Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110202
G.R. de Snoo, M.D. Visser, M.G. Vijver
Before pesticides are used, their safety is assessed by authorities based on established criteria formulated by governments and fed by data from industry. Yet despite all assessment procedures, pesticides are prevalent in the environment and environmental quality targets are frequently exceeded. This apparent contradiction undermines the credibility of regulatory authorities and ultimately science. We advocate for post-registration correction within the authorisation of pesticides. The Netherlands now links pesticide authorization to post-registration monitoring, and this pioneering approach could serve as a blueprint for other countries aiming to integrate open-access environmental data into evidence-based regulatory decision-making. The availability of open-access monitoring data enhances transparency and facilitates benchmarking, which in turn encourages pesticide users to apply pesticides with greater care.
{"title":"It is urgent that pesticide authorisation learns from reality","authors":"G.R. de Snoo, M.D. Visser, M.G. Vijver","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110202","url":null,"abstract":"Before pesticides are used, their safety is assessed by authorities based on established criteria formulated by governments and fed by data from industry. Yet despite all assessment procedures, pesticides are prevalent in the environment and environmental quality targets are frequently exceeded. This apparent contradiction undermines the credibility of regulatory authorities and ultimately science. We advocate for post-registration correction within the authorisation of pesticides. The Netherlands now links pesticide authorization to post-registration monitoring, and this pioneering approach could serve as a blueprint for other countries aiming to integrate open-access environmental data into evidence-based regulatory decision-making. The availability of open-access monitoring data enhances transparency and facilitates benchmarking, which in turn encourages pesticide users to apply pesticides with greater care.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147464961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As sebum offers transient exposure snapshots, we systematically characterized the performance of stratum corneum (SC) as a bioindicator of long–term panoramic exposure for assessing human dermal exposure to 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and developed an SC-based exposure assessment methodology under controlled conditions. During 12–h exposure, median ∑20OPE concentrations of arm and back sebum (n = 15, collected by skin wiping) increased remarkably from nondetectable to 5280 ng m−2 and 2280 ng m−2, respectively, whereas SC samples (collected by tape stripping) remained stable [arm (1230–1410 ng m−2) and back (1020–1240 ng m−2)]. Similar results were also obtained after 28–d exposure (n = 8). After 6–h exposure, median ∑20OPE across forehead, arm, calf, and back were 1420, 1420, 986, and 369 ng m−2 (sebum, n = 13), and 1830, 1580, 1090, and 1550 ng m−2 (SC), respectively, with higher sebum variation in different locations. A considerably uneven vertical gradient of OPEs in forehead sebum–SC (stratified into 5 layers by tape stripping, n = 12) revealed high concentrations in the outermost layer. Lipophilic OPEs (log KOW > 4.7) accumulated in sebum, while hydrophilic OPEs penetrated the sebum and SC with high interlayer uniformity. The SC-based method circumvented the inconsistency arising from time, location, and wiping force in the sebum–based method, enabling a convenient, stable, representative, and accurate whole–body dermal exposure assessment.
