Energy Storage Materials最新文献_第7页

Entropy tuning of polyphenol metal complex stabilizing layered oxide cathodes for high-performance sodium-ion batteries 高性能钠离子电池用多酚金属复合稳定层状氧化物阴极的熵调谐

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104908

Baoyi Mu , Guanwen Wang , Chao Huangfu , Chunlei Chi , Min Gong , Xinhou Yang , Bin Qi , Zhiyuan Li , Yufei Zhou , Qiushi Miao , Chuanqing Wang , Tong Wei , Zhuangjun Fan

Layered oxide has been regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its high theoretical energy density. However, irreversible phase transitions at high voltages, lattice oxygen redox (O²⁻/O₂ⁿ⁻, 1 ≤ n ≤ 3), and sluggish Na⁺ kinetics still hinder its practical application intrinsically. Herein, we manipulate the intra- and interlayer structure of layered oxide cathodes by hierarchically employing a modified gallic acid (GA) polyphenol-metal complex with multi-elements co-regulated (Ca, Li, and Cu). Benefitted from self-assembly of GA, the as-prepared GA-Na_0.61Ni_0.23Mn_0.67Ca_0.05Li_0.05Cu_0.05O₂ (GA-NNM-CaLiCu) cathode reveals reduced oxygen vacancies (OVs) and enhanced crystallinity. The anchoring of interlayered Ca²⁺ generates a reinforced “pillar” effect and the strategically migration of Li⁺ into the transition-metal (TM) layer mitigates electrostatic repulsion. The redox active Cu²⁺ strengthens the interlayered Ni/Mn-O bonds, facilitating negligible structural strain under an extended voltage window (2-4.3 V). As a result, the GA-NNM-CaLiCu cathode delivers 144.8 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 C and retains 85.2% of its capacity after 1000 cycles at 20 C. This work provides a comprehensive approach to improve structural stability and reaction kinetics of P2-type Na_0.67Ni_0.33Mn_0.67O₂ (NNM) cathodes in SIBs.

层状氧化物由于具有较高的理论能量密度而被认为是最有前途的钠离子电池正极材料之一。然而，高压下的不可逆相变、晶格氧氧化还原（O2−/O2n−,1≤n≤3）、Na+动力学缓慢等问题仍然从本质上阻碍了其实际应用。在这里，我们通过分层使用修饰的没食子酸（GA）多酚金属配合物与多元素共调节（Ca， Li和Cu）来操纵层状氧化物阴极的层内和层间结构。得益于GA的自组装，GA- na0.61 ni0.23 mn0.67 ca0.05 li0.05 cu0.05 o2 （GA- nm - calicu）阴极的氧空位（OVs）减少，结晶度提高。层间Ca2+的锚定产生了增强的“支柱”效应，Li+向过渡金属（TM）层的战略性迁移减轻了静电排斥。氧化还原活性Cu2+增强了层间Ni/Mn-O键，在延长的电压窗口（2-4.3 V）下，可以忽略结构应变。结果表明，GA-NNM-CaLiCu阴极在0.1℃下可提供144.8 mAh g-1，在20℃下循环1000次后仍能保持85.2%的容量。这项工作为提高sib中p2型Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 （NNM）阴极的结构稳定性和反应动力学提供了一种全面的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to High-entropy safe electrolyte toward industrial-level lithium-ion battery Volume 83, December 2025, 104744 工业级锂离子电池高熵安全电解质的勘误表，vol . 83, December 2025, 104744

IF 20.4 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104905

Yutao Liu, Yali Zhao, Jingju Liu, Hanxin Wei, Xuanlin Gong, Kuo Chen, Jiangfeng Wang, Luojia Chen, Jiarui Liu, Chuanping Wu, Baohui Chen

The authors regret that the Acknowledgments section was inadvertently omitted from the original published version of this article. The omitted Acknowledgments are as follows: “We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China under Grant 5100-202499473A-3-6-RW.”

