh, Amnat; Kunachiwa, Warunee; Hayashi, Shigeki; Toriyama, Kan Citation 日本熱帯医学会雑誌, vol.30(3), pp.319-320; 2002 Issue Date 2002-09-15 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/22439 Right Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115671828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a new approach for the analysis of seroprecvalence data. The seroprevalence date on Toxoplasma gondii infection published in 1997 at Kobe University Hospital were analyzed, with a simple mathe- matical model, Y = exp(-λ t), where Y , λ and t represent the percentage of seronegative people, annual infection rate and age, respectively. After calculating the mean annual infection rate (MAIR) on the basis of the above data, we determined the relationship between MAIR and the year of birth of the female participants in the study. Our present study indicates that MAIR for women born between 1940 and 1960 decreased over the years, and that in- fection rates correlated with the year of birth. Moreover, assuming that the historically declining trends of MAIR mainly reflect infection rate changes in childhood, we created a simulation of MAIR for the age under 5 years. This simulation demonstrated that MAIR for the age under 5 years decreased from around 4% for females born in 1940, to about 1% for those born in 1960. For women born after 1960, it implied that infection rates might have been cyclically fluctuating from 0% to 1%, with an approximate 10-year interval. Our analyses imply periodic out- breaks of T. gondii infection among young children in Hyogo prefecture. In Japan, it is difficult to make a sophis- ticated statistical analysis of seroprevalence of T. gondii mainly due to the lack of available data. Despite simplic- ity of our new approach, we believe the approach will be useful to grasp the current and the past situations of T.
{"title":"A new approach for the analysis of seroprevalence data: a mathematical analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Hyogo prefecture (Japan) with an implication of periodic outbreaks among young children.","authors":"Koji Naoi, E. Konishi, T. Matsumura, A. Yano","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.99","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a new approach for the analysis of seroprecvalence data. The seroprevalence date on Toxoplasma gondii infection published in 1997 at Kobe University Hospital were analyzed, with a simple mathe- matical model, Y = exp(-λ t), where Y , λ and t represent the percentage of seronegative people, annual infection rate and age, respectively. After calculating the mean annual infection rate (MAIR) on the basis of the above data, we determined the relationship between MAIR and the year of birth of the female participants in the study. Our present study indicates that MAIR for women born between 1940 and 1960 decreased over the years, and that in- fection rates correlated with the year of birth. Moreover, assuming that the historically declining trends of MAIR mainly reflect infection rate changes in childhood, we created a simulation of MAIR for the age under 5 years. This simulation demonstrated that MAIR for the age under 5 years decreased from around 4% for females born in 1940, to about 1% for those born in 1960. For women born after 1960, it implied that infection rates might have been cyclically fluctuating from 0% to 1%, with an approximate 10-year interval. Our analyses imply periodic out- breaks of T. gondii infection among young children in Hyogo prefecture. In Japan, it is difficult to make a sophis- ticated statistical analysis of seroprevalence of T. gondii mainly due to the lack of available data. Despite simplic- ity of our new approach, we believe the approach will be useful to grasp the current and the past situations of T.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122917358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two new black-fly species, Simulium maenoi sp. nov. and S. choochotei sp. nov. are described, based on the reared females, reared males, pupae and mature larvae collected in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. In addition, the male, pupa and mature larva of S. digrammicum Edwards, 1928, originally described from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, are described for the first time. All these three species are assigned to the griseifrons species-group within Simulium (Simulium) Latreille s. str.
