Pub Date : 2026-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114538
Nan Li , Tao Liu , Xiangrong Shi , Xiangtao Yu , Bo Jiang
Despite significant efforts in developing high-performance epoxy adhesives, an inevitable trade-off persisted among strong adhesion, high toughness and reprocessability. Here, an epoxy adhesive with high toughness and reprocessability was developed through microphase separation and dynamic chemical structure, effectively addressing the aforementioned challenge. Specifically, the asynchronous ring-opening reactions of aromatic amines and aliphatic amines with epoxy groups resulted in the formation of a phase-separated microstructure in the cured epoxy resin, thereby endowing it with high toughness. Furthermore, the dynamic chemical structure, realized through B-N coordination and dynamic bond exchange of borate esters, enabled epoxy adhesives to have decent environmental stability and reprocessability. Therefore, the acquired epoxy adhesives exhibited superior toughness with a work of debonding of 32927.77 N/m, high adhesive strength of 24.87 MPa, decent environmental resistance (water, extreme temperatures and various solvents) and reprocessability. This strategy of incorporating microphase separation and dynamic chemical structure is expected to provide novel insights into the design of high-performance epoxy adhesives and to facilitate advancements in sustainable polymer materials.
{"title":"Ultra-tough and sustainable epoxy adhesive enabled by microphase separation and dynamic chemical structure","authors":"Nan Li , Tao Liu , Xiangrong Shi , Xiangtao Yu , Bo Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite significant efforts in developing high-performance epoxy adhesives, an inevitable trade-off persisted among strong adhesion, high toughness and reprocessability. Here, an epoxy adhesive with high toughness and reprocessability was developed through microphase separation and dynamic chemical structure, effectively addressing the aforementioned challenge. Specifically, the asynchronous ring-opening reactions of aromatic amines and aliphatic amines with epoxy groups resulted in the formation of a phase-separated microstructure in the cured epoxy resin, thereby endowing it with high toughness. Furthermore, the dynamic chemical structure, realized through B-N coordination and dynamic bond exchange of borate esters, enabled epoxy adhesives to have decent environmental stability and reprocessability. Therefore, the acquired epoxy adhesives exhibited superior toughness with a work of debonding of 32927.77 N/m, high adhesive strength of 24.87 MPa, decent environmental resistance (water, extreme temperatures and various solvents) and reprocessability. This strategy of incorporating microphase separation and dynamic chemical structure is expected to provide novel insights into the design of high-performance epoxy adhesives and to facilitate advancements in sustainable polymer materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 114538"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114537
Merve Guzel , Metin Ak
In materials science, molecular architecture becomes an art, enabling the creation of advanced materials with precise functionality. Here, we introduce a star-shaped monomer, 3SNS-T, designed with a s-triazine core and three amide-substitute 2.5-bis(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole arms. This rationally engineered structure enables the formation of a three-dimensional, electroactive network. The star monomer was synthesized and fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and its electronic properties were elucidated via DFT analysis. Electrochemical polymerization of 3SNS-T on an ITO substrate yielded a crosslinked polymer film (p3SNS-T) with remarkable optoelectronic properties, exhibiting high optical contrast, enhanced coloration efficiency, and a rainbow-like multicolor transition. A dual electrochromic device incorporating p3SNS-T and PEDOT demonstrated rapid switching, good stability, and dynamic color modulation under redox control. These findings highlight the power of molecular design in creating functional materials for next-generation smart window technologies.