作者感到遗憾的是，这篇文章的原始出版版本无意中省略了致谢部分。省略的致谢内容如下：“感谢国家电网公司科技项目5100-202499473A-3-6-RW的资金支持。”

引用次数: 0

Boosting energy density: Recent advances in single-molecule redox-targeting flow batteries 提高能量密度：单分子氧化还原靶液流电池的最新进展

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104907

Xuan Qiao , Zhiqian Wan , Yichong Cai , Sida Rong , Ge Yin , Ya Ji

Amid the global push for carbon neutrality and energy system transformation, redox flow batteries (RFBs) have attracted attention as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. However, their energy density is inherently limited by the solubility of redox species. To overcome this challenge, redox-targeting flow batteries (RTFBs) couple solid material into the energy storage process via redox mediator (RM), enabling hybrid solid-liquid energy storage architectures. Single-molecule redox-targeting (SMRT) systems have emerged as a simplified and efficient approach. utilizing single RM with a matched potential to solid material, enabling efficient redox-targeting reactions. This review conducts a comprehensive review on SMRT flow batteries. Fundamentals and working principles are firstly introduced, followed by discussions on different types of SMRT flow batteries including non-aqueous and aqueous systems. Matching between solid material and RM, redox-targeting reaction pathways, electrochemical properties and battery performance are discussed in detail. Moreover, this work deeply analyzes advanced in-situ and ex-situ characterizations to clarify redox-targeting reaction mechanisms including electrochemical-chemical reaction coupling, solid-liquid interface and structural evolution during charging/discharging in SMRT flow batteries. Finally, the review highlights the existing challenges in SMRT flow batteries, with the aim of providing valuable insights into SMRT system design and optimization for wide applications.

在全球推动碳中和和能源系统转型的背景下，氧化还原液流电池作为一种有前途的技术受到了人们的关注。

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引用次数: 0

Engineering a synergistic La-MOF-OH/PEO interfacial layer toward high-performance all-solid-state sodium metal batteries 面向高性能全固态钠金属电池的协同La-MOF-OH/PEO界面层工程研究

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104903

Yining Lv , Dan Zhang , Yang Gan

Sodium-based all-solid-state metal batteries (ASSMBs) are promising alternatives to traditional lithium-based batteries. However, interfacial mismatch remains a long-standing challenge between Na metal nodes and solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), such as Na/NASICON interface, motivating extensive interface engineering efforts. Interfacial modification using flexible polymer composites with fillers has been investigated to mitigate this issue. Despite these advances, current filler designs predominantly target polymer disordering (e.g., PEO), seriously undermining the multifunctional potential of fillers. In this work, a novel MOF (La-MOF-OH) was designed by judiciously selecting metal nodes (La³⁺) and linkers (H₃chel). It was blended with PEO to form an La-MOF-OH/PEO layer (LMPL) on NASICON, constructing the NASICON-LMPL. Therein, La-MOF-OH acts as multifunctional active fillers by enriching Na⁺, providing low-barrier pathways for Na⁺ migration, and lowering crystallinity of PEO. Na|NASICON-LMPL|Na symmetric cells with a high critical current density (CCD) of 1.8 mA cm⁻² sustain stable cycling for over 2000 h at 0.1 and 0.5 mA cm⁻². Na|NASICON-LMPL|Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃(NVP) full cells deliver 106.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C and retain 92.8% capacity after 100 cycles at 1 C. This work underscores the significance of the proposed design principles for MOF fillers, combined with interfacial engineering, as a versatile and general strategy for developing high-performance.

钠基全固态金属电池（assmb）是传统锂基电池的有前途的替代品。然而，Na金属节点和固态电解质（如Na/NASICON界面）之间的界面失配仍然是一个长期存在的挑战，激发了广泛的界面工程努力。为了缓解这一问题，人们研究了使用柔性聚合物复合材料和填料进行界面改性。尽管取得了这些进步，但目前的填料设计主要针对聚合物的无序性（例如PEO），严重破坏了填料的多功能潜力。在这项工作中，通过明智地选择金属节点（La3+）和连接体（H3chel），设计了一种新型的MOF （La-MOF-OH）。将其与PEO混合，在NASICON上形成La-MOF-OH/PEO层（LMPL），构建NASICON-LMPL。其中，La-MOF-OH作为多功能活性填料，富集Na+，为Na+迁移提供低屏障途径，降低PEO的结晶度。Na对称电池具有1.8 mA cm - 2的高临界电流密度（CCD），在0.1和0.5 mA cm - 2下保持稳定循环超过2000小时。Na3V2(PO4)3（NVP）全电池在0.1℃下提供106.4 mAh g⁻¹，在1℃下循环100次后保持92.8%的容量。这项工作强调了MOF填料设计原则的重要性，结合界面工程，作为开发高性能的通用策略。