{"title":"TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE GRISEIFRONS SPECIES-GROUP IN SIMULIUM (SIMULIUM) (DIPTERA : SIMULIIDAE) FROM THAILAND","authors":"H. Takaoka, W. Choochote","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.115","url":null,"abstract":"Two new black-fly species, Simulium maenoi sp. nov. and S. choochotei sp. nov. are described, based on the reared females, reared males, pupae and mature larvae collected in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. In addition, the male, pupa and mature larva of S. digrammicum Edwards, 1928, originally described from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand, are described for the first time. All these three species are assigned to the griseifrons species-group within Simulium (Simulium) Latreille s. str.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126245763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Pandey, L. Thapa, J. Sherchand, N. Rimal, A. Bhattarai, K. Morita
One hundred and eighty-one patients with acute diarrhoea attending the gastroenteritis ward of Sukra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) were investigated during the early monsoon, April to May 2001. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33% of the patients. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was isolated in 8.28%, Shigella species in 13.25% and Vibrio cholerae 01 in 1.1% of the patients. Mixed infections with bacterial pathogens, helminths and protozoan parasites were commonly observed in the study. Trichuris trichiuria was de- tected in 27.6%, hookworms in 12.7% and Ascaris lumbricoides in 11.04%. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia were observed in 12.7% and 7.73% of the patients, respectively. A large number of Cryptosporid- ium (7.73%) and Cyclospora species (3.86%) usually present in immunocompromised patients were also detected in acute diarrhoeal cases. The results showed that a wide range of bacterial pathogens was isolated from the in- habitants of Kathmandu, Nepal prior to the monsoon. These findings indicate that the bacterial pathogens, espe- cially diarrhoeaginic E. coli and Shigella, and protozoan parasites, need to be given additional attention in the di- agnosis and treatment of acute diarrhoea.
{"title":"Etiology of Diarrhoea Among Adult Patients During the Early Monsoon Period in Kathmandu, Nepal.","authors":"B. Pandey, L. Thapa, J. Sherchand, N. Rimal, A. Bhattarai, K. Morita","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.133","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred and eighty-one patients with acute diarrhoea attending the gastroenteritis ward of Sukra Raj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) were investigated during the early monsoon, April to May 2001. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33% of the patients. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was isolated in 8.28%, Shigella species in 13.25% and Vibrio cholerae 01 in 1.1% of the patients. Mixed infections with bacterial pathogens, helminths and protozoan parasites were commonly observed in the study. Trichuris trichiuria was de- tected in 27.6%, hookworms in 12.7% and Ascaris lumbricoides in 11.04%. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia were observed in 12.7% and 7.73% of the patients, respectively. A large number of Cryptosporid- ium (7.73%) and Cyclospora species (3.86%) usually present in immunocompromised patients were also detected in acute diarrhoeal cases. The results showed that a wide range of bacterial pathogens was isolated from the in- habitants of Kathmandu, Nepal prior to the monsoon. These findings indicate that the bacterial pathogens, espe- cially diarrhoeaginic E. coli and Shigella, and protozoan parasites, need to be given additional attention in the di- agnosis and treatment of acute diarrhoea.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133133643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sithivong, B. Phantouamath, Khampheng Chomlasak, L. Sisavath, K. Munnalath, S. Insisiengmay, N. Higa, S. Kakinohana, M. Iwanaga
Drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus has been examined in the past 9 years to monitor the appearance of drug resistant strains especially methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The pattern of drug susceptibility has been relatively constant, but S. aureus is gradually becoming resistant to ampicillin. One MRSA was isolated in 1996 from the nasal vestibulum of a non-infected patient at Mahosot Hospital but not isolated thereafter. In 2001, 2 strains of MRSA which belonged to different clones were first isolated from the infection foci of patients. One was isolated from Setthathirath Hospital, where many Japanese staff have been dispatched since 2000. Careful monitoring and epidemiological studies of MRSA are recommended.
{"title":"Monitoring of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in People's Democratic Republic of Lao.","authors":"N. Sithivong, B. Phantouamath, Khampheng Chomlasak, L. Sisavath, K. Munnalath, S. Insisiengmay, N. Higa, S. Kakinohana, M. Iwanaga","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.109","url":null,"abstract":"Drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus has been examined in the past 9 years to monitor the appearance of drug resistant strains especially methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The pattern of drug susceptibility has been relatively constant, but S. aureus is gradually becoming resistant to ampicillin. One MRSA was isolated in 1996 from the nasal vestibulum of a non-infected patient at Mahosot Hospital but not isolated thereafter. In 2001, 2 strains of MRSA which belonged to different clones were first isolated from the infection foci of patients. One was isolated from Setthathirath Hospital, where many Japanese staff have been dispatched since 2000. Careful monitoring and epidemiological studies of MRSA are recommended.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132044055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V cholerae O1 isolated in Vietnam in 1995 and 2000 were characterized. Most of the isolates in 2000 showed moderate resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and strong resistance to sulfamethoxazoltrimethoprim. The susceptibilities to ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin were not very different from those of the isolates in 1995. V cholerae O1 strains showing this kind of drug susceptibility pattern are unique to the seventh cholera pandemic, and they have become widely distributed in Southeast Asian countries. Genetic analysis of the strains from Vietnam by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction suggested that they might be clonal derivatives. In prophage type, 6 of 20 strains (30%) in 1995 and 1 of 24 strains (4%) in 2000 belonged to Ubol type. Considering the current spreading of V cholerae O1 with such unique susceptibility to the drugs, we recommend careful monitoring of the drug susceptibility of V cholerae O1 throughout the world.
