F. Houshmand, E. Heidarian, Amine Shirani Faradonbeh, Somayyeh Najafi Chaleshtori
Background and aims: Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant medication that has toxicity to kidneys and liver. This study aimed to investigate the protective activity of carvacrol (CAR) against hepatorenal toxic activity of AZA in male Wistar rats. Methods: All study rats were divided into five groups: control (saline, ip); azathioprine-only (AZA 50 mg/kg, ip), Sily+AZA (Silymarin 50 mg/kg, gavage), CAR+AZA (CAR 10 mg/kg, gavage), and CAR+AZA (CAR 20 mg/kg, gavage) groups. Silymarin was used as the standard hepatoprotective drug. The drugs were administered once daily for 21 days in III-V groups, and a single dose of AZA was injected on the seventh day of the experiment. Results: AZA-intoxicated rats exhibited an elevation in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in serum, as well as an increase in extent of lipid peroxidation. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase – SOD, catalase - CAT) in the serum, liver, and kidney were decreased as for the AZA group (P<0.05). Co-treatment of CAR (both doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg) lowered the serum transaminases and ALP level, the elevation of endogenous enzymes levels, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and both tissues (P<0.05). This protective effect was greater in CAR 10 compared to 20 mg/kg doses, which was comparable to silymarin. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the renal and nephrotoxic activities of AZA could be attributed to the generated increased oxidative stress, as well as to the CAR with antioxidant effect similar to that in silymarin, which protected these tissues against AZA-induced nephrotoxicity hepatotoxicity.
{"title":"Protective effect of carvacrol against hepato-renal toxicity induced by azathioprine in rats","authors":"F. Houshmand, E. Heidarian, Amine Shirani Faradonbeh, Somayyeh Najafi Chaleshtori","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.25","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Azathioprine (AZA) is an immunosuppressant medication that has toxicity to kidneys and liver. This study aimed to investigate the protective activity of carvacrol (CAR) against hepatorenal toxic activity of AZA in male Wistar rats. Methods: All study rats were divided into five groups: control (saline, ip); azathioprine-only (AZA 50 mg/kg, ip), Sily+AZA (Silymarin 50 mg/kg, gavage), CAR+AZA (CAR 10 mg/kg, gavage), and CAR+AZA (CAR 20 mg/kg, gavage) groups. Silymarin was used as the standard hepatoprotective drug. The drugs were administered once daily for 21 days in III-V groups, and a single dose of AZA was injected on the seventh day of the experiment. Results: AZA-intoxicated rats exhibited an elevation in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in serum, as well as an increase in extent of lipid peroxidation. Activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase – SOD, catalase - CAT) in the serum, liver, and kidney were decreased as for the AZA group (P<0.05). Co-treatment of CAR (both doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg) lowered the serum transaminases and ALP level, the elevation of endogenous enzymes levels, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and both tissues (P<0.05). This protective effect was greater in CAR 10 compared to 20 mg/kg doses, which was comparable to silymarin. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the renal and nephrotoxic activities of AZA could be attributed to the generated increased oxidative stress, as well as to the CAR with antioxidant effect similar to that in silymarin, which protected these tissues against AZA-induced nephrotoxicity hepatotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133012317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homeira Reisiee, T. Sharifi, A. Ghazanfari, M. Chorami
Background and aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychological capital training on psychological burden and emotional self-regulation styles of mothers having children with cerebral palsy. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2019 on mothers of children with cerebral palsy who had files in rehabilitation centers under the supervision of Shahrekord Welfare (n=270). Samples were selected through convenience sampling method such that 30 people were selected from among eligible people and volunteers to cooperate, and then they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. As for the intervention group, the psychological capital training program was implemented once a week for 10 sessions; but the control group was not given any intervention. Data were collected using the Psychological Burden Questionnaire designed by Zarit et al and the Emotional Self-Regulatory Questionnaire developed by Hoffman and Kashdan in three measurement steps. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate and repeated measure analysis of variance using SPSS-18 software. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of burden, secrecy, adaptability, and tolerance were significantly different in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.05), as well as in the follow-up stage compared to the pre-test (P<0.001). Furthermore, the mean scores of post-test and follow-up for the experimental group increased in comparison with those for the control group in three styles of emotional regulation, and psychological burden decreased (P<0.001). Conclusion: The educational intervention of psychological capital could be adopted to increase using adaptive styles of emotional self-regulation, and to reduce psychological burden of mothers having children with cerebral palsy.
