Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in many developing countries where standards of sanitation and hygiene are poor. HEV is transmitted primarily by the fecal–oral route. However, zoonotic trasmission from animal reservoirs to human by consumption of raw or undercooked meat has also been suggested. In endemic areas, HEV infection occurs as large waterborne epidemics and/or small outbreaks. Sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in developed countries, where its occurrence is not always associated with travel to highly endemic areas. HEV mammalian isolates are classified into four genotypes 1-4, which appear to have a specific host range and geographical distribution. The epidemiology of HEV in South America seems to be complex and seroprevalence in human and domestic pigs diff ers both among populations within the same countries and between countries. Additionally, HEV strains have been detected and molecularly characterized and genotype 3 is the most frequently genotype found in the region. Moreover, except for two strains isolated from autochthonous cases of acute hepatitis that occurred in Venezuela and belonged to genotype 1, all sequences detected in South America were classified as within genotype 3. Our understanding of HEV epidemiology has undergone major changes in recent years and despite the fact that several attempts to shed light over the epidemiology of this infection have been carried out in South America, data about the molecular characterization of HEV isolates is still lacking and further investigation isneeded. This review summarizes the current status of HEV molecular epidemiology from a regional point of view. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.55
{"title":"MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS (HEV) IN SOUTH AMERICA: CURRENT STATUS","authors":"S. Mirazo, N. Ramos, J. Arbiza","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.55","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in many developing countries where standards of sanitation and hygiene are poor. HEV is transmitted primarily by the fecal–oral route. However, zoonotic trasmission from animal reservoirs to human by consumption of raw or undercooked meat has also been suggested. In endemic areas, HEV infection occurs as large waterborne epidemics and/or small outbreaks. Sporadic cases of HEV infection have also been reported in developed countries, where its occurrence is not always associated with travel to highly endemic areas. HEV mammalian isolates are classified into four genotypes 1-4, which appear to have a specific host range and geographical distribution. The epidemiology of HEV in South America seems to be complex and seroprevalence in human and domestic pigs diff ers both among populations within the same countries and between countries. Additionally, HEV strains have been detected and molecularly characterized and genotype 3 is the most frequently genotype found in the region. Moreover, except for two strains isolated from autochthonous cases of acute hepatitis that occurred in Venezuela and belonged to genotype 1, all sequences detected in South America were classified as within genotype 3. Our understanding of HEV epidemiology has undergone major changes in recent years and despite the fact that several attempts to shed light over the epidemiology of this infection have been carried out in South America, data about the molecular characterization of HEV isolates is still lacking and further investigation isneeded. This review summarizes the current status of HEV molecular epidemiology from a regional point of view. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.55","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Lima, A. Nascimento, G. D. S. Barbosa, F. R. Silva
The Northeastern Brazil has a great potential for production of melon ( Cucumis melo ) and watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ). More than 20 virus species have been found naturally infecting cucurbit species around the world, but only seven of them were already found infecting those cucurbit crops in Northeastern Brazil. Plant viruses have been identified by several methods involving their morphological, physical, biological, cytological, serological and molecular properties, but serology is one of the most specific and accessible methods to obtain a rapid and precise diagnosis of a plant disease caused by virus. Several serological techniques were developed and the advent of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has facilitated the use of serology in the identification and characterization of plant viruses, including those infecting melon and watermelon. Virus infections in melon and watermelon are considered of great importance because they can seriously affect yield all over the world, mainly in developing countries. The present review describes biological, morphological, serological and molecular properties of important virus species infecting melon and watermelon in commercial fields of Northeastern Brazil. The review covers the virus species from the following family and genera: Potyviridae genus Potyvirus : Papaya ringspot virus type Watermelon; Watermelon mosaic virus and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; Bromoviridae genus Cucumovirus : Cucumber mosaic virus ; Secoviridae , Subfamily: Comvirinae, genus Comovirus : Squash mosaic virus and possible viruses that cause yellowing in melon. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.60