{"title":"A star in the window: triazine-based 3D polymer for multicolor electrochromic device applications","authors":"Merve Guzel , Metin Ak","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In materials science, molecular architecture becomes an art, enabling the creation of advanced materials with precise functionality. Here, we introduce a star-shaped monomer, 3SNS-T, designed with a s-triazine core and three amide-substitute 2.5-bis(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole arms. This rationally engineered structure enables the formation of a three-dimensional, electroactive network. The star monomer was synthesized and fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and its electronic properties were elucidated via DFT analysis. Electrochemical polymerization of 3SNS-T on an ITO substrate yielded a crosslinked polymer film (p3SNS-T) with remarkable optoelectronic properties, exhibiting high optical contrast, enhanced coloration efficiency, and a rainbow-like multicolor transition. A dual electrochromic device incorporating p3SNS-T and PEDOT demonstrated rapid switching, good stability, and dynamic color modulation under redox control. These findings highlight the power of molecular design in creating functional materials for next-generation smart window technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114537"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114527
Rongli Zhang , Na Wang , Chunhui Luo
Conductive hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for wearable sensors in recent years. However, most of them have single ability to detect visual or conductive signals and exclude adhesion in water. To address these issues, polymethacrylamide/polyacrylic acid/zirconium ion/carbon quantum dots (PMAm/PAA/Zr4+/CQDs) hydrogels were adopted as the conductive matrix, followed by coating a gelatin-tannic acid adhesive layer at the bottom to obtain a Janus hydrogel. The Janus structure endowed the hydrogel with high strength (414 kPa) and strain (150 %), low swelling ratio (4 %), robust wet adhesion (30 N/m), and good sensing performances (with a conductivity of 5.6 S/m, and a gauge factor of 1.77), even after soaking in aqueous environments for a month. The incorporation of Zr4+ and CQDs endowed dual visual and electrical sensing, which synchronously converted mechanical deformations into resistance variations and high-contrast optical signals. Consequently, it simultaneously provided dual-mode feedbacks for various human motions both underwater and on land. Therefore, the present work opened new avenues for the development of flexible devices for underwater sensing.
{"title":"Dual-mode, selective-adhesive and conductive hydrogel for underwater sensing","authors":"Rongli Zhang , Na Wang , Chunhui Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conductive hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for wearable sensors in recent years. However, most of them have single ability to detect visual or conductive signals and exclude adhesion in water. To address these issues, polymethacrylamide/polyacrylic acid/zirconium ion/carbon quantum dots (PMAm/PAA/Zr<sup>4+</sup>/CQDs) hydrogels were adopted as the conductive matrix, followed by coating a gelatin-tannic acid adhesive layer at the bottom to obtain a Janus hydrogel. The Janus structure endowed the hydrogel with high strength (414 kPa) and strain (150 %), low swelling ratio (4 %), robust wet adhesion (30 N/m), and good sensing performances (with a conductivity of 5.6 S/m, and a gauge factor of 1.77), even after soaking in aqueous environments for a month. The incorporation of Zr<sup>4+</sup> and CQDs endowed dual visual and electrical sensing, which synchronously converted mechanical deformations into resistance variations and high-contrast optical signals. Consequently, it simultaneously provided dual-mode feedbacks for various human motions both underwater and on land. Therefore, the present work opened new avenues for the development of flexible devices for underwater sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paracetamol based benzoxazines (PA-Bz) were synthesized using structurally different amines namely 4-aminoacetanilide (AAC), aniline (AN), adamantylamine (AM) and 1,12-diaminododecane (DAD) through Mannich condensation (PA-AAC, PA-AN, PA-AM, PA-DAD). The molecular structure of the synthesized benzoxazines was confirmed through spectroscopic techniques. DSC studies showed that curing temperature of the synthesized benzoxazines are ranged between 205 and 232°C. TGA results showed that poly(PA-DAD) showed the highest maximum degradation temperature of 452°C. Contact angle measurement revealed that poly(PA-AM) exhibited the maximum water contact angle value of 142°. The contact angle studies clearly showed that the resulting polymer can be used for the coating purpose as a hydrophobic sealant. Both PA-AM and its corresponding polymer demonstrated the higher antimicrobial activity. All the synthesized compounds showed 99% corrosion inhibition efficiency. The swelling ratio and high gel content of poly(PA-AN) and poly(PA-DAD) proved its higher crosslinking density. The results obtained on different analysis indicated that the synthesized benzoxazines can be used effectively in coating application, oil–water separation process and also to inhibit the microbial growth on the surface.