{"title":"The effect of psychological capital training on psychological burden and emotional self-regulation styles of mothers having children with cerebral palsy","authors":"Homeira Reisiee, T. Sharifi, A. Ghazanfari, M. Chorami","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.26","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of psychological capital training on psychological burden and emotional self-regulation styles of mothers having children with cerebral palsy. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed in 2019 on mothers of children with cerebral palsy who had files in rehabilitation centers under the supervision of Shahrekord Welfare (n=270). Samples were selected through convenience sampling method such that 30 people were selected from among eligible people and volunteers to cooperate, and then they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. As for the intervention group, the psychological capital training program was implemented once a week for 10 sessions; but the control group was not given any intervention. Data were collected using the Psychological Burden Questionnaire designed by Zarit et al and the Emotional Self-Regulatory Questionnaire developed by Hoffman and Kashdan in three measurement steps. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate and repeated measure analysis of variance using SPSS-18 software. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of burden, secrecy, adaptability, and tolerance were significantly different in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P<0.05), as well as in the follow-up stage compared to the pre-test (P<0.001). Furthermore, the mean scores of post-test and follow-up for the experimental group increased in comparison with those for the control group in three styles of emotional regulation, and psychological burden decreased (P<0.001). Conclusion: The educational intervention of psychological capital could be adopted to increase using adaptive styles of emotional self-regulation, and to reduce psychological burden of mothers having children with cerebral palsy.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114676300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renal cysts are diagnosed by ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), or urography. A 36-year-old pregnant woman (G2, Ab1, within the gestational age of 38 weeks) with upper abdominal pain starting from two hours ago, vomiting, and nausea was referred to the emergency department. Although abdominal examinations revealed costovertebral angle tenderness, there were no signs of peritoneal irritation, and all vital signs of the patient were in a normal range. Initial investigation results including blood count (Hb: 11.4), BUN/Cr, Na/K, and UA were normal. She underwent a cesarean section (c/s) due to reduced fetal heart rate (FHR). After C/S,the CT scan showed a large left retroperitoneal hematoma with an anterosuperior displacement of the kidney and active bleeding in the cystic lesion of the upper pole of the kidney. Pathological examinations also confirmed a simple cyst. Overall, simple renal cysts should be considered as a rare cause of spontaneous perinatal hemorrhage (SPH) in pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of SPH in pregnancy are also critical challenges.
{"title":"Spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage in a pregnant woman due to the rupture of a simple renal cyst","authors":"S. Aali, F. Moradi","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.32","url":null,"abstract":"Renal cysts are diagnosed by ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), or urography. A 36-year-old pregnant woman (G2, Ab1, within the gestational age of 38 weeks) with upper abdominal pain starting from two hours ago, vomiting, and nausea was referred to the emergency department. Although abdominal examinations revealed costovertebral angle tenderness, there were no signs of peritoneal irritation, and all vital signs of the patient were in a normal range. Initial investigation results including blood count (Hb: 11.4), BUN/Cr, Na/K, and UA were normal. She underwent a cesarean section (c/s) due to reduced fetal heart rate (FHR). After C/S,the CT scan showed a large left retroperitoneal hematoma with an anterosuperior displacement of the kidney and active bleeding in the cystic lesion of the upper pole of the kidney. Pathological examinations also confirmed a simple cyst. Overall, simple renal cysts should be considered as a rare cause of spontaneous perinatal hemorrhage (SPH) in pregnancy. The diagnosis and treatment of SPH in pregnancy are also critical challenges.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130348938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naghmeh Soltani, Fatemeh Pakniya, Niloofar Parchami, M. Behbahani, H. Mohabatkar
Background and aims: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly discovered coronavirus which causes an infectious disease. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) broke out in 2003 and 2012, respectively. These viruses have some structural proteins, including spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. These proteins assist the virus in infecting cells through interaction with cell receptors, penetration into the cell, and proliferation. These coronavirus proteins are modified by post-translational modifications (PTMs) which activate various functional and interactional activities of proteins. This study aimed to investigate the PTMs in SARS-CoV/CoV-2, as well as to examine the effect of these PTMs on the pathogenicity of these two viruses. Methods: In this study, PTMs sites were detected by different bioinformatics tools. Evaluation and comparison of PTMs were performed and their roles in structural proteins activities of SARS-CoV/CoV-2 coronaviruses were examined in order to gain a richer understanding of these modifications’ relationships with the protein activities. Results: The PTMs sum and percentages of four structural proteins of SARS-CoV/CoV-2 were evaluated, with a focus on their effects on viral replication and pathogenesis in order to develop a method for treating these diseases. According to our study results, some of the PTMs in SARS-CoV/CoV-2 were different from each other. Conclusion: It was concluded that SARS-CoV-2 had more pathogenicity than SARS-CoV.