{"title":"VIRUSES INFECTING MELON AND WATERMELON IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL","authors":"J. Lima, A. Nascimento, G. D. S. Barbosa, F. R. Silva","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.60","url":null,"abstract":"The Northeastern Brazil has a great potential for production of melon ( Cucumis melo ) and watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ). More than 20 virus species have been found naturally infecting cucurbit species around the world, but only seven of them were already found infecting those cucurbit crops in Northeastern Brazil. Plant viruses have been identified by several methods involving their morphological, physical, biological, cytological, serological and molecular properties, but serology is one of the most specific and accessible methods to obtain a rapid and precise diagnosis of a plant disease caused by virus. Several serological techniques were developed and the advent of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has facilitated the use of serology in the identification and characterization of plant viruses, including those infecting melon and watermelon. Virus infections in melon and watermelon are considered of great importance because they can seriously affect yield all over the world, mainly in developing countries. The present review describes biological, morphological, serological and molecular properties of important virus species infecting melon and watermelon in commercial fields of Northeastern Brazil. The review covers the virus species from the following family and genera: Potyviridae genus Potyvirus : Papaya ringspot virus type Watermelon; Watermelon mosaic virus and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ; Bromoviridae genus Cucumovirus : Cucumber mosaic virus ; Secoviridae , Subfamily: Comvirinae, genus Comovirus : Squash mosaic virus and possible viruses that cause yellowing in melon. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.60","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. V. Simas, L. Gardinassi, F. C. Nogueira, C. Bonfim, D. E. Gomes, M. Lacerda, E. Durigon, P. Rahal, F. P. Souza
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in samples collected from children from 0 to 6 years of age with acute respiratory infection, attending public childcare on Northwest region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. RSV distribution was associated to seasonal climatic variables as temperature, rainfall and relative air humidity. We utilized samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate collected during the period of July 2003 to September 2005. RT-PCR was the chosen method for viral identification. Results showed that from the 817 samples (collected from 179 children), 7.7% (63/817) were RSV positive. In 2003, RSV was detected from July until October. In 2004, RSV infections occurred in March, May, June, July, October, November, and December. In 2005, RSV was detected in March, April, May, August, and September. RSV circulation patterns in childcare children showed seasonal distribution associated to decreases in temperature and relative air humidity. RSV was detected in childcare children as an important viral agent causing respiratory infections, with varying patterns of circulation into the cohort during the study period. Moreover, RSV distribution showed to be associated with the dry season on Northwest region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.59
{"title":"Analysis of Climatic Factors Impact on RSV Infection Distribution in Children Attending Childcare at Northwest Region of São Paulo, Brazil","authors":"P. V. Simas, L. Gardinassi, F. C. Nogueira, C. Bonfim, D. E. Gomes, M. Lacerda, E. Durigon, P. Rahal, F. P. Souza","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V17I1-2.59","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in samples collected from children from 0 to 6 years of age with acute respiratory infection, attending public childcare on Northwest region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. RSV distribution was associated to seasonal climatic variables as temperature, rainfall and relative air humidity. We utilized samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate collected during the period of July 2003 to September 2005. RT-PCR was the chosen method for viral identification. Results showed that from the 817 samples (collected from 179 children), 7.7% (63/817) were RSV positive. In 2003, RSV was detected from July until October. In 2004, RSV infections occurred in March, May, June, July, October, November, and December. In 2005, RSV was detected in March, April, May, August, and September. RSV circulation patterns in childcare children showed seasonal distribution associated to decreases in temperature and relative air humidity. RSV was detected in childcare children as an important viral agent causing respiratory infections, with varying patterns of circulation into the cohort during the study period. Moreover, RSV distribution showed to be associated with the dry season on Northwest region of Sao Paulo, Brazil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v17i1-2.59","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. M. Machado, W. M. Souza, A. R. Machado, L. T. Figueiredo
Hantavirus is a genus including dozens of genotypes in the Bunyaviridae family. Human infection by Hantavirus occurs mainly from inhalation of aerosols from the droppings of infected wild rodents. American Hantaviruses produce a severe cardiopulmonary syndrome with a high fatality rate. The objective of this study was to identify rodents infected with Hantavirus on the campus of the Universidade de Sao Paulo in the municipality of Ribeirao Preto. A routine rodent trapping with 45 Sherman traps was performed; 15 rodents were captured and identified, using classic taxonomic classification. About 2/3 of the captured rodents were Necromys lasiurus. Three blood samples of N. lasiurus were IgG positive to Hantavirus in ELISA. The Hantavirus partial S and M gene sequences were recovered from the blood of one N. lasiurus and the phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences showed that this rodent was infected with Araraquara Hantavirus. The presence of N. lasiurus infected with Hantavirus on the campus of the Universidade de Sao Paulo is a frightening problem. Measures for prevention of human infections by Hantavirus should be implemented on the campus, based on: reducing rodent shelter and food sources in and around buildings, standard sanitary precautions while rodent-contaminated areas are being cleaned up, and preventive measures, such as biosafety masks, for persons who have occupational exposure to wild rodents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.53