由于皮脂提供了短暂的暴露快照，我们系统地描述了角质层（SC）作为长期全景暴露的生物指标的性能，用于评估人类皮肤对20种有机磷酸酯（OPEs）的暴露，并开发了一种在受控条件下基于SC的暴露评估方法。在暴露12小时期间，手臂和背部皮脂（n = 15，通过皮肤擦拭收集）的平均∑20OPE浓度分别从不可检测到5280 ng m - 2和2280 ng m - 2显著增加，而SC样品（通过胶带剥离收集）保持稳定[手臂（1230-1410 ng m - 2）和背部（1020-1240 ng m - 2）]。暴露28 d后也得到了类似的结果（n = 8）。暴露6小时后，额头、手臂、小腿和背部的平均∑20OPE分别为1420、1420、986和369 ng m−2（皮脂，n = 13），1830、1580、1090和1550 ng m−2 (SC)，不同部位的皮脂差异较大。前额皮脂- sc中OPEs的垂直梯度相当不均匀（通过胶带剥离分层为5层，n = 12），表明最外层的OPEs浓度很高。亲脂性OPEs （log KOW >； 4.7）在皮脂中积累，亲水性OPEs穿透皮脂和SC，层间均匀性高。基于sc的方法避免了基于皮脂的方法因时间、位置和擦拭力而产生的不一致性，从而实现了方便、稳定、具有代表性和准确的全身皮肤暴露评估。
{"title":"Proposing stratum corneum as an alternative to sebum in dermal exposure assessment of organophosphate esters","authors":"Zhiguo Cao, Youhua Zhao, Qiaoying Chen, Jing Zhang, Yujuan Fan, Zhexi Wang, Shiyu Shi, Zhaopeng Li, Xiaoli Zhao, Fengchang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110198","url":null,"abstract":"As sebum offers transient exposure snapshots, we systematically characterized the performance of stratum corneum (SC) as a bioindicator of long–term panoramic exposure for assessing human dermal exposure to 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and developed an SC-based exposure assessment methodology under controlled conditions. During 12–h exposure, median ∑<ce:inf loc=\"post\">20</ce:inf>OPE concentrations of arm and back sebum (n = 15, collected by skin wiping) increased remarkably from nondetectable to 5280 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> and 2280 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>, respectively, whereas SC samples (collected by tape stripping) remained stable [arm (1230–1410 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>) and back (1020–1240 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup>)]. Similar results were also obtained after 28–d exposure (n = 8). After 6–h exposure, median ∑<ce:inf loc=\"post\">20</ce:inf>OPE across forehead, arm, calf, and back were 1420, 1420, 986, and 369 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> (sebum, n = 13), and 1830, 1580, 1090, and 1550 ng m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−2</ce:sup> (SC), respectively, with higher sebum variation in different locations. A considerably uneven vertical gradient of OPEs in forehead sebum–SC (stratified into 5 layers by tape stripping, n = 12) revealed high concentrations in the outermost layer. Lipophilic OPEs (log <ce:italic>K</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\">OW</ce:inf> > 4.7) accumulated in sebum, while hydrophilic OPEs penetrated the sebum and SC with high interlayer uniformity. The SC-based method circumvented the inconsistency arising from time, location, and wiping force in the sebum–based method, enabling a convenient, stable, representative, and accurate whole–body dermal exposure assessment.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"10 1","pages":"110198"},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147464960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110203
Lizhu Wei, Haoyu Zhang, Lu Chen, Xindou Chen, Dianjianyi Sun, Pei Pei, Ling Yang, Yiping Chen, Huaidong Du, Derrick Bennett, Aiden Doherty, Huanxu Zhang, Dan Schmidt, Junshi Chen, Zhengming Chen, Jun Lv, Liming Li, Canqing Yu, on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Understanding the short-term effects of temperature on physical activity and sedentary behavior, as well as adaptation patterns under extreme temperatures, will help China and other countries with similar climatic conditions implement targeted interventions to promote physical activity and enhance public health.
{"title":"Short-term effects of temperature on physical activity and sedentary behavior in Chinese adults: An accelerometer-based analysis","authors":"Lizhu Wei, Haoyu Zhang, Lu Chen, Xindou Chen, Dianjianyi Sun, Pei Pei, Ling Yang, Yiping Chen, Huaidong Du, Derrick Bennett, Aiden Doherty, Huanxu Zhang, Dan Schmidt, Junshi Chen, Zhengming Chen, Jun Lv, Liming Li, Canqing Yu, on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110203","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the short-term effects of temperature on physical activity and sedentary behavior, as well as adaptation patterns under extreme temperatures, will help China and other countries with similar climatic conditions implement targeted interventions to promote physical activity and enhance public health.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147464958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Major depressive disorders pose a substantial public health burden, with emerging evidence linking these disorders to air pollution.