{"title":"Paracetamol-based benzoxazines for surface protection applications: Hydrophobicity, antimicrobial activity and corrosion resistance","authors":"Praba Nagarajan , Latha Govindraj , Balaji Krishnasamy , Subramanian Sathy Srikandan","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paracetamol based benzoxazines (PA-Bz) were synthesized using structurally different amines namely 4-aminoacetanilide (AAC), aniline (AN), adamantylamine (AM) and 1,12-diaminododecane (DAD) through Mannich condensation (PA-AAC, PA-AN, PA-AM, PA-DAD). The molecular structure of the synthesized benzoxazines was confirmed through spectroscopic techniques. DSC studies showed that curing temperature of the synthesized benzoxazines are ranged between 205 and 232°C. TGA results showed that poly(PA-DAD) showed the highest maximum degradation temperature of 452°C. Contact angle measurement revealed that poly(PA-AM) exhibited the maximum water contact angle value of 142°. The contact angle studies clearly showed that the resulting polymer can be used for the coating purpose as a hydrophobic sealant. Both PA-AM and its corresponding polymer demonstrated the higher antimicrobial activity. All the synthesized compounds showed 99% corrosion inhibition efficiency. The swelling ratio and high gel content of poly(PA-AN) and poly(PA-DAD) proved its higher crosslinking density. The results obtained on different analysis indicated that the synthesized benzoxazines can be used effectively in coating application, oil–water separation process and also to inhibit the microbial growth on the surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114523"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114525
Jay Yee Lo , Lee Hong Tee , Eng-Seng Chan , Weng Hoong Lam
Alginate, a naturally derived polysaccharide, has attracted significant attention because of its biocompatibility, low cost, and versatile applications in environmental and biomedical fields. The immobilization of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) within alginate beads for Pb(II) adsorption has attracted considerable interest, owing to the synergistic integration of the high surface area and tunable porosity of MOFs with the functional-group-rich alginate matrix. Previous studies immobilising nanomaterials within alginate biopolymer matrices have predominantly rely on the extrusion-dripping/external gelation technique. The crosslinking of alginate beads in this technique forms large and inhomogeneous gel beads with reduced internal porosity. This study aims to prepare magnetically-responsive alginate beads immobilising UiO-66-NH2 (MUA beads) using a emulsification/internal gelation technique. This technique enables the formation of micrometric-sized MUA beads with tunable porosity by manipulating the gelation process with CaCO3, acetic acid, and UiO-66-NH2 concentration. The physiochemical properties and Pb(II) adsorption efficacy of the beads were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the CaCO3 content decreased the bead porosity, while higher concentrations of acetic acid and UiO-66-NH2 increased it. The kinetics and isotherms of the beads followed the pseudo-second-order and Sips models, respectively. MUA-5.0%UiO beads exhibited the fastest adsorption rate (6.38 × 10−4 g/mg·min). The beads were reusable for at least five cycles without compromising efficacy. Despite the competition from Cu(II), Pb(II) removal efficacy remained above 96%, demonstrating the strong selectivity of the MUA beads. This excellent Pb(II) removal performance is primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of complexation and ion-exchange mechanisms, highlighting the potential of MUA beads for scalable industrial wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Preparation of magnetic UiO-66-NH2/alginate beads via emulsification/internal gelation technique for efficient adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution","authors":"Jay Yee Lo , Lee Hong Tee , Eng-Seng Chan , Weng Hoong Lam","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alginate, a naturally derived polysaccharide, has attracted significant attention because of its biocompatibility, low cost, and versatile applications in environmental and biomedical fields. The immobilization of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) within alginate beads for Pb(II) adsorption has attracted considerable interest, owing