{"title":"ARARAQUARA HANTAVIRUS IN NECROMYS LASIURUS CAPTURED ON THE CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO IN RIBEIRÃO PRETO, SP, BRAZIL","authors":"A. M. Machado, W. M. Souza, A. R. Machado, L. T. Figueiredo","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.53","url":null,"abstract":"Hantavirus is a genus including dozens of genotypes in the Bunyaviridae family. Human infection by Hantavirus occurs mainly from inhalation of aerosols from the droppings of infected wild rodents. American Hantaviruses produce a severe cardiopulmonary syndrome with a high fatality rate. The objective of this study was to identify rodents infected with Hantavirus on the campus of the Universidade de Sao Paulo in the municipality of Ribeirao Preto. A routine rodent trapping with 45 Sherman traps was performed; 15 rodents were captured and identified, using classic taxonomic classification. About 2/3 of the captured rodents were Necromys lasiurus. Three blood samples of N. lasiurus were IgG positive to Hantavirus in ELISA. The Hantavirus partial S and M gene sequences were recovered from the blood of one N. lasiurus and the phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences showed that this rodent was infected with Araraquara Hantavirus. The presence of N. lasiurus infected with Hantavirus on the campus of the Universidade de Sao Paulo is a frightening problem. Measures for prevention of human infections by Hantavirus should be implemented on the campus, based on: reducing rodent shelter and food sources in and around buildings, standard sanitary precautions while rodent-contaminated areas are being cleaned up, and preventive measures, such as biosafety masks, for persons who have occupational exposure to wild rodents. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.53","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-17DOI: 10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.52
H. Ferreira, F. Spilki, R. S. Almeida, C. W. Arns
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), the primary causative agent of severe rhinotracheitis in turkeys, is associated with the swollen head syndrome in chickens and it is a source of significant economic losses during animal production. In this study, the partial sequences of the genes predicted to encode the fusion protein (F), attachment protein (G), and nucleoprotein (N) of six Brazilian aMPV isolates were analyzed and compared with previously published data for the aMPV genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that these Brazilian isolates have the same genetic subtype, previously named subtype A (aMPV/A). An analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitution ratio (dn/ds) for the F, G, and N genes yielded values higher than 1 when comparing the sequences of the aMPV/A viruses with those of viruses in other aMPV subgroups. However, the average dn/ds ratio was lower than 1 for the F, G and N genes when comparing sequences within the aMPV/A subgroup. From these results, the selective pressure analysis revealed a negative selection based on the F, G, and N genes among the aMPV/A viruses. Moreover, because different aMPV subgroups are highly diverse, the low dn/ds ratio for F, G and N genes among the aMPV/A viruses indicates that these genes are subject to positive selection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.52
{"title":"EVOLUTION OF THE FUSION (F), ATTACHMENT (G), AND NUCLEOPROTEIN (N) GENES FROM THE AVIAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS SUBGROUP A","authors":"H. Ferreira, F. Spilki, R. S. Almeida, C. W. Arns","doi":"10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.52","url":null,"abstract":"Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), the primary causative agent of severe rhinotracheitis in turkeys, is associated with the swollen head syndrome in chickens and it is a source of significant economic losses during animal production. In this study, the partial sequences of the genes predicted to encode the fusion protein (F), attachment protein (G), and nucleoprotein (N) of six Brazilian aMPV isolates were analyzed and compared with previously published data for the aMPV genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that these Brazilian isolates have the same genetic subtype, previously named subtype A (aMPV/A). An analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitution ratio (dn/ds) for the F, G, and N genes yielded values higher than 1 when comparing the sequences of the aMPV/A viruses with those of viruses in other aMPV subgroups. However, the average dn/ds ratio was lower than 1 for the F, G and N genes when comparing sequences within the aMPV/A subgroup. From these results, the selective pressure analysis revealed a negative selection based on the F, G, and N genes among the aMPV/A viruses. Moreover, because different aMPV subgroups are highly diverse, the low dn/ds ratio for F, G and N genes among the aMPV/A viruses indicates that these genes are subject to positive selection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.52","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67516914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. V. N. Martins, João J Cossatis, L. Afonso, Maria da Glória de Almeida, S. Cavalcanti