{"title":"In-silico comparison of post-translational modifications of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins","authors":"Naghmeh Soltani, Fatemeh Pakniya, Niloofar Parchami, M. Behbahani, H. Mohabatkar","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly discovered coronavirus which causes an infectious disease. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) broke out in 2003 and 2012, respectively. These viruses have some structural proteins, including spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. These proteins assist the virus in infecting cells through interaction with cell receptors, penetration into the cell, and proliferation. These coronavirus proteins are modified by post-translational modifications (PTMs) which activate various functional and interactional activities of proteins. This study aimed to investigate the PTMs in SARS-CoV/CoV-2, as well as to examine the effect of these PTMs on the pathogenicity of these two viruses. Methods: In this study, PTMs sites were detected by different bioinformatics tools. Evaluation and comparison of PTMs were performed and their roles in structural proteins activities of SARS-CoV/CoV-2 coronaviruses were examined in order to gain a richer understanding of these modifications’ relationships with the protein activities. Results: The PTMs sum and percentages of four structural proteins of SARS-CoV/CoV-2 were evaluated, with a focus on their effects on viral replication and pathogenesis in order to develop a method for treating these diseases. According to our study results, some of the PTMs in SARS-CoV/CoV-2 were different from each other. Conclusion: It was concluded that SARS-CoV-2 had more pathogenicity than SARS-CoV.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133216102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aims: The objective of the present study was to collect the spectroscopic results obtained from previous studies to determine how exogenous toxic ligands can alter the structural and functional properties of human hemoglobin (HHb). Methods: Using spectroscopic techniques, English published articles (from January 2009 to June 2020) on HHb were systematical reviewed by searching several databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, and Google Scholar. In this regard, some keywords were searched, including (human hemoglobin) AND (spectroscopy) OR (spectroscopic analysis) OR (spectroscopic studies) AND (environmental pollutants) OR (food additives) OR (dyes) OR (fuel additives) OR (radioactive metal ions) OR (insecticides) OR (food colorants). After screening full text articles, we extracted relevant data according to our subject from included articles. Results: Finally, 17 studies were found to be related to the subject of this study. Analysis of investigations suggested that after exposure of HHb to each exogenous ligand, we could observe heme hydrophobic pocket alteration, fluorescence quenching, and polarity alteration around aromatic residues of protein, indicating that the structural properties of HHb were changing. Lack of some spectroscopic techniques in some articles could place some minor limitations on the obtained evidence. Conclusion: Considering the impacts of the exogenous ligands on characteristics of HHb, in the first step, it is the responsibility of governments to exercise strict control over the manufacturing sectors and then industry owners to investigate the effects of chemical products on the living organisms before commercializing them.