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引用次数: 0

Functional nanocellulose-enabled microphase-separated gel polymer electrolytes for high-performance flexible zinc-air batteries 用于高性能柔性锌空气电池的功能性纳米纤维素微相分离凝胶聚合物电解质

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104904

Tianguang Wang , Weijie Qi , Jinsong Zeng , Pengfei Li , Fugang Hu , Hao Yang , Chen Wu , Jianqiao Su , Daxian Cao , Kefu Chen

The performance trade-off problem caused by the solid-liquid mixed structure of traditional homogeneous gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) has restricted the application of flexible zinc-air batteries (FZABs). This study proposes to achieve structural-functional zoning of the solvent-rich and polymer-rich phase in GPEs by constructing functional microphase-separated structures, thereby synergistically optimizing the structural and functional stability of FZABs in dynamic and harsh environments. Two representative systems were developed and evaluated: non-alkaline (MPS-DCNF) and alkaline (MPS-NCNF-KOH) GPEs. Both exhibited superior mechanical resilience (recovery >96%), long-term water retention (>95% after 500 h), high ionic conductivity (2.72 to 331.71 mS cm⁻¹), and exceptional freeze and thermal tolerance (−60 to 80 °C). When integrated into FZABs, they delivered outstanding electrochemical performance, including high voltages (1.49 and 1.45 V), large specific capacities (748.54 and 772.43 mAh g⁻¹), remarkable cycling stability (>900 h at 0.1 mA cm⁻² or >120 h at 2 mA cm⁻²), excellent temperature tolerance (>5300 cycles at -20 °C or >800 cycles at -40 °C; >400 or 60 cycles at 80 °C), and reliable operation under 1000 folding cycles and extreme temperature shocks exceeding 120 °C. Overall, this work establishes a universal and scalable design principle for the development of high-performance GPEs through functionalized microphase separation.

传统均相凝胶聚合物电解质（GPEs）固液混合结构导致的性能折衷问题制约了柔性锌空气电池（FZABs）的应用。本研究提出通过构建功能微相分离结构，实现gpe中富溶剂相和富聚合物相的结构-功能分区，从而协同优化FZABs在动态和恶劣环境下的结构和功能稳定性。开发并评价了两种具有代表性的体系：非碱性（MPS-DCNF）和碱性（MPS-NCNF-KOH） GPEs。两者都表现出优异的机械弹性（恢复>；96%），长期保水（500小时后>；95%），高离子电导率（2.72至331.71 mS cm⁻），以及出色的冻热耐受性（- 60至80°C）。当集成到fzab中时，它们具有出色的电化学性能，包括高电压（1.49和1.45 V），大容量（748.54和772.43 mAh g -⁻²），卓越的循环稳定性（在0.1 mA cm -⁻²下900小时或在2 mA cm -⁻²下120小时），卓越的耐温性（在-20°C下5300次或在-40°C下800次；在80°C下400或60次），以及在1000次折叠循环和超过120°C的极端温度冲击下可靠地工作。总的来说，这项工作为通过功能化微相分离开发高性能gpe建立了一个通用和可扩展的设计原则。

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引用次数: 0

Hard carbon anodes for all-solid-state Na-ion batteries 全固态钠离子电池用硬碳阳极

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104901

Xiaoyi Wang , Yun Su , Hongyue Cui , Shiguang Zhang , Hang Su , Xiaohui Rong , Liquan Chen , Gaoping Cao , Yong-Sheng Hu