to the synergistic integration of the high surface area and tunable porosity of MOFs with the functional-group-rich alginate matrix. Previous studies immobilising nanomaterials within alginate biopolymer matrices have predominantly rely on the extrusion-dripping/external gelation technique. The crosslinking of alginate beads in this technique forms large and inhomogeneous gel beads with reduced internal porosity. This study aims to prepare magnetically-responsive alginate beads immobilising UiO-66-NH<sub>2</sub> (MUA beads) using a emulsification/internal gelation technique. This technique enables the formation of micrometric-sized MUA beads with tunable porosity by manipulating the gelation process with CaCO<sub>3</sub>, acetic acid, and UiO-66-NH<sub>2</sub> concentration. The physiochemical properties and Pb(II) adsorption efficacy of the beads were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the CaCO<sub>3</sub> content decreased the bead porosity, while higher concentrations of acetic acid and UiO-66-NH<sub>2</sub> increased it. The kinetics and isotherms of the beads followed the pseudo-second-order and Sips models, respectively. MUA-5.0%UiO beads exhibited the fastest adsorption rate (6.38 × 10<sup>−4</sup> g/mg·min). The beads were reusable for at least five cycles without compromising efficacy. Despite the competition from Cu(II), Pb(II) removal efficacy remained above 96%, demonstrating the strong selectivity of the MUA beads. This excellent Pb(II) removal performance is primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of complexation and ion-exchange mechanisms, highlighting the potential of MUA beads for scalable industrial wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114525"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114522
Xiaoyun Qing , Keyan Wang , Jiajun Qiu , Mengting Hu , Qinpei Wang , Liang Li , Zhen Fang , Yangbing Wen
In this study, a self-healing lignin-based polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol (SL-cPAM/PVA) hydrogel featuring excellent high temperature and salt resistance was successfully synthesized via a two-step method. Sodium lignosulfonate (S-Lignin) was first incorporated into a chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide (cPAM) network, followed by the formation of dynamic boronate ester linkages among polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), catechol groups, and borax to construct a dual crosslinked structure. The rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of the hydrogel were comprehensively characterized. The results indicate that the introduction of S-Lignin improved the initial decomposition temperature from 150 °C to 178 °C, and enabled the hydrogel to achieve self-healing behavior at 130 °C, supported by reversible borate ester bonds, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions. The hydrogel maintained structural integrity in high-salinity environments (up to 21 × 104 mg/L) and demonstrated remarkable recovery in mechanical strength and microstructure after damage. Even after 30 days of thermal aging at 130 °C, brine-healed hydrogel remained intact without signs of hydrolysis. These findings indicate the excellent potential of SL-cPAM/PVA hydrogel as a water-plugging material in high-temperature, high-salinity oilfield environments, providing a sustainable and functional approach for enhanced oil recovery.
{"title":"Lignin-Derived hydrogel exhibiting underwater self-healing under harsh reservoir conditions","authors":"Xiaoyun Qing , Keyan Wang , Jiajun Qiu , Mengting Hu , Qinpei Wang , Liang Li , Zhen Fang , Yangbing Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a self-healing lignin-based polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol (SL-cPAM/PVA) hydrogel featuring excellent high temperature and salt resistance was successfully synthesized via a two-step method. Sodium lignosulfonate (S-Lignin) was first incorporated into a chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide (cPAM) network, followed by the formation of dynamic boronate ester linkages among polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), catechol groups, and borax to construct a dual crosslinked structure. The rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of the hydrogel were comprehensively characterized. The results indicate that the introduction of S-Lignin improved the initial decomposition