{"title":"CHARACTERIZATION OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1 ISOLATED IN VIETNAM","authors":"N. B. Minh, N. Higa, S. Kakinohana, M. Iwanaga","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.103","url":null,"abstract":"V cholerae O1 isolated in Vietnam in 1995 and 2000 were characterized. Most of the isolates in 2000 showed moderate resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, and strong resistance to sulfamethoxazoltrimethoprim. The susceptibilities to ampicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin were not very different from those of the isolates in 1995. V cholerae O1 strains showing this kind of drug susceptibility pattern are unique to the seventh cholera pandemic, and they have become widely distributed in Southeast Asian countries. Genetic analysis of the strains from Vietnam by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction suggested that they might be clonal derivatives. In prophage type, 6 of 20 strains (30%) in 1995 and 1 of 24 strains (4%) in 2000 belonged to Ubol type. Considering the current spreading of V cholerae O1 with such unique susceptibility to the drugs, we recommend careful monitoring of the drug susceptibility of V cholerae O1 throughout the world.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114332387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mitarai, C. Habeenzu, David Lubasi, Lindon M Kafwabulula, F. Kasolo, K. Ichiyama, H. Terunuma, Masahiko Ito, H. Shishido, Y. Numazaki
The inappropriate use of anti-tuberculosis drugs has resulted in an increase in the drug resistance. This study was conducted to obtain data related to the spectrum of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 499 strains ofM. tuberculosis were tested for susceptibilities of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM). Totally 225 patients were also evaluated for their clinical manifestations. The primary and acquired resistances were observed in 13.9% and 16.1% to INH, 11.1% and 12.9% to RFP, 6.7% and 9.7% to EMB, and 3.8% and 3.2% to SM respectively. There were no significant differences between primary and acquired resistances. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 22 strains (4.4%). Clinical manifestation, as measured by chest roentgenograms, was similar in patients with either drug-susceptible or resistant strains. The clinical and radiological information was not useful for the prediction of susceptible and resistant strains. The HIV serostatus was not associated with drug susceptibility profiles either. Our study has documented a high incidence of drug resistant M. tuberculosis, with no obvious clinical correlates, which must be considered when implementing a strategy for chemotherapy. As for clinical practices, many defaults during chemotherapy reduced the treatment successes. It is important to assess the efficient implementation of the directly observed treatment with short course chemotherapy (DOTS) and interrupt the further dissemination of resistant M. tuberculosis in the community. The drug resistances must be surveyed continuously to obtain useful clinical perspective and evaluate the effectiveness of tuberculosis control program.
