Food and Chemical Toxicology最新文献

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Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methylbutyric acid, CAS Registry number 116-53-0 更新RIFM香料成分安全性评估，2-甲基丁酸，CAS注册号116-53-0。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115839

A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar

引用次数: 0

Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, CAS Registry Number 541-85-5 更新RIFM香料成分安全性评估，5-甲基-3-庚酮，CAS注册号541-85-5。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115836

A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar

引用次数: 0

Association of arsenic, lead, and mercury with liver function markers in German outpatients 德国门诊病人中砷、铅和汞与肝功能标志物的关系。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115837

Jiao Zuo , Katrin Huesker , Xin Chen , Yvonne Liu , Johann-Georg Hocher , Christoph Reichetzeder , Saban Elitok , Bernhard K. Krämer , Volker von Baehr , Berthold Hocher

Chronic exposure to arsenic, lead, and mercury can impair liver function, but their combined impact on hepatocellular (AST, ALT) and cholestatic (ALP) liver enzymes remains poorly defined. We analyzed data from 58,864 German outpatients without known toxic exposure to evaluate independent and synergistic effects of these metals on liver enzymes. Blood levels of arsenic, lead, and mercury were measured, and associations with AST, ALT, and ALP were assessed using multivariable models adjusted for age and sex, including interaction terms.

Mercury showed the strongest positive correlation with ALT (p < 0.001), indicating a pronounced hepatocellular effect. Arsenic was associated with increased AST and ALT and decreased ALP (p < 0.001 for all), suggesting both hepatocellular and cholestatic involvement. Lead demonstrated weaker but significant positive associations with all enzymes (p < 0.001). Co-exposure analyses revealed that arsenic plus mercury modestly but significantly increased ALT, arsenic plus lead elevated AST, and high combined arsenic and mercury exposure reduced ALP.

Our findings provide new evidence that background exposure to toxic metals, even below occupational thresholds, may subtly impair liver function. Mercury emerged as the most potent hepatotoxin. These results highlight the need to reconsider current environmental safety standards, especially regarding combined exposures.

长期暴露于砷、铅和汞可损害肝功能，但它们对肝细胞（AST、ALT）和胆汁淤积（ALP）肝酶的综合影响尚不明确。我们分析了58,864名没有已知毒性暴露的德国门诊患者的数据，以评估这些金属对肝酶的独立和协同作用。测量血中砷、铅和汞的水平，并使用调整年龄和性别的多变量模型评估与AST、ALT和ALP的关系，包括相互作用项。汞与ALT呈显著正相关(p

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引用次数: 0

Microplastics detection from packaged milk: Estimation, diagnosis of probable sources, evaluation of dietary exposure, pollution load, and risk assessment 包装牛奶中的微塑料检测：估计、可能来源的诊断、饮食暴露评估、污染负荷和风险评估。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115833

Irédon Adjama , Hemen Dave

Microplastic contamination in food is a health concern, yet little is known about its presence in commercially packaged milk in India. This study investigates microplastic contamination in processed packaged milk (PPM) and farm fresh milk (FFM) to understand contamination sources/pathways and associated health risks. Results revealed that microplastic contamination might arise from pre- and post-milking process stages. FFM contained 17.78 ± 3.85 microplastics/L. In contrast, PPM samples contained 37.78 ± 3.87 to 71.11 ± 10.18 microplastics/L, up to four times higher than FFM. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), the main microplastic polymer found in PPM are from packaging material. FFM showed limited polymer diversity, with contamination likely from fodder bags, milking tools, or fodder contaminated with microplastics. Estimating the microplastic intake by milk consumption demonstrated higher daily ingestion in the case of PPM (1.08 ± 0.22 microplastics/day) compared to FFM (0.34 ± 0.07 microplastics/day). This study and past research show that infants take in more microplastics, making them more likely to face health risks. The polymer load and risk indices in all PPM samples are very high, while FFM posed low risks. These findings emphasize the need for improved packaging alternatives and stricter quality control in dairy processing with respect to microplastic contamination.