temperature from 150 °C to 178 °C, and enabled the hydrogel to achieve self-healing behavior at 130 °C, supported by reversible borate ester bonds, hydrogen bonding, and ionic interactions. The hydrogel maintained structural integrity in high-salinity environments (up to 21 × 10<sup>4</sup> mg/L) and demonstrated remarkable recovery in mechanical strength and microstructure after damage. Even after 30 days of thermal aging at 130 °C, brine-healed hydrogel remained intact without signs of hydrolysis. These findings indicate the excellent potential of SL-cPAM/PVA hydrogel as a water-plugging material in high-temperature, high-salinity oilfield environments, providing a sustainable and functional approach for enhanced oil recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114522"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114515
Jakob Meyer , Christine Weber , Phil Köhler , Ulrich S. Schubert
Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) are a versatile class of polymers synthesized via a living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP). This living nature enables the precise control over molar mass, dispersity, and end-group functionality. One common method for end-capping the CROP is through termination with nucleophiles such as sodium azide, which introduces an azide end-group suitable for further click chemistry modifications. However, the functionalization of, in particular, hydrophobic POx with azide end groups for bioconjugation has posed significant synthetic challenges. Herein, we report the development of a novel initiator for the CROP of 2-oxazolines that enables the direct incorporation of an azide functionality at the α-terminus of various POx, including amphiphilic block copolymers. This approach overcomes previous limitations in quenching reactions of hydrophobic POx variants and provides consistently high end group fidelity across a spectrum of POx hydrophilicity. Polymers with an azide end group exhibited excellent reactivity in azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. This versatile synthetic platform expands the potential applications of POx in drug delivery systems by providing a reliable method for bioconjugation while maintaining the favorable properties that position POx as a promising PEG alternative in biomedical applications.
{"title":"An azide-containing initiator for the cationic ring-opening-polymerization of 2-oxazolines","authors":"Jakob Meyer , Christine Weber , Phil Köhler , Ulrich S. Schubert","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) are a versatile class of polymers synthesized <em>via</em> a living cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP). This living nature enables the precise control over molar mass, dispersity, and end-group functionality. One common method for end-capping the CROP is through termination with nucleophiles such as sodium azide, which introduces an azide end-group suitable for further click chemistry modifications. However, the functionalization of, in particular, hydrophobic POx with azide end groups for bioconjugation has posed significant synthetic challenges. Herein, we report the development of a novel initiator for the CROP of 2-oxazolines that enables the direct incorporation of an azide functionality at the α-terminus of various POx, including amphiphilic block copolymers. This approach overcomes previous limitations in quenching reactions of hydrophobic POx variants and provides consistently high end group fidelity across a spectrum of POx hydrophilicity. Polymers with an azide end group exhibited excellent reactivity in azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. This versatile synthetic platform expands the potential applications of POx in drug delivery systems by providing a reliable method for bioconjugation while maintaining the favorable properties that position POx as a promising PEG alternative in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 114515"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114524
Qian Guo, He-Fei Wan, Xin Zhao, Ce Gao, Run-Cang Sun