{"title":"The impacts of some environmental pollutants and exogenous toxic ligands on conformational and functional properties of human hemoglobin: A systematic review of spectroscopic literature","authors":"Elmira Rezaei Pajouhesh, A. Khatibi","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: The objective of the present study was to collect the spectroscopic results obtained from previous studies to determine how exogenous toxic ligands can alter the structural and functional properties of human hemoglobin (HHb). Methods: Using spectroscopic techniques, English published articles (from January 2009 to June 2020) on HHb were systematical reviewed by searching several databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect databases, and Google Scholar. In this regard, some keywords were searched, including (human hemoglobin) AND (spectroscopy) OR (spectroscopic analysis) OR (spectroscopic studies) AND (environmental pollutants) OR (food additives) OR (dyes) OR (fuel additives) OR (radioactive metal ions) OR (insecticides) OR (food colorants). After screening full text articles, we extracted relevant data according to our subject from included articles. Results: Finally, 17 studies were found to be related to the subject of this study. Analysis of investigations suggested that after exposure of HHb to each exogenous ligand, we could observe heme hydrophobic pocket alteration, fluorescence quenching, and polarity alteration around aromatic residues of protein, indicating that the structural properties of HHb were changing. Lack of some spectroscopic techniques in some articles could place some minor limitations on the obtained evidence. Conclusion: Considering the impacts of the exogenous ligands on characteristics of HHb, in the first step, it is the responsibility of governments to exercise strict control over the manufacturing sectors and then industry owners to investigate the effects of chemical products on the living organisms before commercializing them.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129344098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mina Khaleghi, Khalid Mohamadzadeh Salamat, M. Parastesh, K. Azizbeigi, M. Bayatiani
Background and aims: One of the main potential problems of radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer is the increase in treatment-related inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (AT) on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rats undergoing RT. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight members including (1) healthy control (C), (2) AT, (3) RT, and (4) AT + RT groups. Rats were first anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine solution (K, 60-90 kg/mg; Z, 6-10 kg/mg) and then located on a Plexiglas plate with a thickness of 1 cm. Photon beam RT was performed using X-rays with a dose of 11 Gy from an Elekta compact linear accelerator (Elekta Compact 6-MV China). AT program was performed for eight weeks, five days a week, and one session a day for 60 minutes (70-75% of VO2max). Afterwards, one-way ANOVA was run to examine the research variables. Results: According to the results, TNF-α was significantly higher in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.003), whereas IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the AT + RT group compared to the RT group (P=0.001) and the C group (P=0.027). Further, the levels of this cytokine were significantly lower in the AT group compared to the RT group (P=0.006) and similarly in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.03). Conclusion: RT led to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, performing AT could only significantly reduce the IL-6 levels.
{"title":"The effect of moderate-intensity aerobic training on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in rats undergoing radiotherapy","authors":"Mina Khaleghi, Khalid Mohamadzadeh Salamat, M. Parastesh, K. Azizbeigi, M. Bayatiani","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.30","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: One of the main potential problems of radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer is the increase in treatment-related inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training (AT) on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in rats undergoing RT. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight members including (1) healthy control (C), (2) AT, (3) RT, and (4) AT + RT groups. Rats were first anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine solution (K, 60-90 kg/mg; Z, 6-10 kg/mg) and then located on a Plexiglas plate with a thickness of 1 cm. Photon beam RT was performed using X-rays with a dose of 11 Gy from an Elekta compact linear accelerator (Elekta Compact 6-MV China). AT program was performed for eight weeks, five days a week, and one session a day for 60 minutes (70-75% of VO2max). Afterwards, one-way ANOVA was run to examine the research variables. Results: According to the results, TNF-α was significantly higher in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.003), whereas IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the AT + RT group compared to the RT group (P=0.001) and the C group (P=0.027). Further, the levels of this cytokine were significantly lower in the AT group compared to the RT group (P=0.006) and similarly in the RT group compared to the C group (P=0.03). Conclusion: RT led to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, performing AT could only significantly reduce the IL-6 levels.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134026545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aims: Beta-adrenergic signaling deficiency has been established to be related to obesity and related diseases. Beta3- adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) and beta-arrestin2 (Barr2) are pivotal agents in the beta-adrenergic-signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of aerobic training on dysregulation of Adrb3 and Barr2 gene expression that was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in inguinal white adipose tissue of mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups as follows: 1) control group (n=7), 2) high-fat diet-induced overweight (HFD-OW) (n=7), and 3) high-fat diet with aerobic training (HFD-AT) (n=7). The HFD-OW group were fed with a HFD for 12 weeks. The HFD-AT group had aerobic training for six weeks on a treadmill in addition to feeding with the HFD. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to measure the gene expression of Adrb3 and Barr2 in inguinal white adipose tissue. Results: The gene expression of Adrb3 did not significantly change between groups (P>0.05). However, the expression of Barr2 in HFD-OW group was significantly increased as compared to the control group (1.5-fold: P=0.001). Interestingly, the Barr2 expression in HFD-AT group was significantly lower compared with HFD-OW group (P=0.045). Conclusion: The results indicated that aerobic training could inhibit the upregulation of Barr2 induced by HFD. It seems that a portion of the preventive effect of aerobic training on the development of obesity may be mediated by inhibiting the Barr2 expression in adipose tissue.