食品中的微塑料污染是一个健康问题，但在印度，人们对其在商业包装牛奶中的存在知之甚少。本研究调查了加工包装牛奶（PPM）和农场鲜奶（FFM）中的微塑料污染，以了解污染源/途径和相关的健康风险。结果表明，微塑料污染可能发生在挤奶前和挤奶后的各个阶段。FFM中微塑料含量为17.78±3.85 /L。PPM样品的微塑料含量为37.78±3.87 ~ 71.11±10.18 /L，是FFM样品的4倍。低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）， PPM中发现的主要微塑料聚合物都来自包装材料。FFM显示出有限的聚合物多样性，污染可能来自饲料袋、挤奶工具或被微塑料污染的饲料。通过牛奶消费量估算微塑料摄入量表明，PPM（1.08±0.22微塑料/天）比FFM（0.34±0.07微塑料/天）的每日摄入量更高。这项研究和过去的研究表明，婴儿摄入的微塑料更多，使他们更有可能面临健康风险。所有PPM样品的聚合物负荷和风险指数都很高，而FFM样品的风险指数很低。这些发现强调需要改进包装替代品，并在乳制品加工中对微塑料污染进行更严格的质量控制。

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引用次数: 0

The combined effect of eight common food additives on the human gut microbiota 八种常见食品添加剂对人体肠道菌群的综合影响。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115829

Darislav Besedin , Thi Thu Hao Van , Julie Besedin , Christian Krohn , Rohan Shah , Rajaraman Eri

Emerging evidence suggests that food additives may contribute to disease by inducing gut dysbiosis. However, previous studies have been criticized for using unrealistic doses and not testing for the potential synergistic effect of consuming multiple food additive simultaneously, which is how they are consumed under real-life conditions. This study aimed to determine whether eight previously implicated food additives directly promote dysbiosis, individually and in combination, at physiologically relevant doses. The results showed that none of the food additives significantly affected short-chain fatty acid production or the four characteristics of dysbiosis: loss of beneficial bacteria, expansion of pathobionts, reduction in bacterial diversity, and changes in microbial community structure. Moreover, there were no indications of the previously proposed synergistic effect. Results also highlighted the importance of fecal microbiota intra-variability and how it may cause false positives. While intra-variability was accounted for in this study, it is possible that the chosen gut microbiota was resilient to food-additive-induced dysbiosis. This is the first study to have examined both the individual and combined direct effect of the eight chosen food additives at physiologically relevant doses.

新出现的证据表明，食品添加剂可能通过诱导肠道生态失调而导致疾病。然而，先前的研究因使用不现实的剂量而受到批评，并且没有测试同时食用多种食品添加剂的潜在协同效应，这是它们在现实生活条件下的消费方式。本研究旨在确定八种先前涉及的食品添加剂是否在生理相关剂量下单独或联合直接促进生态失调。结果表明，没有一种食品添加剂显著影响短链脂肪酸的产生，也没有显著影响菌群失调的四个特征：有益菌的损失、病原菌的增加、细菌多样性的减少和微生物群落结构的变化。此外，没有迹象表明先前提出的协同效应。结果还强调了粪便微生物群内部变异性的重要性，以及它如何可能导致假阳性。虽然本研究考虑了内部变异，但所选择的肠道微生物群有可能对食物添加剂引起的生态失调具有弹性。这是第一个对八种选定的食品添加剂在生理相关剂量下的单独和综合直接影响进行检验的研究。

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引用次数: 0

The α5-nAChR/GINS4 axis contributed to nicotine-promoted lung adenocarcinoma progression α5-nAChR/GINS4轴参与尼古丁促进的肺腺癌进展。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115828

Zengping Wang , Jiaying Cai , Mengdan Yang , Shuran Yang , Jing Wang , Yanfei Jia , Haiji Sun , Xiaoli Ma

The α5-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α5-nAChR) is implicated in nicotine-driven proliferation of lung cancer cells. GINS4 functions as a regulatory factor of the G1/S transition and DNA replication dynamics, closely linking it to proliferative capacity. Profiling of CHRNA5, the gene encoding α5-nAChR, indicated that silencing CHRNA5 reduced GINS4 expression. The mechanistic relationship between α5-nAChR and GINS4 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), however, has not been fully clarified. Analysis in this study revealed that α5-nAChR expression correlated with GINS4 levels, smoking status, and overall survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that α5-nAChR mediates nicotine-induced GINS4 expression via STAT3, thereby enhancing LUAD cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The α5-nAChR/GINS4 axis was further validated in both mouse xenograft models and human LUAD tissue samples. Collectively, the results indicate the existence of a novel α5-nAChR/GINS4 signaling pathway contributing to nicotine-associated LUAD progression.