The solubility of lignin has long represented a critical bottleneck limiting its broad application. In this study, a novel modified lignin was successfully synthesized using glutamic acid as the modifier via a Mannich reaction, which exhibits excellent water solubility. The aerogel prepared with this modified lignin as the precursor possesses outstanding ion affinity and selectivity for Pb (II). At 298 K, its maximum adsorption capacity for Pb (II) in aqueous solutions reaches 324.88 mg·g−1 (fitted by the Langmuir model). After 5 adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity remains at 202.4 mg·g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 62.3%, demonstrating good reusability. Kinetic and isothermal model analyses confirm that the adsorption process follows a monolayer chemisorption mechanism. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the adsorption mechanism involves coordination bonds and electrostatic interactions. This modified lignin-based aerogel demonstrates significant potential for practical application in industrial lead-containing wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Preparation of soluble lignin and its application mechanism in aerogel","authors":"Qian Guo, He-Fei Wan, Xin Zhao, Ce Gao, Run-Cang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solubility of lignin has long represented a critical bottleneck limiting its broad application. In this study, a novel modified lignin was successfully synthesized using glutamic acid as the modifier via<!--> <!-->a Mannich<!--> <!-->reaction, which exhibits excellent water solubility. The aerogel prepared with this modified lignin as the precursor possesses outstanding ion affinity and selectivity for Pb (II). At 298 K, its<!--> <!-->maximum adsorption capacity<!--> <!-->for Pb (II) in aqueous solutions reaches 324.88 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> (fitted by the Langmuir model). After 5 adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity remains at 202.4 mg·g<sup>−1</sup> with a<!--> <!-->capacity retention rate of 62.3%, demonstrating good<!--> <!-->reusability. Kinetic and isothermal model analyses confirm that the adsorption process follows a monolayer chemisorption mechanism. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the adsorption mechanism involves coordination bonds and electrostatic interactions. This modified lignin-based aerogel demonstrates significant potential for practical application in industrial lead-containing wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 114524"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114520
Hyun Ji Jang , Hyun-Moon Jo , Seungil Park, Jong Hyun An, Kyung-Won Park, Beom-Goo Kang
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are key components in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) and require both high ionic conductivity and long-term durability. In this study, a quaternization-based crosslinking strategy was employed using 4,4′-trimethylenebis(1-methylpiperidine) (TMBMP), a chemically stable crosslinker under alkaline conditions, to enhance the ion exchange capacity (IEC), suppress membrane swelling, and improve alkaline stability. Polystyrene-b-poly(6-bromohexyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (PSBHAS) block copolymers with various polystyrene contents (30, 44, 50, and 60 wt%) were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and four types of crosslinked PSBHAS membranes (CPSBHAS30, CPSBHAS44, CPSBHAS50, and CPSBHAS60) were prepared to investigate the correlation between the degree of crosslinking and membrane properties. As the degree of crosslinking increased, both IEC and microphase separation improved. As a result, CPSBHAS30, with the highest degree of crosslinking, exhibited the highest hydroxide ion conductivity of 67.4 mS/cm at 80 °C. However, considering the core properties required for long-term durability, CPSBHAS50 exhibited the most balanced performance. CPSBHAS50 exhibited a low swelling ratio (22.6 % at 80 °C), high tensile strength (17.6 MPa), and excellent alkaline stability, retaining 86.7 % of its initial hydroxide ion conductivity after 720 h of immersion in 1 M KOH at 60 °C. Furthermore, under AEMWE operating conditions (1 M KOH, 60 °C, 2.0 V), it achieved a higher current density (0.926 A/cm2) than the commercial FAA-3–50 membrane (0.854 A/cm2) and maintained stable voltage operation for over 100 h at a constant current of 0.2 A/cm2, demonstrating significant practical performance.