In this study, we have sought to verify the prevalence ofhuman herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7) in the saliva of renal transplanted patients from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and compare results with those of healthy subjects, since Roseolovirus DNA detection in body fluids from transplanted patients has been associated with often misdiagnosed chronic symptoms, organ rejection and even death. The studied group was composed by 120 individuals: 60 were renal transplanted patients and 60 were healthy subjects attending the Hospital Universitario Pedro Ernesto, for odontological follow-up. Saliva specimens were submitted to a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7. The total Roseolovirus DNA prevalence was 56.7% for transplanted patients and 23.3% for healthy individuals (p<0.001). For immunossupressed patients, the PCR detected a HHV-6A prevalence of 16.7% in transplanted, HHV-6B in 26.6% and HHV-7 DNA was revealed in 13.3% of the studied cases. In healthy subjects, HHV-6A was found in 5% of the samples, HHV-6B in 6.7% and HHV-7 in 11.7%. Multiple infections were observed in 12/60 (20%) individuals. No co-infection was demonstrated for healthy subjects, reinforcing the idea that imunnossuppression can favor reactivation and possibly transactivation among herpesviruses (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences were recorded for HHV6A and B infections in transplanted patients, when compared with healthy individuals (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding HHV-7 infection. Clinical symptoms and laboratorial findings were not specifically associated with patients shedding any of the studied viruses. Our results showed relevant differences in Roseolovirus prevalence among the two studied groups, suggesting a potential role for those viruses in disturbing host homeostasys that can compromise life quality. Although PCR methodology proved to be a useful tool for Roseolovirus detection, the standardization of samples and procedures is necessary to evaluate possible a pathogenic behavior among different agents in order to analyze their role in the post-transplant scenario. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.49
{"title":"DETECTION OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES 6 AND 7 DNA IN THE SALIVA OF RENAL TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS FROM RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL","authors":"R. V. N. Martins, João J Cossatis, L. Afonso, Maria da Glória de Almeida, S. Cavalcanti","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.49","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have sought to verify the prevalence ofhuman herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7) in the saliva of renal transplanted patients from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and compare results with those of healthy subjects, since Roseolovirus DNA detection in body fluids from transplanted patients has been associated with often misdiagnosed chronic symptoms, organ rejection and even death. The studied group was composed by 120 individuals: 60 were renal transplanted patients and 60 were healthy subjects attending the Hospital Universitario Pedro Ernesto, for odontological follow-up. Saliva specimens were submitted to a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7. The total Roseolovirus DNA prevalence was 56.7% for transplanted patients and 23.3% for healthy individuals (p<0.001). For immunossupressed patients, the PCR detected a HHV-6A prevalence of 16.7% in transplanted, HHV-6B in 26.6% and HHV-7 DNA was revealed in 13.3% of the studied cases. In healthy subjects, HHV-6A was found in 5% of the samples, HHV-6B in 6.7% and HHV-7 in 11.7%. Multiple infections were observed in 12/60 (20%) individuals. No co-infection was demonstrated for healthy subjects, reinforcing the idea that imunnossuppression can favor reactivation and possibly transactivation among herpesviruses (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences were recorded for HHV6A and B infections in transplanted patients, when compared with healthy individuals (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding HHV-7 infection. Clinical symptoms and laboratorial findings were not specifically associated with patients shedding any of the studied viruses. Our results showed relevant differences in Roseolovirus prevalence among the two studied groups, suggesting a potential role for those viruses in disturbing host homeostasys that can compromise life quality. Although PCR methodology proved to be a useful tool for Roseolovirus detection, the standardization of samples and procedures is necessary to evaluate possible a pathogenic behavior among different agents in order to analyze their role in the post-transplant scenario. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.49","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"485 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthropogenic impacts on soils have become one of the major environmental concerns nowadays. Soils and sediments under water bodies may contain viruses and bacteria on higher loads than those identified in contaminated waters. These contaminants may interfere with the whole environment of the affected area, not only damaging the soil and the water but also affecting wildlife. Viruses can travel across the ground contaminating groundwater. The focus of research concerning viruses in soil matrices has been the destination, transport, and detection of pathogenic viruses exogenous to soils. Many methods have been suggested in the last few years for viral detection in soil and sediments. Viruses can be extracted from soil by elution, concentrated and finally detected by molecular techniques cell culture. There are many elution methods described in the literature and 11 techniques are cited in this review. Molecular detection can be performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its modifications. New assays for viral quantification are emerging, such as adaptation of plaque assays (PAs), most-probable number assays (MPNs), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), epifluorescence microscopy (EfM), and flow cytometry (FC). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.50