{"title":"The effect of aerobic exercise training on gene expression of beta3-adrenergic receptor and beta-arrestin2 in inguinal white adipose tissue of mice fed with a high fat diet","authors":"S. Daneshyar, M. Bahmani, Yazdan Fourotan","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Beta-adrenergic signaling deficiency has been established to be related to obesity and related diseases. Beta3- adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) and beta-arrestin2 (Barr2) are pivotal agents in the beta-adrenergic-signaling pathway. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of aerobic training on dysregulation of Adrb3 and Barr2 gene expression that was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in inguinal white adipose tissue of mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups as follows: 1) control group (n=7), 2) high-fat diet-induced overweight (HFD-OW) (n=7), and 3) high-fat diet with aerobic training (HFD-AT) (n=7). The HFD-OW group were fed with a HFD for 12 weeks. The HFD-AT group had aerobic training for six weeks on a treadmill in addition to feeding with the HFD. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to measure the gene expression of Adrb3 and Barr2 in inguinal white adipose tissue. Results: The gene expression of Adrb3 did not significantly change between groups (P>0.05). However, the expression of Barr2 in HFD-OW group was significantly increased as compared to the control group (1.5-fold: P=0.001). Interestingly, the Barr2 expression in HFD-AT group was significantly lower compared with HFD-OW group (P=0.045). Conclusion: The results indicated that aerobic training could inhibit the upregulation of Barr2 induced by HFD. It seems that a portion of the preventive effect of aerobic training on the development of obesity may be mediated by inhibiting the Barr2 expression in adipose tissue.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132597815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor The purpose of the randomization process in clinical trials is to prevent bias and to ensure comparisons between the two groups in terms of the effect of the intervention (1). However, in some clinical trials, subjects may do not follow interventions, may withdraw from participation, or may be found ineligible after randomization. Accordingly, the elimination of these subjects may result in bias. In general, clinical trials suffer from two major problems of noncompliance and missing outcomes. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (2). Therefore, in this letter, the attention of respected researchers is drawn to the basic understanding and application of ITT in order to reduce the likelihood of bias in the results. ITT means that all involved participants in the randomization process should be analyzed regardless of noncompliance, discontinuation of the study, or failure to follow the intervention, namely, “once random, always analyzing” (2,3). The unwillingness or refusal of treatment may occur in the real world, thus we actually lose part of the data if we do not enter them into the analysis. As recommended in the CONSORT statement, reporting any deviation from randomized allocation and loss of outcomes is necessary (4). ITT analysis is one of Cochrane’s key criteria for the publication of articles. The lack of attention to ITT can disrupt the baseline equivalence and may results in non-adherence to the protocol (5). Accordingly, ITT analysis has been accepted as a golden standard for qualified randomized trials. ITT has several benefits including maintaining prognostic balance, group comparability, and the sample size, as well as testing the effectiveness of intervention rather than the efficacy of the intervention, reducing the type I error, and increasing the probability of generalizability. More precisely, it measures the effect of the treatment without bias. However, the treatment effect should be estimated with caution because of the dilution due to non-compliance and the probability of type II error (2). One alternative to ITT is per-protocol, implying that the subset of the ITT population having completed their protocol without any major deviations will be analyzed while excluding all those who have not completed treatment. However, it must be interpreted with caution since it blocks the random balance (6). ITT analysis alone is not preferred in non-inferiority trials, both ITT and per-protocol are recommended. But the importance of the ITT analysis in superiority designs is accepted. Nonetheless, for better interpretation, it is recommended that per-protocol be performed after ITT in superiority trials (2,6). Even many scholars do not use ITT correctly, because it is difficult to deal with mistakes in selecting patients based on the inclusion criteria in the study, noncompliance, and missing data. According to White et al, four strategies exist for performing ITT analysis and de