α5-烟碱乙酰胆碱受体（α5-nAChR）参与尼古丁驱动的肺癌细胞增殖。GINS4作为G1/S转变和DNA复制动力学的调控因子，与增殖能力密切相关。编码α5-nAChR的基因CHRNA5的分析表明，沉默CHRNA5可降低GINS4的表达。然而，α - 5- nachr与GINS4在肺腺癌（LUAD）中的机制关系尚未完全明确。本研究分析发现α5-nAChR表达与GINS4水平、吸烟状况和总生存期相关。体外实验表明α5-nAChR通过STAT3介导尼古丁诱导的GINS4表达，从而增强LUAD细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。α5-nAChR/GINS4轴在小鼠异种移植模型和人LUAD组织样本中得到进一步验证。总的来说，这些结果表明存在一种新的α5-nAChR/GINS4信号通路，有助于尼古丁相关LUAD的进展。

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引用次数: 0

Bisphenol F promoted the differentiation of preadipocytes via ER-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. 双酚F通过er介导的PI3K/AKT通路促进前脂肪细胞分化。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115678

Yanchao Zhang, Jingyi Cao, Yiwa Liu, Yinghan Lu, Haoqi He, Mingwei Xu, Meifen Wu, Yuguo Liu, Li Li, Xiaoying Xu, Ming Shi

Bisphenols are a group of industrial chemicals widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. Bisphenol F (BPF) is increasingly being used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), which is a widely used environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and hypothesized obesogen. Nevertheless, limited research has examined the potential of BPF to induce obesity, leaving a knowledge gap. To address this issue, this study investigated the effect of BPF on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and its underlying mechanisms. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured and induced to differentiate in controlled conditions, then exposed to varying BPF doses over an 8-day period. Significant increases in intracellular lipid droplets and triglyceride (TG) content were observed in the treated cells, indicating that BPF has a stimulating effect on adipogenesis. In BPF-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, key adipogenic genes and proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), adiponectin and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was significantly upregulated. Further treatment with estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 and PI3K inhibitor LY 294002 revealed that BPF could promote differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through the ER mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. In summary, BPF may enhance the maturation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by activating the ER-PI3K/AKT pathway, potentially contributing to obesity. These findings enhance the understanding of the obesogenic properties of environmental chemicals and could inform new strategies for preventing and managing obesity.

双酚是一组广泛用于制造塑料和环氧树脂的工业化学品。双酚F （BPF）越来越多地被用作双酚a （BPA）的替代品，双酚a是一种广泛使用的环境内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC）和假设的肥胖原。然而，有限的研究已经检查了BPF诱发肥胖的可能性，留下了知识空白。为了解决这一问题，本研究探讨了BPF对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化的影响及其潜在机制。3T3-L1前脂肪细胞在受控条件下培养并诱导分化，然后暴露于不同剂量的BPF中8天。在处理过的细胞中观察到细胞内脂滴和甘油三酯（TG）含量显著增加，表明BPF对脂肪形成有刺激作用。在bpf处理的3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中，3T3-L1前脂肪细胞中的关键脂肪生成基因和蛋白，包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPARγ)、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α (C/EBPα)、脂联素和脂肪酸结合蛋白4 （FABP4）显著上调。进一步用雌激素受体（ER）拮抗剂ICI 182780和PI3K抑制剂LY 294002治疗发现，BPF可通过ER介导的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B （PI3K/AKT）信号通路促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的分化。综上所述，BPF可能通过激活ER-PI3K/AKT通路，促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的成熟，可能导致肥胖。这些发现增强了对环境化学物质致肥特性的理解，并可能为预防和管理肥胖提供新的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on the article by Thongsepee et al. "Monosodium glutamate altered renal architecture and modulated expression on NMDA-R, eNOS, and nNOS in normotensive and hypertensive rats". 评论Thongsepee等人的文章。谷氨酸钠改变了正常和高血压大鼠的肾脏结构，并调节了NMDA-R、eNOS和nNOS的表达。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115683

Shintaro Yoshida, Huichia Chao, Masanori Kohmura

引用次数: 0

Phthalate reduction as a mediator linking probiotic or yogurt consumption to reduced depressive Symptoms: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2018. 邻苯二甲酸盐减少作为益生菌或酸奶消费与减轻抑郁症状之间的中介：来自NHANES 2005-2018的证据。

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115687

Ran Yao, Ximan Wang, Xiaoxia Dai, Jinbiao Zhang

Background: Depression may be influenced by environmental factors, including phthalate exposure as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Gut microbiota may modulate phthalate toxicity, and probiotics have been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms; however, their interrelationship remains unclear.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 7999 participants from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data on probiotic/yogurt consumption, urinary phthalate metabolites, depressive symptoms (measured by PHQ-9), and covariates were collected. Weighted generalized linear models (W-GLM) were employed to elucidate variable associations. Mediation analyses assessed whether phthalates mediated the association between probiotic/yogurt consumption and depressive symptoms. Similarly, subgroup analyses were conducted to elucidate sex-specific differences.