阴离子交换膜（AEMs）是阴离子交换膜水电解（AEMWE）的关键部件，需要高离子导电性和长期耐用性。在本研究中，采用在碱性条件下化学稳定的交联剂4,4 ' -三亚甲基双（1-甲基哌啶）（TMBMP），采用季铵盐为基础的交联策略，提高离子交换容量（IEC），抑制膜膨胀，提高碱性稳定性。采用可逆加成-破碎链转移（RAFT）聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯含量（30、44、50、60 wt%）不同的聚苯乙烯-b-聚（6-溴己基丙烯酸酯）-b-聚苯乙烯（PSBHAS）嵌段共聚物，并制备了4种交联PSBHAS膜（CPSBHAS30、CPSBHAS44、CPSBHAS50、CPSBHAS60），研究了交联度与膜性能的关系。随着交联度的增加，IEC和微相分离都得到了改善。结果表明，交联度最高的CPSBHAS30在80℃时氢氧化物离子电导率最高，为67.4 mS/cm。然而，考虑到长期耐用性所需的核心性能，CPSBHAS50表现出最平衡的性能。CPSBHAS50在80°C时溶胀率低（22.6%），抗拉强度高（17.6 MPa），碱性稳定性好，在60°C、1 M KOH中浸泡720 h后，其氢氧化物离子电导率仍保持86.7%。此外，在AEMWE工作条件（1 M KOH, 60°C, 2.0 V）下，该膜的电流密度（0.926 a /cm2）高于商用FAA-3-50膜（0.854 a /cm2），并在0.2 a /cm2的恒定电流下保持100 h以上的稳定电压运行，具有显著的实用性能。
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Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114518
Kun Xu , Haina Mi , Xinyi Zong , Yunji Xie , Zhaoyan Sun , Baijun Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Wei Hu
Since phosphoric acid (PA) has a critical effect on HT-PEM performance, a porous aromatic framework with triazine and –OH groups (PAF-225) was synthesized, and sulfonation was utilized for generating sPAF-225 in this work. On the other hand, OPBI was modified by quaternary ammonium (QA) to prepare QAOPBI containing QA groups. The acid-base effect of QA+⋅⋅H2PO4− ion pairs resulted by the charge interaction between cations and bisphosphonates, can successfully prevent the loss of PA. Furthermore, the –OH, triazine groups and −SO3H of sPAF-225 can form hydrogen bonds with QAOPBI and PA, this can improve the proton conduction efficiency by the increasing proton transport sites and PA retention rate. The PA retention rate of sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30 was 34.7 %, which was considerably greater than OPBI (31.4 %) and sPAF-225-6/OPBI (31.4 %), confirming the effect of QA group on the retention of PA. The peak power density of the H2/O2 fuel cells assembled with sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30 membrane reached 688.75 mW cm−2 with low Pt loading of 0.3 mg cm−2 at 200 °C without additional humidification, effectively optimizing the capability of fuel cell.
由于磷酸（PA）对HT-PEM的性能有重要影响，本文合成了含三嗪和-OH基团的多孔芳香骨架（PAF-225），并利用磺化法制备了sPAF-225。另一方面，用季铵（QA）修饰OPBI，制备含有QA基团的QAOPBI。阳离子与双膦酸盐之间的电荷相互作用所产生的QA+ H2PO4−离子对的酸碱效应可以成功地防止PA的损失。此外，sPAF-225的-OH、三嗪基团和- SO3H可以与QAOPBI和PA形成氢键，这可以通过增加质子传递位点和PA保留率来提高质子传导效率。sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30的PA保留率为34.7%，明显高于OPBI（31.4%）和sPAF-225-6/OPBI(31.4%)，证实了QA组对PA保留率的影响。采用sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30膜制备的H2/O2燃料电池在200℃条件下的峰值功率密度达到688.75 mW cm -2， Pt负载低，为0.3 mg cm -2，无需额外加湿，有效地优化了燃料电池的性能。
{"title":"sPAF-225/QAOPBI composite high-temperature proton exchange membrane with robust acid-base interaction and controlled phosphoric acid","authors":"Kun Xu , Haina Mi , Xinyi Zong , Yunji Xie , Zhaoyan Sun , Baijun Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Wei Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2026.114518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since phosphoric acid (PA) has a critical effect on HT-PEM performance, a porous aromatic framework with triazine and –OH groups (PAF-225) was synthesized, and sulfonation was utilized for generating sPAF-225 in this work. On the other hand, OPBI was modified by quaternary ammonium (QA) to prepare QAOPBI containing QA groups. The acid-base effect of QA<sup>+</sup>⋅⋅H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> ion pairs resulted by the charge interaction between cations and bisphosphonates, can successfully prevent the loss of PA. Furthermore, the –OH, triazine groups and −SO<sub>3</sub>H of sPAF-225 can form hydrogen bonds with QAOPBI and PA, this can improve the proton conduction efficiency by the increasing proton transport sites and PA retention rate. The PA retention rate of sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30 was 34.7 %, which was considerably greater than OPBI (31.4 %) and sPAF-225-6/OPBI (31.4 %), confirming the effect of QA group on the retention of PA. The peak power density of the H<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> fuel cells assembled with sPAF-225-6/QAOPBI-30 membrane reached 688.75 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> with low Pt loading of 0.3 mg cm<sup>−2</sup> at 200 °C without additional humidification, effectively optimizing the capability of fuel cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":315,"journal":{"name":"European Polymer Journal","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 114518"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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