{"title":"Being sensitive to Intention-to-treat in medical research","authors":"S. Khoshkesht, Nahid Dehghan Nayeri","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.24","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor The purpose of the randomization process in clinical trials is to prevent bias and to ensure comparisons between the two groups in terms of the effect of the intervention (1). However, in some clinical trials, subjects may do not follow interventions, may withdraw from participation, or may be found ineligible after randomization. Accordingly, the elimination of these subjects may result in bias. In general, clinical trials suffer from two major problems of noncompliance and missing outcomes. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (2). Therefore, in this letter, the attention of respected researchers is drawn to the basic understanding and application of ITT in order to reduce the likelihood of bias in the results. ITT means that all involved participants in the randomization process should be analyzed regardless of noncompliance, discontinuation of the study, or failure to follow the intervention, namely, “once random, always analyzing” (2,3). The unwillingness or refusal of treatment may occur in the real world, thus we actually lose part of the data if we do not enter them into the analysis. As recommended in the CONSORT statement, reporting any deviation from randomized allocation and loss of outcomes is necessary (4). ITT analysis is one of Cochrane’s key criteria for the publication of articles. The lack of attention to ITT can disrupt the baseline equivalence and may results in non-adherence to the protocol (5). Accordingly, ITT analysis has been accepted as a golden standard for qualified randomized trials. ITT has several benefits including maintaining prognostic balance, group comparability, and the sample size, as well as testing the effectiveness of intervention rather than the efficacy of the intervention, reducing the type I error, and increasing the probability of generalizability. More precisely, it measures the effect of the treatment without bias. However, the treatment effect should be estimated with caution because of the dilution due to non-compliance and the probability of type II error (2). One alternative to ITT is per-protocol, implying that the subset of the ITT population having completed their protocol without any major deviations will be analyzed while excluding all those who have not completed treatment. However, it must be interpreted with caution since it blocks the random balance (6). ITT analysis alone is not preferred in non-inferiority trials, both ITT and per-protocol are recommended. But the importance of the ITT analysis in superiority designs is accepted. Nonetheless, for better interpretation, it is recommended that per-protocol be performed after ITT in superiority trials (2,6). Even many scholars do not use ITT correctly, because it is difficult to deal with mistakes in selecting patients based on the inclusion criteria in the study, noncompliance, and missing data. According to White et al, four strategies exist for performing ITT analysis and de","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114841244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qazaleh Asqari, F. Gholami, J. Bashiri, Adel Donyaei
Background and aims: A high-fat diet increases triglyceride (TG) accumulations in hepatocytes and results in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). In this regard, this study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), along with a high-fat diet on the serum levels of aminotransferases in male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the standard diet, high-fat diet, exercise + standard diet, and exercise + high-fat diet groups (each containing 10 animals). HIIT program consisted of 6-12 repetitions of 2-minute highs-intensity exercise (85-90% of the maximum speed) interspersed with 1-minute low-intensity exercise (45-50% peak speed) with the frequency of 5 sessions a week over 12 weeks. High-fat diet groups received a diet regimen including 58% fat, 25% protein, and 17% carbohydrate, ad libitum. The blood samples were taken from the left ventricle 48 hours following the last intervention to assess TG, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) concentrations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: The findings showed the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the high-fat diet group was significantly greater compared to the standard diet group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the exercise + high-fat diet group was significantly lower in comparison with the high-fat diet group (P=0.01, P=0.017, and P=0.012, respectively). Conclusion: Although HIIT ameliorated high-fat diet-induced elevations in the serum levels of TG, ALT, and AST, they did not reach the baseline levels. Thus, it may indicate that a diet as the underlying cause of NAFLDs is more important than any other interventions such as exercise.