重度抑郁症对公共卫生造成重大负担，有新的证据表明这些疾病与空气污染有关。
{"title":"Short-term exposure to air pollution and depressive symptoms: Findings from the French CONSTANCES cohort","authors":"Yasmine Charada, Baptiste Pignon, Cédric Lemogne, Amandine Rosso, Franck Schürhoff, Marcel Goldberg, Pauline Frénoy, Emmanuel Wiernik, Tarik Benmarhnia, Marie Zins, Emeline Lequy","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110200","url":null,"abstract":"Major depressive disorders pose a substantial public health burden, with emerging evidence linking these disorders to air pollution.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147464959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The horizontal spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses a serious global-health threat. Microbial interactions are increasingly recognized as influential factors in the spread of ARGs, yet the role of metabolic dependencies remains poorly understood. Through functional association analysis of genomic features, this study indicates that type IV pili (T4P) and type VI secretion systems (T6SS) are strongly associated with the presence of ARGs. Moreover, non-antibiotic-resistant microbes (Non-ARMs) are predicted to potentially rely metabolically on antibiotic-resistant microbes (ARMs). Among the metabolites supplied exclusively by ARMs, organic compounds dominated (76.3%), followed by inorganic compounds (18.4%) and complex biomolecules (5.3%). To experimentally investigate the effects of such dependencies on T4P-mediated ARGs transformation, we established coculture systems with varying strengths of unidirectional cross-feeding by modulating the carbon source composition. The frequency of ARG transformation increased significantly with the strength of cross-feeding (Spearman’s ρ > 0.8, p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the activation of two-component systems and quorum sensing pathways, which are known global regulators of bacterial stress responses and cell–cell communication. This activation was associated with increased expression of T4P and T6SS genes, suggesting a potential regulatory link with enhanced ARG acquisition. This study suggests that unidirectional metabolic dependency promotes ARG transformation, and fills a specific research gap by linking the strength of metabolic dependence with the frequency of ARG transformation, and raises the possibility that metabolic interactions could inform future efforts to model resistance spread.
{"title":"Unidirectional cross-feeding enhances type IV pili–mediated transformation of antibiotic resistance gene","authors":"Yifei Xu, Jiahui Shen, Hongyuan Zhang, Jun Yuan, Qirong Shen, Chao Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110196","url":null,"abstract":"The horizontal spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) poses a serious global-health threat. Microbial interactions are increasingly recognized as influential factors in the spread of ARGs, yet the role of metabolic dependencies remains poorly understood. Through functional association analysis of genomic features, this study indicates that type IV pili (T4P) and type VI secretion systems (T6SS) are strongly associated with the presence of ARGs. Moreover, non-antibiotic-resistant microbes (Non-ARMs) are predicted to potentially rely metabolically on antibiotic-resistant microbes (ARMs). Among the metabolites supplied exclusively by ARMs, organic compounds dominated (76.3%), followed by inorganic compounds (18.4%) and complex biomolecules (5.3%). To experimentally investigate the effects of such dependencies on T4P-mediated ARGs transformation, we established coculture systems with varying strengths of unidirectional cross-feeding by modulating the carbon source composition. The frequency of ARG transformation increased significantly with the strength of cross-feeding (Spearman’s ρ > 0.8, <em>p</em> < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the activation of two-component systems and quorum sensing pathways, which are known global regulators of bacterial stress responses and cell–cell communication. This activation was associated with increased expression of T4P and T6SS genes, suggesting a potential regulatory link with enhanced ARG acquisition. This study suggests that unidirectional metabolic dependency promotes ARG transformation, and fills a specific research gap by linking the strength of metabolic dependence with the frequency of ARG transformation, and raises the possibility that metabolic interactions could inform future efforts to model resistance spread.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110197
Yiyan Yao, Dawei Wang, Pin Wang, Ethan Ton, Suzaynn F. Schick, Peyton Jacob, Xiaochen Tang, Hugo Destaillats, Bo Hang, Antoine M. Snijders, Jian-Hua Mao, Jamie L. Inman, Hang Chang
{"title":"Genetic variations and their interaction with thirdhand smoke exposure on anxiety and memory in Collaborative Cross mice","authors":"Yiyan Yao, Dawei Wang, Pin Wang, Ethan Ton, Suzaynn F. Schick, Peyton Jacob, Xiaochen Tang, Hugo Destaillats, Bo Hang, Antoine M. Snijders, Jian-Hua Mao, Jamie L. Inman, Hang Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110193
