Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115832
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
2H-Indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is not genotoxic. Data on 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data provided 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2200 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure to 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is below the TTC (0.47 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl, CAS Registry Number 476332-65-7","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>2H-Indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is not genotoxic. Data on 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data provided 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2200 μg/cm<sup>2</sup> for the skin sensitization endpoint. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure to 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl is below the TTC (0.47 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; 2H-indeno[4,5b] furan, decahydro-2,2,6,6,7,8,8-heptamethyl was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115832"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115838
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
γ-Dodecalactone was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog γ-nonalactone (CAS # 104-61-0) show that γ-dodecalactone is not expected to be genotoxic. Data on γ-dodecalactone provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data from read-across analog 4-hydroxy-3-methyloctanoic acid lactone (CAS # 39212-23-2) show that there are no safety concerns for γ-dodecalactone for skin sensitization under the current declared levels of use. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; γ-dodecalactone is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to γ-dodecalactone is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; γ-dodecalactone was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, γ-dodecalactone, CAS Registry Number 2305-05-7","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>γ-Dodecalactone was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog γ-nonalactone (CAS # 104-61-0) show that γ-dodecalactone is not expected to be genotoxic. Data on γ-dodecalactone provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data from read-across analog 4-hydroxy-3-methyloctanoic acid lactone (CAS # 39212-23-2) show that there are no safety concerns for γ-dodecalactone for skin sensitization under the current declared levels of use. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; γ-dodecalactone is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to γ-dodecalactone is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; γ-dodecalactone was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115841
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"2nd update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, linalool, CAS Registry number 78-70-6","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115830
Md Sahed Hasan , Akiko Nakano , Tran Dang Xuan , Nguyen Van Thinh
The concentration of toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in rice grains varies across industrially and non-industrially impacted agricultural areas. This contamination is particularly critical for countries like Bangladesh, where rice is the staple food. This study assessed the potential health risks and nutritional quality of rice grown in the battery recycling area (BRA), industrial area (IA) and non-industrial area (NIA). Among the toxic elements (TEs) analyzed, As and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits (0.20 mg/kg). Pb concentrations were significantly higher in BRA and IA (both 0.32 mg/kg, p < 0.0001) compared to NIA, while As concentration was highest (0.23 mg/kg) in the NIA. The result showed that NIA exhibited a higher non-carcinogenic risk to the exposed population. Conversely, the industrial areas posed comparatively higher carcinogenic risks. The Monte Carlo simulation exhibited the order of total carcinogenic risk (TCR) followed the sequence BRA > IA > NIA. Among the TEs, Ni contributed the most to overall TCR, whereas As posed the highest carcinogenic threat specifically in NIA. Despite contamination concerns, rice grains provided adequate Cu and Fe for dietary intake; however, elevated As and Pb, alongside long-term Ni and Cr risks, require urgent attention.