{"title":"High-intensity interval training ameliorates high-fat diet-induced elevation of aminotransferases in male Wistar rats","authors":"Qazaleh Asqari, F. Gholami, J. Bashiri, Adel Donyaei","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.19","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: A high-fat diet increases triglyceride (TG) accumulations in hepatocytes and results in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). In this regard, this study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), along with a high-fat diet on the serum levels of aminotransferases in male Wistar rats. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the standard diet, high-fat diet, exercise + standard diet, and exercise + high-fat diet groups (each containing 10 animals). HIIT program consisted of 6-12 repetitions of 2-minute highs-intensity exercise (85-90% of the maximum speed) interspersed with 1-minute low-intensity exercise (45-50% peak speed) with the frequency of 5 sessions a week over 12 weeks. High-fat diet groups received a diet regimen including 58% fat, 25% protein, and 17% carbohydrate, ad libitum. The blood samples were taken from the left ventricle 48 hours following the last intervention to assess TG, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-transferase (AST) concentrations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: The findings showed the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the high-fat diet group was significantly greater compared to the standard diet group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the mean of ALT, AST, and TG in the exercise + high-fat diet group was significantly lower in comparison with the high-fat diet group (P=0.01, P=0.017, and P=0.012, respectively). Conclusion: Although HIIT ameliorated high-fat diet-induced elevations in the serum levels of TG, ALT, and AST, they did not reach the baseline levels. Thus, it may indicate that a diet as the underlying cause of NAFLDs is more important than any other interventions such as exercise.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125849035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aims: Many findings have shown the potential relation between osteocalcin (OCN) and regulating energy metabolism. In addition, it has been revealed that physical activity increases OCN levels. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise trainings on β-cell function, insulin resistance, and OCN levels in overweight men. Methods: In this study, 33 overweight, young men [Body mass index (BMI): 29.32±0.75 and age range of 31.50±2.23] were randomly divided into control (n=11), aerobic exercise (n=11), and resistance exercise (n=11) groups. Participants of the exercise group were on the 8-week supervised exercise training program for three sessions per week. Weight, body fat percentage, and BMI were analyzed, and then OCN, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after the 8-week exercise program. Finally, data were analyzed by t test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Based on the results, BMI and body weight, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR reduced following the exercise (P<0.05) whereas serum OCN significantly increased in aerobic exercise (P=0.001) and resistance exercise (P=0.000) groups. There were no significant changes in β-cell function in aerobic exercise (P=0.512) and resistance exercise (P=0.16) groups. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that OCN levels were not correlated with HOMA-IR (P=0.743) and insulin levels (P=0.143). However, OCN was positively associated with the homeostasis model assessment of b-cell function (P=0.014) and glucose (P=0.025). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirmed that aerobic and resistance exercises cause some changes in body weight and BMI, as well as the OCN and HOMA-IR. Nonetheless, changes in OCN levels were not predictors of changes in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.
{"title":"Effect of different exercise trainings on β-cell function, insulin resistance, and osteocalcin levels in overweight men","authors":"Mehdi Rostamizadeh, A. Elmieh, Farhad Rahmani Nia","doi":"10.34172/jsums.2021.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jsums.2021.20","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Many findings have shown the potential relation between osteocalcin (OCN) and regulating energy metabolism. In addition, it has been revealed that physical activity increases OCN levels. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise trainings on β-cell function, insulin resistance, and OCN levels in overweight men. Methods: In this study, 33 overweight, young men [Body mass index (BMI): 29.32±0.75 and age range of 31.50±2.23] were randomly divided into control (n=11), aerobic exercise (n=11), and resistance exercise (n=11) groups. Participants of the exercise group were on the 8-week supervised exercise training program for three sessions per week. Weight, body fat percentage, and BMI were analyzed, and then OCN, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed from fasting blood samples before and after the 8-week exercise program. Finally, data were analyzed by t test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Based on the results, BMI and body weight, insulin, glucose, and HOMA-IR reduced following the exercise (P<0.05) whereas serum OCN significantly increased in aerobic exercise (P=0.001) and resistance exercise (P=0.000) groups. There were no significant changes in β-cell function in aerobic exercise (P=0.512) and resistance exercise (P=0.16) groups. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that OCN levels were not correlated with HOMA-IR (P=0.743) and insulin levels (P=0.143). However, OCN was positively associated with the homeostasis model assessment of b-cell function (P=0.014) and glucose (P=0.025). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirmed that aerobic and resistance exercises cause some changes in body weight and BMI, as well as the OCN and HOMA-IR. Nonetheless, changes in OCN levels were not predictors of changes in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.","PeriodicalId":318974,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130713509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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