{"title":"METHODS OF VIRUS DETECTION IN SOILS AND SEDIMENTS","authors":"R. Staggemeier, S. Almeida, F. Spilki","doi":"10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRR.V16I1-2.50","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic impacts on soils have become one of the major environmental concerns nowadays. Soils and sediments under water bodies may contain viruses and bacteria on higher loads than those identified in contaminated waters. These contaminants may interfere with the whole environment of the affected area, not only damaging the soil and the water but also affecting wildlife. Viruses can travel across the ground contaminating groundwater. The focus of research concerning viruses in soil matrices has been the destination, transport, and detection of pathogenic viruses exogenous to soils. Many methods have been suggested in the last few years for viral detection in soil and sediments. Viruses can be extracted from soil by elution, concentrated and finally detected by molecular techniques cell culture. There are many elution methods described in the literature and 11 techniques are cited in this review. Molecular detection can be performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its modifications. New assays for viral quantification are emerging, such as adaptation of plaque assays (PAs), most-probable number assays (MPNs), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), epifluorescence microscopy (EfM), and flow cytometry (FC). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrr.v16i1-2.50","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67515924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-17DOI: 10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.54
G. G. Figueiredo, M. D. Pádua, G. S. Júnior, A. M. Machado, M. Romero, Daniela Leitão Delsin, A. Carvalho, S. J. Badra, L. T. Figueiredo
Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) is a severe disease caused by Hantaviruses. In the present study, we have analyzed sera of 62 HCPS suspected cases from the region of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, in the period of 2010-2011. Clinical samples of twelve patients were positive, based on both RT-PCR and IgM-ELISA. Hantavirus-infected patients included 8 males and 4 females, 16-57 years old, 3 of whom were rural workers (25%) and one of them related direct contact with wild rodents. The majority of the other patients (75%) lived in the periphery of cities and reported the presence of rodents in their homes. The case fatality ratio of these 12 HCPS cases was 41.6%. Our results confirm that hantaviruses are endemic, with occurrence of HCPS and fatalities, every year, in the region of Ribeirao Preto. More educational and preventive measures are necessary in order to prevent human infections by hantavirus in the region, and other parts of Brazil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.54
{"title":"HANTAVIRUS CARDIOPULMONARY SYNDROME IN RIBEIRÃO PRETO, BRAZIL, 2010-2011","authors":"G. G. Figueiredo, M. D. Pádua, G. S. Júnior, A. M. Machado, M. Romero, Daniela Leitão Delsin, A. Carvalho, S. J. Badra, L. T. Figueiredo","doi":"10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.54","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) is a severe disease caused by Hantaviruses. In the present study, we have analyzed sera of 62 HCPS suspected cases from the region of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, in the period of 2010-2011. Clinical samples of twelve patients were positive, based on both RT-PCR and IgM-ELISA. Hantavirus-infected patients included 8 males and 4 females, 16-57 years old, 3 of whom were rural workers (25%) and one of them related direct contact with wild rodents. The majority of the other patients (75%) lived in the periphery of cities and reported the presence of rodents in their homes. The case fatality ratio of these 12 HCPS cases was 41.6%. Our results confirm that hantaviruses are endemic, with occurrence of HCPS and fatalities, every year, in the region of Ribeirao Preto. More educational and preventive measures are necessary in order to prevent human infections by hantavirus in the region, and other parts of Brazil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.54","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67516918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-17DOI: 10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.48
J. Kamikawa, E. Carraro, S. Guatura, E. R. M. Silva, A. Watanabe, C. M. Silva, C. Granato, N. Bellei
To assess the occurrence and clinical aspects of respiratory viral infections in children with congenital heart disease in a cardiology pediatric ward a prospective study was done in children with acute respiratory infection during 2005, 2007 and 2008. Nasopharyngeal washes were collected and tested through direct immunofluorescence for human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), influenza virus A and B (Flu A/B), parainfluenzavirus 1, 2 and 3 (PIV 1,2,3) and human adenovirus (HAdV). Samples collected from hospitalized children were also evaluated for human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) through molecular methods. Out of 102 analyzed children, 11% were positive for the following viruses: 5 HRSV, 3 PIV-3, 1 Flu A, 1 Flu B, and 1 HAdV. Five (8,3%) of 60 patients needed hospitalization, and one of these patients died. These five patients had complex congenital heart disease, were not submitted to surgical correction and were under one year old. Three patients were positive for the following viruses: 1 HRSV, 1 HRV and 1 HRV+HAdV. The present study highlights the importance of respiratory viral infection in children with complex congenital heart disease morbidity. Other viral etiologies as HRV and HAdV, besides the common HRSV, should be considered in respiratory viral diagnosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.48