在受工业和非工业影响的农业地区，稻米中有毒元素（As、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn）的浓度各不相同。这种污染对孟加拉国等以大米为主食的国家尤为严重。本研究评估了电池回收区（BRA）、工业区（IA）和非工业区（NIA）种植水稻的潜在健康风险和营养品质。在分析的有毒元素（TEs）中，As和Pb超过了最大允许限量（0.20 mg/kg）。与NIA相比，BRA和IA的Pb浓度均显著高于NIA（均为0.32 mg/kg, p < 0.0001），而NIA的As浓度最高（0.23 mg/kg）。结果表明，NIA对暴露人群具有较高的非致癌风险。相反，工业区的致癌风险相对较高。蒙特卡罗模拟显示，总致癌风险（TCR）的顺序为BRA > IA > NIA。在TEs中，Ni对总TCR贡献最大，而As在NIA中具有最高的致癌威胁。尽管存在污染问题，但米粒提供了足够的铜和铁供膳食摄入；然而，砷和铅的升高，以及长期的镍和铬风险，需要紧急关注。
{"title":"Probabilistic human health risk assessment of toxic elements in rice grains from industrially and non-industrially impacted areas of Bangladesh","authors":"Md Sahed Hasan , Akiko Nakano , Tran Dang Xuan , Nguyen Van Thinh","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concentration of toxic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in rice grains varies across industrially and non-industrially impacted agricultural areas. This contamination is particularly critical for countries like Bangladesh, where rice is the staple food. This study assessed the potential health risks and nutritional quality of rice grown in the battery recycling area (BRA), industrial area (IA) and non-industrial area (NIA). Among the toxic elements (TEs) analyzed, As and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limits (0.20 mg/kg). Pb concentrations were significantly higher in BRA and IA (both 0.32 mg/kg, <em>p</em> < 0.0001) compared to NIA, while As concentration was highest (0.23 mg/kg) in the NIA. The result showed that NIA exhibited a higher non-carcinogenic risk to the exposed population. Conversely, the industrial areas posed comparatively higher carcinogenic risks. The Monte Carlo simulation exhibited the order of total carcinogenic risk (TCR) followed the sequence BRA > IA > NIA. Among the TEs, Ni contributed the most to overall TCR, whereas As posed the highest carcinogenic threat specifically in NIA. Despite contamination concerns, rice grains provided adequate Cu and Fe for dietary intake; however, elevated As and Pb, alongside long-term Ni and Cr risks, require urgent attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 115830"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145501326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115846
Yuan Gao , Martyn Chilton , Cindy A. Ryan , Spiro Stilianoudakis , Lori Reinsalu , Cristin Albertson , Petra S. Kern
The concept of identifying threshold exposures to chemicals below which the risk to human health is negligible was originally proposed in the late 1960's. The induction of skin sensitization has been shown to demonstrate a dose response, and thus, a threshold concentration, or exposure, required to induce sensitization can be derived. The idea of a Dermal Sensitization Thresholds (DST) for chemicals has been investigated since 2008. However, DST developments have so far focused on individual sensitizing chemicals, rather than complex mixtures or botanical or naturally derived substances (BNS). With an increased interest in the use of BNS, which often contain low levels but unidentified sensitizing substances, the development of a sensitization threshold for BNS could support their safety assessments. In this work, we propose a site-of-contact exposure threshold (SoCET) of 10 μg/cm2 for BNS using a constituent-based approach and demonstrate that it would be protective in a risk assessment against the induction of skin sensitization. The 10 μg/cm2 SoCET can be used as the exposure-based waiving threshold in Tier 0 of the skin sensitization Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) framework for BNS.
{"title":"Development of a skin sensitization Site-of-Contact Exposure Threshold (SoCET) for botanicals and natural substances","authors":"Yuan Gao , Martyn Chilton , Cindy A. Ryan , Spiro Stilianoudakis , Lori Reinsalu , Cristin Albertson , Petra S. Kern","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of identifying threshold exposures to chemicals below which the risk to human health is negligible was originally proposed in the late 1960's. The induction of skin sensitization has been shown to demonstrate a dose response, and thus, a threshold concentration, or exposure, required to induce sensitization can be derived. The idea of a Dermal Sensitization Thresholds (DST) for chemicals has been investigated since 2008. However, DST developments have so far focused on individual sensitizing chemicals, rather than complex mixtures or botanical or naturally derived substances (BNS). With an increased interest in the use of BNS, which often contain low levels but unidentified sensitizing substances, the development of a sensitization threshold for BNS could support their safety assessments. In this work, we propose a site-of-contact exposure threshold (SoCET) of 10 μg/cm<sup>2</sup> for BNS using a constituent-based approach and demonstrate that it would be protective in a risk assessment against the induction of skin sensitization. The 10 μg/cm<sup>2</sup> SoCET can be used as the exposure-based waiving threshold in Tier 0 of the skin sensitization Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) framework for BNS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 115846"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145494077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115834
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2,6,8-trimethylnonan-4-one, CAS Registry Number 123-18-2","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115834","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145487328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115835
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
Cedrene was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cedrene is not genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cedrene is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). Data provided cedrene a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 3500 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on data and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; cedrene is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cedrene was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) for Europe (EU), North America (NA), Asia-Pacific (AP), and Japan (JP) in the 2023 IFRA Survey was <1. Cedrene was not able to be risk screened for South America (SA) as there was no reported volume of use (VoU) for this regions in the 2023 IFRA Survey.