All-solid-state Na-ion batteries (ASSNIBs) are promising for enhanced safety and energy density, but hard carbon (HC) anodes suffer from limited Na⁺ transport and require high electrolyte content (>30 wt %) and pressure (>1 MPa) in inorganic systems. Herein, a polymer-HC composite anode (PEO@HC) with only 5 wt % polyethylene oxide (PEO) is developed, enabling high HC loading (90 wt %) and efficient Na⁺ conduction under low pressure (<0.2 MPa). Synchrotron nano-CT and Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed a uniform PEO coating on the HC surface, reducing defects and modifying pore structures for improved ion kinetics. In Na|PEO-ASPE-Na|PEO@HC half-cells, PEO@HC delivers a high initial Coulombic efficiency (86.3 %) and reversible capacity (295.5 mAh g^-1 at 0.1C), comparable to liquid-electrolyte counterparts. The first reported pouch-type ASSNIB (PEO@HC|PEO-ASPE-Na|PEO@NVP) achieves 81 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.1C. This polymer-based strategy overcomes interfacial challenges, paving the way for practical ASSNIBs in electric vehicles and stationary storage.

全固态钠离子电池（assnib）有望提高安全性和能量密度，但在无机系统中，硬碳（HC）阳极受Na+传输限制，需要高电解质含量（30 wt%）和高压力（1 MPa）。本文开发了一种仅含5 wt%聚乙烯氧化物（PEO）的聚合物-HC复合阳极（PEO@HC），在低压（<0.2 MPa）下实现了高HC负载（90 wt%）和高效的Na⁺传导。同步加速器纳米ct和小角度x射线散射（SAXS）显示，在HC表面有均匀的PEO涂层，减少了缺陷并改变了孔隙结构，从而改善了离子动力学。在Na|PEO-ASPE-Na|PEO@HC半电池中，PEO@HC提供了高初始库仑效率（86.3%）和可逆容量（295.5 mAh g-1, 0.1C），与液体电解质相当。首次报道的袋式ASSNIB （PEO@HC| peo - aspa - na |PEO@NVP）在0.1C下循环500次后容量保持率达到81%。这种基于聚合物的策略克服了界面挑战，为电动汽车和固定存储中实际的assnib铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring surface entropy gradient towards 4.6 V ultrahigh-nickel cathodes with durable cationic and anionic redox 4.6 V超高镍阴极的表面熵梯度剪裁与持久的阳离子和阴离子氧化还原

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104902

Kuiming Liu , Zhonghan Wu , Yue Li , Haoran Zhou , Meng Yao , Yiyang Peng , Chen Li , Xinhui Huang , Guoyu Ding , Zhichen Hou , Kang Liu , Ruyu Xi , Jiantao Guo , Meng Yu , Kai Zhang , Fangyi Cheng

Nickel-rich layered transition metal oxides are intriguing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of high energy density, but they suffer from structural degradation at high voltages, caused by lattice distortion, cation migration/dissolution, and lattice oxygen loss. To address these degradation issues, herein we report a surface entropy-gradient strategy to construct a LiNi_0.93Mn_0.02Mg_0.015Al_0.015Co_0.01Mo_0.01O_1.99F_0.01 cathode featuring concentration gradients of Ni/Co/Mo/F/O elements at the primary particle surfaces. Comprehensive microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations, combined with theoretical calculations, reveal that this engineered gradient structure establishes a progressive strengthening mechanism driven by increasing configurational entropy from bulk to surface, thereby significantly enhancing structural stability and electrochemical reversibility. Specifically, the entropy-gradient configuration effectively mitigates the irreversible O3-to-O1 phase transition, promoting lithium-ion diffusion; simultaneously, it inhibits Ni migration and dissolution while suppressing excessive oxygen oxidation, thereby substantially improving the reversibility of both cationic and anionic redox reactions upon deep (de)lithiation. Under high cut-off voltage of 4.6 V, the formulated cathode retains 91.9% of its initial capacity (229.9 mAh g^-1) after 100 cycles, outperforming the conventional high-nickel counterparts. This study highlights the entropy-gradient engineering as an innovative methodology to upgrade ultrahigh-nickel cathodes under high-voltage operation.