Results: The data revealed that probiotic/yogurt consumption was significantly associated with lower PHQ-9 scores. Furthermore, probiotic/yogurt consumption was inversely associated with urinary MBzP and MiBP levels, with MiBP mediating 7 % of its association with depressive symptoms. Multiple-group mediation analysis showed that the mediating effect was significant in females only, indicating possible sex-specific mechanisms.

Conclusions: Probiotic/yogurt consumption may be linked to reduced depressive symptoms via lowered phthalate exposure, particularly MiBP. Phthalates affect females more than males, suggesting sex-specific susceptibility to EDCs. Further studies are required to validate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

背景：抑郁症可能受到环境因素的影响，包括邻苯二甲酸盐暴露作为内分泌干扰物质（EDCs）。肠道菌群可能调节邻苯二甲酸盐毒性，益生菌已被证明可以缓解抑郁症状；然而，它们之间的相互关系尚不清楚。方法：本横断面研究纳入了2005-2018年全国健康与营养检查调查（NHANES）的7999名参与者。收集益生菌/酸奶摄入量、尿邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物、抑郁症状（通过PHQ-9测量）和协变量的数据。采用加权广义线性模型（W-GLM）来阐明变量之间的关联。中介分析评估邻苯二甲酸盐是否介导益生菌/酸奶消费与抑郁症状之间的关联。同样，进行亚组分析以阐明性别特异性差异。结果：数据显示，益生菌/酸奶的摄入与较低的PHQ-9得分显著相关。此外，益生菌/酸奶的摄入量与尿MBzP和MiBP水平呈负相关，其中MiBP与抑郁症状的相关性为7%。多组中介分析显示，中介效应仅在雌性中显著，提示可能存在性别特异性机制。结论：食用益生菌/酸奶可能与通过降低邻苯二甲酸盐暴露（尤其是MiBP）而减轻抑郁症状有关。邻苯二甲酸酯对女性的影响大于男性，表明对EDCs的易感性具有性别特异性。需要进一步的研究来验证潜在的分子机制。

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引用次数: 0

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in loose tea and its health risk assessment 散茶中吡咯利西啶类生物碱污染及其健康风险评价

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115826

Lynn A. Abdallah , Areej Merhi , Nathalie Hayeck , Houssam Shaib , Mohamad G. Abiad , Omar Obeid , Christelle F. Iskandar

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are phytotoxins that can contaminate Camellia sinensis, posing health risks through tea consumption. This study aimed to quantify six PAs in 32 loose tea samples (17 black, 15 green) available in the Lebanese market and collected from Beirut suburbs using UPLC-MS/MS, compare with EU guidelines, and assess dietary exposure risks. The results showed sum PA concentrations averaged 110.4 μg/kg (range 12.2–609.9 μg/kg), with black teas showing higher average contamination (125.9 μg/kg) than green teas (92.9 μg/kg) (P > 0.05).Exposure assessments revealed samples exceeding the EU PA limits for both adults and children. Long-term MOE risk assessments indicated minimal risk for adults, but moderate concern for children, particularly with frequent consumption. These findings underscore the need for stricter regulations and enhanced monitoring to mitigate dietary PA exposure risks.

吡咯利西啶生物碱（PAs）是一种植物毒素，可以污染茶树，通过食用茶叶造成健康风险。本研究旨在使用UPLC-MS/MS对黎巴嫩市场上从贝鲁特郊区收集的32份散茶样本（17份黑茶，15份绿茶）中的6种PAs进行量化，并与欧盟指南进行比较，并评估饮食暴露风险。结果显示，总PA浓度平均为110.4 μg/kg（范围为12.2 ~ 609.9 μg/kg），其中红茶的平均污染浓度（125.9 μg/kg）高于绿茶（92.9 μg/kg）（P < 0.05）。暴露评估显示，样本中成人和儿童均超过了欧盟PA的限值。长期MOE风险评估表明，成人的风险最小，但对儿童的风险中等，特别是经常食用。这些发现强调需要更严格的法规和加强监测，以减轻饮食中的PA暴露风险。

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