{"title":"RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, cedrene, CAS Registry Number 11028-42-5","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cedrene was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, photoirritation/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cedrene is not genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cedrene is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). Data provided cedrene a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 3500 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on data and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; cedrene is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cedrene was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use (VoU) for Europe (EU), North America (NA), Asia-Pacific (AP), and Japan (JP) in the 2023 IFRA Survey was <1. Cedrene was not able to be risk screened for South America (SA) as there was no reported volume of use (VoU) for this regions in the 2023 IFRA Survey.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145487386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115840
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, palmitic acid, CAS Registry number 57-10-3","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , M.A. Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115840","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115840"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145487395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115831
A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar
{"title":"Update to RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 4,8-dimethyl-4,9-decadienal, CAS Registry number 71077-31-1","authors":"A.M. Api , A. Bartlett , D. Belsito , D. Botelho , M. Bruze , A. Bryant-Friedrich , G.A. Burton Jr. , Cancellieri , H. Chon , M. Cronin , S. Crotty , M.L. Dagli , W. Dekant , C. Deodhar , K. Farrell , A.D. Fryer , L. Jones , K. Joshi , A. Lapczynski , D.L. Laskin , Y. Thakkar","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115831","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 115831"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145480468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115843
Ahmed S. El-tahlawy , Thidarat Samkumpim , Niluh Indria Wardani , Charoenkwan Kraiya , Waleed Alahmad
Although certified food dyes are strictly regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC) and are considered safe at permitted levels, the fraudulent use of unauthorized dyes or contamination of approved colorants with harmful substances continues to pose risks to public health. Although trace amounts of colorants are typically used in food products, minimal adulteration might compromise safety, highlighting the need for highly sensitive detection methods. This review provides a critical and comprehensive overview of recent advances in analytical strategies for detecting dye adulteration in food. Conventional approaches, including spectrophotometry, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, are highlighted for their precision and sensitivity, while emerging techniques such as electrochemical sensors and smartphone-based colorimetric assays are recognized for their portability, cost-effectiveness, and potential for on-site applications. Regional case studies are also discussed to illustrate the real-world impact of dye adulteration and the ongoing challenges in regulatory enforcement. By emphasizing both established and innovative approaches, this review underscores the importance of scalable, eco-friendly technologies capable of detecting trace levels of adulteration. Ultimately, it calls for global harmonization of food safety regulations to strengthen consumer protection and enhance food quality standards worldwide.
{"title":"Analytical advances for detecting illicit dyes in foods: Spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and emerging sensing techniques","authors":"Ahmed S. El-tahlawy , Thidarat Samkumpim , Niluh Indria Wardani , Charoenkwan Kraiya , Waleed Alahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fct.2025.115843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although certified food dyes are strictly regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC) and are considered safe at permitted levels, the fraudulent use of unauthorized dyes or contamination of approved colorants with harmful substances continues to pose risks to public health. Although trace amounts of colorants are typically used in food products, minimal adulteration might compromise safety, highlighting the need for highly sensitive detection methods. This review provides a critical and comprehensive overview of recent advances in analytical strategies for detecting dye adulteration in food. Conventional approaches, including spectrophotometry, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, are highlighted for their precision and sensitivity, while emerging techniques such as electrochemical sensors and smartphone-based colorimetric assays are recognized for their portability, cost-effectiveness, and potential for on-site applications. Regional case studies are also discussed to illustrate the real-world impact of dye adulteration and the ongoing challenges in regulatory enforcement. By emphasizing both established and innovative approaches, this review underscores the importance of scalable, eco-friendly technologies capable of detecting trace levels of adulteration. Ultimately, it calls for global harmonization of food safety regulations to strengthen consumer protection and enhance food quality standards worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":317,"journal":{"name":"Food and Chemical Toxicology","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 115843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145487373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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