由于能量密度高，富镍层状过渡金属氧化物是锂离子电池的阴极材料，但它们在高压下会因晶格畸变、阳离子迁移/溶解和晶格氧损失而导致结构退化。为了解决这些降解问题，本文报道了一种表面熵梯度策略，在初级颗粒表面构建具有Ni/Co/Mo/F/O元素浓度梯度的lini0.93 mn0.02 mg0.015 al0.015 co0.01 mo0.010 o1.99 f0.01阴极。综合微观和光谱表征，结合理论计算，表明这种工程梯度结构建立了一个由从体到表面的构型熵增加驱动的渐进强化机制，从而显著提高了结构的稳定性和电化学可逆性。具体来说，熵梯度构型有效地减缓了不可逆的o3 - o1相变，促进了锂离子的扩散；同时，它抑制了Ni的迁移和溶解，同时抑制了过量的氧氧化，从而大大提高了深度（去）锂化时阳离子和阴离子氧化还原反应的可逆性。在4.6 V的高截止电压下，该阴极在100次循环后仍能保持91.9%的初始容量（229.9 mAh g-1），优于传统的高镍阴极。本研究强调了熵梯度工程作为一种创新的方法来升级高压下的超高镍阴极。

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引用次数: 0

Failure mechanisms and current collector design for sodium metal anodes: From thermodynamic-kinetic coupling to structural-functional optimization 金属钠阳极的失效机制和集流器设计：从热力学-动力学耦合到结构-功能优化

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104898

Saisai Qiu, Haolin Zhu, Qiang Wu, Shijie Cheng, Jia Xie

Sodium metal anodes (SMAs) present a compelling pathway toward next-generation high-energy-density batteries but face persistent challenges such as dendrite growth, low Coulombic efficiency, and safety concerns. These issues originate from the strong coupling between thermodynamic instability and kinetic limitations inherent to sodium metal. To address these fundamental coupling, this review establishes a unified framework linking “thermodynamic–kinetic coupling” as the failure origin to “structure–function optimization” as the solution core. We systematically dissect the synergistic interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing SMA failure, and highlight the pivotal role of advanced current collectors as a core mitigation strategy. Recent progress in 3D porous architectures, surface functionalization, and gradient engineering is comprehensively surveyed, demonstrating how these approaches synergistically regulate nucleation thermodynamics and ion transport kinetics. The discussion extends to anode‑free sodium metal batteries (AF-SMBs), where optimized current collectors are indispensable. By establishing a coherent framework linking thermodynamic-kinetic coupling to structural and functional optimization, this work lays a foundation for developing safe, durable, and high-performance sodium metal batteries.

金属钠阳极（sma）为下一代高能量密度电池的发展提供了一条引人注目的途径，但也面临着诸如枝晶生长、低库仑效率和安全问题等持续的挑战。这些问题源于金属钠固有的热力学不稳定性和动力学限制之间的强耦合。为了解决这些基本的耦合问题，本文建立了以“热力学-动力学耦合”为失效根源，以“结构-功能优化”为解决核心的统一框架。我们系统地剖析了控制SMA失效的热力学和动力学因素之间的协同相互作用，并强调了先进集流器作为核心缓解策略的关键作用。本文全面综述了三维多孔结构、表面功能化和梯度工程的最新进展，展示了这些方法如何协同调节成核热力学和离子传输动力学。讨论扩展到无阳极钠金属电池（af - smb），其中优化的集流器是必不可少的。通过建立一个将热力学-动力学耦合与结构和功能优化联系起来的连贯框架，本工作为开发安全、耐用和高性能的钠金属电池奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

A Controversial Topic on Oxygen Crosstalk Effects in Aprotic Lithium-Oxygen Batteries 非质子锂氧电池中氧串扰效应的争议话题

IF 20.4 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104899

Zhiwei Zhao, Yantao Zhang, Limin Guo, Zhangquan Peng

Aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries represent a critical enabling technology in tomorrow’s portfolio of clean energy solutions due to their unparalleled theoretical energy density among existing battery chemistries. The solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on lithium metal anode (LMA) surfaces plays a crucial role in unlocking their energy capabilities. Over recent years, the oxygen crosstalk phenomenon at the LMA/electrolyte interface has emerged as a significant yet underexplored determinant of SEI stability and battery performance. In this contribution, three potential oxygen crosstalk effects on SEI formation pathways in the literature, are first recapitulated. Subsequently, a study paradigm is presented to achieve unified understandings of oxygen crosstalk and develop rational design strategies for stable LMA, which involves decoupling and probing complex oxygen crosstalk chemistries through well-designed model interfaces and in situ spectroscopies. Finally, future directions and perspectives are proposed, with a call to the wider research community to explore the significant effect of crosstalk chemistries beyond Li-O2 batteries and extend to emerging electrochemical devices.