Audrey Tiercin, John Albechaalany, Charlotte Driesen, Philippe Schmidely, Isabelle Ortigues-Marty, Markus Zennegg, Daniel Sauvant, Christelle Loncke, Sylvain Lerch
{"title":"BeefPOP: a physiologically based toxicokinetic model describing the fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in growing beef cattle","authors":"Audrey Tiercin, John Albechaalany, Charlotte Driesen, Philippe Schmidely, Isabelle Ortigues-Marty, Markus Zennegg, Daniel Sauvant, Christelle Loncke, Sylvain Lerch","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110199
Ginés Garnés-Morales, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Salvador Gil-Guirado, Ester García-Fernández, Eloisa Raluy-López, Leandro Segado-Moreno, Juan Pedro Montávez
{"title":"Meteorological drivers of compound atmospheric events associated with summertime mortality excess in spain","authors":"Ginés Garnés-Morales, Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero, Salvador Gil-Guirado, Ester García-Fernández, Eloisa Raluy-López, Leandro Segado-Moreno, Juan Pedro Montávez","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110194
Dajeong Ham, Sung Yeon Kim, Sanghyuk Bae
Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been linked to pediatric outcomes, but evidence on visual development and sex differences is scarce. We examined whether prenatal and postnatal EDC exposures were associated with visual impairment at age 3.
Methods: Participants were drawn from the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study, with urinary biomarkers measured at early pregnancy (n = 340), late pregnancy (n = 454), 24 months (n = 344), and 36 months (n = 713). A subset with complete data at all windows (n = 115) was analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Fifteen biomarkers (phthalate metabolites, bisphenols, parabens, triclosan) were assessed, and logistic regression models with inverse probability weighting estimated window-specific and population-averaged effects. Mixture effects were evaluated using weighted quantile sum regression and quantile g-computation. Visual acuity at 36 months was measured on the decimal scale, with impairment primarily defined as <0.5 in either eye, alongside alternative definitions for robustness.
Results: Girls showed more consistent adverse associations between higher EDC concentrations and increased impairment risk. Each unit increase in mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate was associated with higher odds of impairment during late pregnancy (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.97, 3.12), at 24 months (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.95), and at 36 months (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.61), while bisphenol A at 36 months also conferred elevated risk (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.67). Boys generally exhibited weaker or inverse associations, except for mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate at 24 months (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.52). Mixture models were largely null, though weights consistently highlighted phthalates.
Conclusions: Early-life EDC exposures were associated with visual impairment at age 3 in a sex-specific manner, with stronger and more consistent effects in girls.
{"title":"Sex-specific associations of prenatal and postnatal exposure to 15 endocrine-disrupting chemical exposures with visual impairment at age three: the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study (Ko-CHENS).","authors":"Dajeong Ham, Sung Yeon Kim, Sanghyuk Bae","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been linked to pediatric outcomes, but evidence on visual development and sex differences is scarce. We examined whether prenatal and postnatal EDC exposures were associated with visual impairment at age 3.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were drawn from the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study, with urinary biomarkers measured at early pregnancy (n = 340), late pregnancy (n = 454), 24 months (n = 344), and 36 months (n = 713). A subset with complete data at all windows (n = 115) was analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Fifteen biomarkers (phthalate metabolites, bisphenols, parabens, triclosan) were assessed, and logistic regression models with inverse probability weighting estimated window-specific and population-averaged effects. Mixture effects were evaluated using weighted quantile sum regression and quantile g-computation. Visual acuity at 36 months was measured on the decimal scale, with impairment primarily defined as <0.5 in either eye, alongside alternative definitions for robustness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Girls showed more consistent adverse associations between higher EDC concentrations and increased impairment risk. Each unit increase in mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate was associated with higher odds of impairment during late pregnancy (OR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.97, 3.12), at 24 months (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.38, 1.95), and at 36 months (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.61), while bisphenol A at 36 months also conferred elevated risk (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.32, 1.67). Boys generally exhibited weaker or inverse associations, except for mono-(carboxyoctyl) phthalate at 24 months (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.52). Mixture models were largely null, though weights consistently highlighted phthalates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early-life EDC exposures were associated with visual impairment at age 3 in a sex-specific manner, with stronger and more consistent effects in girls.</p>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"210 ","pages":"110194"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147484045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110191
Olha Tsykhotska, Marine Valleix, Sandrine Bruel, Anne Hillenweck, Laurie Urien, Florence Blas-Y-Estrada, François Laurent, Elodie Person, Daniel Zalko
For 50 years, bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively used as a colour developer in thermal printing papers. The European Union and several other countries have drastically restricted BPA’s use in thermal paper, due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. Consequently, bisphenol S (BPS) and Pergafast 201 (PF201) are increasingly used as substitutes, despite their percutaneous absorption remains poorly documented. We conducted an ex vivo study to achieve a comparative assessment of the skin absorption and metabolism of BPA, BPS and PF201. Tritium-labelled compounds were topically applied to viable human skin explants mounted on static Franz diffusion cells, providing complete mass-balance data compliant with OECD recommendations (n° 428, 28, 156). Absorbed doses were 5.1 ± 2.4 % for BPA, and below 1 % for BPS and PF201 (BPA > BPS ∼ PF201). Dermal delivery reached 16.1 ± 3.5 % for BPA, 8.7 ± 4.2 % for BPS and 3.5 ± 1.3 % for PF201 (BPA > BPS > PF201). Additional experiments were conducted for PF201 at five different doses (7.8–638.5 ng/cm2) to determine skin permeation parameters. PF201′s absorbed dose and dermal delivery remained constant, its permeability coefficient was found to range between 0.63 and 2.0·10⁻⁶ cm/h, and its flux between 0.75 and 84.0 ng/cm2/h. No PF201 metabolism or degradation were observed in skin explants. Our results demonstrate that despite limited absorption, PF201 remains in the skin after 24 h, suggesting prolonged bioavailability. This study closes major knowledge gaps related to the absorption and metabolism of PF201 through viable human skin and provides useful data for improved risk assessment.
{"title":"Assessment of Pergafast 201 absorption and metabolism in viable human Skin: A comparative study with bisphenol A and bisphenol S","authors":"Olha Tsykhotska, Marine Valleix, Sandrine Bruel, Anne Hillenweck, Laurie Urien, Florence Blas-Y-Estrada, François Laurent, Elodie Person, Daniel Zalko","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2026.110191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110191","url":null,"abstract":"For 50 years, bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively used as a colour developer in thermal printing papers. The European Union and several other countries have drastically restricted BPA’s use in thermal paper, due to its endocrine-disrupting properties. Consequently, bisphenol S (BPS) and Pergafast 201 (PF201) are increasingly used as substitutes, despite their percutaneous absorption remains poorly documented. We conducted an <em>ex vivo</em> study to achieve a comparative assessment of the skin absorption and metabolism of BPA, BPS and PF201. Tritium-labelled compounds were topically applied to viable human skin explants mounted on static Franz diffusion cells, providing complete mass-balance data compliant with OECD recommendations (n° 428, 28, 156). Absorbed doses were 5.1 ± 2.4 % for BPA, and below 1 % for BPS and PF201 (BPA > BPS ∼ PF201). Dermal delivery reached 16.1 ± 3.5 % for BPA, 8.7 ± 4.2 % for BPS and 3.5 ± 1.3 % for PF201 (BPA > BPS > PF201). Additional experiments were conducted for PF201 at five different doses (7.8–638.5 ng/cm<sup>2</sup>) to determine skin permeation parameters. PF201′s absorbed dose and dermal delivery remained constant, its permeability coefficient was found to range between 0.63 and 2.0·10⁻⁶ cm/h, and its flux between 0.75 and 84.0 ng/cm<sup>2</sup>/h. No PF201 metabolism or degradation were observed in skin explants. Our results demonstrate that despite limited absorption, PF201 remains in the skin after 24 h, suggesting prolonged bioavailability. This study closes major knowledge gaps related to the absorption and metabolism of PF201 through viable human skin and provides useful data for improved risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147440312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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