{"title":"Drug susceptibilities and clinical manifestations of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Zambia.","authors":"S. Mitarai, C. Habeenzu, David Lubasi, Lindon M Kafwabulula, F. Kasolo, K. Ichiyama, H. Terunuma, Masahiko Ito, H. Shishido, Y. Numazaki","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.23","url":null,"abstract":"The inappropriate use of anti-tuberculosis drugs has resulted in an increase in the drug resistance. This study was conducted to obtain data related to the spectrum of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 499 strains ofM. tuberculosis were tested for susceptibilities of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM). Totally 225 patients were also evaluated for their clinical manifestations. The primary and acquired resistances were observed in 13.9% and 16.1% to INH, 11.1% and 12.9% to RFP, 6.7% and 9.7% to EMB, and 3.8% and 3.2% to SM respectively. There were no significant differences between primary and acquired resistances. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 22 strains (4.4%). Clinical manifestation, as measured by chest roentgenograms, was similar in patients with either drug-susceptible or resistant strains. The clinical and radiological information was not useful for the prediction of susceptible and resistant strains. The HIV serostatus was not associated with drug susceptibility profiles either. Our study has documented a high incidence of drug resistant M. tuberculosis, with no obvious clinical correlates, which must be considered when implementing a strategy for chemotherapy. As for clinical practices, many defaults during chemotherapy reduced the treatment successes. It is important to assess the efficient implementation of the directly observed treatment with short course chemotherapy (DOTS) and interrupt the further dissemination of resistant M. tuberculosis in the community. The drug resistances must be surveyed continuously to obtain useful clinical perspective and evaluate the effectiveness of tuberculosis control program.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132750951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ghosh, Tiruchinapalli Sundarajan Sathyanarayan, M. V. Murugendrappa, S. Subbarao
An indigenous rapid immunochromatographic test Parachek-F for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was evaluated by the field staff in a post-monsoon P. falciparum malaria outbreak in villages of district Raichur, Karnataka, South India in November 1999. The test functions based on dipstick P. falciparum histidine rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen capture assay. Of the 232 uncomplicated clinically diagnosed malaria cases, 158 (68.1%) were positive for malaria by microscopy of JSB-stained thick blood smears. Of these, 13 were infected with P. vivax, 140 with P. falciparum and 5 had mixed infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum. Malaria patients were treated with age-specific oral doses of quinine followed by primaquine. Taking microscopy as gold standard, Parachek-F detected PfHRP-2 antigen in 136 samples (ratio 0.93) and was 93.1% sensitive and 98.8% specific. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and efficacy were 99.2%, 89.6% and 95.2% respectively. No cross reactivity was observed with P. vivax infection. False negative interpretation was associated in 40% (10/25) lower-grade parasitaemias (parasitaemia <100/p/ blood) where sensitivity was only 60%. False positive result was associated in 1 case (1/74). Cases showing false negative results had taken presumptive treatment with chloroquine prior to the test. Careful microscopical examination on thin smears of such cases demonstrated that the morphology of the parasites was abnormal and distorted indicating the parasites were affected by chloroquine. The possible role of chloroquine resulting false negative results is suggested in this communication. Positive correlation between test bands intensity and parasite density was observed (r=0.137; P<0.05). The test is indigenously developed, rapid, simple in its application and was found suitable for field condition. Parameters like patients' conditions, history of drug intake, morphology of parasites at different developmental stages are to be considered for evaluation of such tests.
{"title":"Field evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test 'Parachek-F' in a post-monsoon Plasmodium falciparum malaria outbreak in villages of South India.:Indigenous diagnostic test kit for P. falciparum","authors":"S. Ghosh, Tiruchinapalli Sundarajan Sathyanarayan, M. V. Murugendrappa, S. Subbarao","doi":"10.2149/TMH1973.30.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2149/TMH1973.30.7","url":null,"abstract":"An indigenous rapid immunochromatographic test Parachek-F for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was evaluated by the field staff in a post-monsoon P. falciparum malaria outbreak in villages of district Raichur, Karnataka, South India in November 1999. The test functions based on dipstick P. falciparum histidine rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen capture assay. Of the 232 uncomplicated clinically diagnosed malaria cases, 158 (68.1%) were positive for malaria by microscopy of JSB-stained thick blood smears. Of these, 13 were infected with P. vivax, 140 with P. falciparum and 5 had mixed infections of P. vivax and P. falciparum. Malaria patients were treated with age-specific oral doses of quinine followed by primaquine. Taking microscopy as gold standard, Parachek-F detected PfHRP-2 antigen in 136 samples (ratio 0.93) and was 93.1% sensitive and 98.8% specific. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and efficacy were 99.2%, 89.6% and 95.2% respectively. No cross reactivity was observed with P. vivax infection. False negative interpretation was associated in 40% (10/25) lower-grade parasitaemias (parasitaemia <100/p/ blood) where sensitivity was only 60%. False positive result was associated in 1 case (1/74). Cases showing false negative results had taken presumptive treatment with chloroquine prior to the test. Careful microscopical examination on thin smears of such cases demonstrated that the morphology of the parasites was abnormal and distorted indicating the parasites were affected by chloroquine. The possible role of chloroquine resulting false negative results is suggested in this communication. Positive correlation between test bands intensity and parasite density was observed (r=0.137; P<0.05). The test is indigenously developed, rapid, simple in its application and was found suitable for field condition. Parameters like patients' conditions, history of drug intake, morphology of parasites at different developmental stages are to be considered for evaluation of such tests.","PeriodicalId":305785,"journal":{"name":"Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124830540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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