非质子锂氧（Li-O2）电池由于其在现有电池化学成分中具有无与伦比的理论能量密度，因此代表了未来清洁能源解决方案组合中的关键使能技术。在锂金属阳极（LMA）表面形成的固体-电解质界面（SEI）在释放其能量能力方面起着至关重要的作用。近年来，LMA/电解质界面上的氧串扰现象已成为影响SEI稳定性和电池性能的重要因素，但尚未得到充分研究。在这一贡献中，首先概述了文献中三种潜在的氧串扰对SEI形成途径的影响。随后，提出了一种研究范式，以实现对氧串扰的统一理解，并制定稳定LMA的合理设计策略，其中包括通过精心设计的模型界面和原位光谱进行解耦和探测复杂的氧串扰化学。最后，提出了未来的方向和观点，呼吁更广泛的研究界探索Li-O2电池之外的串声化学的重要影响，并扩展到新兴的电化学装置。

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引用次数: 0

Recycling of lead-acid batteries: A review 铅酸蓄电池回收利用研究进展

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2026.104895

Hongya Wang , Xiang Chen , Muya Cai , Shiyu Wang , Fengyin Zhou , Yongxin Wu , Danfeng Wang , Haochen Wang , Bingbing Wang , Fangzhao Pang , Junmin Peng , Weiguo Huang , Xiaowei Liu , Dihua Wang , Huayi Yin

Lead-acid batteries (LABs), due to their mature technology, high safety, low cost, and wide range of applications, remain one of the most popular secondary power sources today, particularly in electric bicycles and automotive starter-lighting-ignition systems. However, the ubiquity of LABs has precipitated a massive accumulation of end-of-life waste, resulting in an urgent imperative for robust recycling frameworks to mitigate resource depletion and environmental toxicity. This review presents a holistic analysis of the LAB ecosystem, bridging the gap between manufacturing advancements and closed-loop reclamation. We critically synthesize the evolution of LAB technology, detailing mainstream and emerging manufacturing paradigms, while comprehensively outlining failure mechanisms and repair strategies. Special emphasis is placed on state-of-the-art recycling methodologies, providing a granular evaluation of component-specific recovery (including paste, grids, separators, and electrolytes). Furthermore, we integrate a life cycle and economic assessment to rigorously quantify carbon footprints, environmental impacts, and economic viability. By reviewing the entire life cycle of LABs—from raw materials to waste—we aim to provide insights into the research directions and focal points at each stage, offering perspectives and guidance for the future of LAB research in both the scientific and industrial communities.

铅酸电池由于其成熟的技术、高安全性、低成本和广泛的应用，仍然是当今最受欢迎的二次电源之一，特别是在电动自行车和汽车起动-照明-点火系统中。然而，无处不在的实验室导致了大量报废废物的积累，导致迫切需要强有力的回收框架来减轻资源枯竭和环境毒性。本文对LAB生态系统进行了全面分析，弥合了制造业进步和闭环回收之间的差距。我们批判性地综合了LAB技术的发展，详细介绍了主流和新兴的制造范式，同时全面概述了故障机制和修复策略。特别强调的是最先进的回收方法，提供特定组件回收的颗粒评估（包括粘贴，网格，分离器和电解质）。此外，我们整合了生命周期和经济评估，严格量化碳足迹、环境影响和经济可行性。通过回顾实验室从原材料到废物的整个生命周期，我们旨在提供每个阶段的研究方向和重点的见解，为未来科学和工业界的实验室研究提供观点和指导。

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引用次数: 0