{"title":"RESPIRATORY VIRUS OCCURRENCE AMONG CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE","authors":"J. Kamikawa, E. Carraro, S. Guatura, E. R. M. Silva, A. Watanabe, C. M. Silva, C. Granato, N. Bellei","doi":"10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/VRRJOURNAL.V16I1-2.48","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the occurrence and clinical aspects of respiratory viral infections in children with congenital heart disease in a cardiology pediatric ward a prospective study was done in children with acute respiratory infection during 2005, 2007 and 2008. Nasopharyngeal washes were collected and tested through direct immunofluorescence for human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), influenza virus A and B (Flu A/B), parainfluenzavirus 1, 2 and 3 (PIV 1,2,3) and human adenovirus (HAdV). Samples collected from hospitalized children were also evaluated for human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) through molecular methods. Out of 102 analyzed children, 11% were positive for the following viruses: 5 HRSV, 3 PIV-3, 1 Flu A, 1 Flu B, and 1 HAdV. Five (8,3%) of 60 patients needed hospitalization, and one of these patients died. These five patients had complex congenital heart disease, were not submitted to surgical correction and were under one year old. Three patients were positive for the following viruses: 1 HRSV, 1 HRV and 1 HRV+HAdV. The present study highlights the importance of respiratory viral infection in children with complex congenital heart disease morbidity. Other viral etiologies as HRV and HAdV, besides the common HRSV, should be considered in respiratory viral diagnosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.48","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67516909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-09DOI: 10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.67
C. S. Rocha, C. D. Xavier, A. T. Lima, F. N. Silva, M. Zerbini
Begomoviruses cause economic losses in many crops, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Their genome is formed by one or two components and are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci to dicotyledonous plants. In Brazil, a viral complex comprised of at least eight species is responsible for severe losses in tomato crops. Tomato and weed samples were collected in tomato-growing regions of the state of Minas Gerais, in southeastern Brazil in 2008 and 2010. Previously described viruses were prevalent in the samples. Two isolates of the partially sequenced Tomato mottle leaf curl virus (ToMoLCV) were associated with tomato plants collected in the city of Jaiba in northern Minas Gerais. Here, we describe the virus’s complete DNA-A sequence and its molecular characterization. Genome analysis indicates that the ToMoLCV is a typical New World bipartite begomovirus with greater sequence identity with begomoviruses from Brazil and Central America. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that ToMoLCV clusters with New World begomoviruses from Brazil and Central America. Like all Brazilian begomoviruses, ToMoLCV has a recombinant nature. Together, these results support the classification of ToMoLCV as a distinct species in the genus Begomovirus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.67
{"title":"MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE DNA-A OF THE BEGOMOVIRUS TOMATO MOTTLE LEAF CURL VIRUS (ToMoLCV)","authors":"C. S. Rocha, C. D. Xavier, A. T. Lima, F. N. Silva, M. Zerbini","doi":"10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.67","url":null,"abstract":"Begomoviruses cause economic losses in many crops, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Their genome is formed by one or two components and are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci to dicotyledonous plants. In Brazil, a viral complex comprised of at least eight species is responsible for severe losses in tomato crops. Tomato and weed samples were collected in tomato-growing regions of the state of Minas Gerais, in southeastern Brazil in 2008 and 2010. Previously described viruses were prevalent in the samples. Two isolates of the partially sequenced Tomato mottle leaf curl virus (ToMoLCV) were associated with tomato plants collected in the city of Jaiba in northern Minas Gerais. Here, we describe the virus’s complete DNA-A sequence and its molecular characterization. Genome analysis indicates that the ToMoLCV is a typical New World bipartite begomovirus with greater sequence identity with begomoviruses from Brazil and Central America. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that ToMoLCV clusters with New World begomoviruses from Brazil and Central America. Like all Brazilian begomoviruses, ToMoLCV has a recombinant nature. Together, these results support the classification of ToMoLCV as a distinct species in the genus Begomovirus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17525/vrrjournal.v16i1-2.67","PeriodicalId":30621,"journal":{"name":"Virus Reviews Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67516922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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