Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)最新文献
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.977175
C. Breazeal
This paper explores the expression of emotion in synthesized speech for an anthropomorphic robot. We adapted several key emotional correlates of human speech to the robot speech synthesizer to allow the robot to speak in either an angry, calm, disgusted, fearful, happy, sad, or surprised manner. We evaluated our approach thorough an acoustic analysis of the speech patterns for each vocal affect and studied how well human subjects perceive the intended affect.
{"title":"Emotive qualities in robot speech","authors":"C. Breazeal","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.977175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.977175","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the expression of emotion in synthesized speech for an anthropomorphic robot. We adapted several key emotional correlates of human speech to the robot speech synthesizer to allow the robot to speak in either an angry, calm, disgusted, fearful, happy, sad, or surprised manner. We evaluated our approach thorough an acoustic analysis of the speech patterns for each vocal affect and studied how well human subjects perceive the intended affect.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116613373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976345
A. Bicchi, Stefano Lodi Rizzini, G. Tonietti
We describe some initial results of a project aiming at the development of a programmable compliance, inherently safe robot arm for applications in anthropic environments. In order to obtain safety in spite of worst-case situations (such as unexpected delays in teleoperation, or even controller failure), we propose an approach to achieving the compliance by mechanical rather than by control design. We first describe some of the control problems encountered in a typical, large, possibly unknown mechanical compliance, and present the result that shows the possibility to cope with these uncertainties in an adaptive way. Next, we describe the initial development of a new prototype arm under construction in our laboratory. The arm is designed to achieve arbitrary position tracking in 3D with controlled effective compliance at the joints.
{"title":"Compliant design for intrinsic safety: general issues and preliminary design","authors":"A. Bicchi, Stefano Lodi Rizzini, G. Tonietti","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976345","url":null,"abstract":"We describe some initial results of a project aiming at the development of a programmable compliance, inherently safe robot arm for applications in anthropic environments. In order to obtain safety in spite of worst-case situations (such as unexpected delays in teleoperation, or even controller failure), we propose an approach to achieving the compliance by mechanical rather than by control design. We first describe some of the control problems encountered in a typical, large, possibly unknown mechanical compliance, and present the result that shows the possibility to cope with these uncertainties in an adaptive way. Next, we describe the initial development of a new prototype arm under construction in our laboratory. The arm is designed to achieve arbitrary position tracking in 3D with controlled effective compliance at the joints.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121816295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.977215
Xin Xin, M. Kaneda
Studies the swing up control for the Acrobot, i.e., to move the Acrobot from its stable downward position to its unstable inverted position and balance it about the vertical. The combination of the partial linearization control for the swing up phase proposed by Spong (1995) and the robust control for the capture and balance phase is utilized in this paper. The key idea is first to treat the speed of the second link when it rotates across the vertical as an uncertainty, and then to design a robust controller based on the quadratic stabilization method to cope with such uncertainty. It is shown that that the robust controller is generally superior to the LQR controller in capturing and balancing the Acrobot, and the difficulty of tuning the gains in the swing up phase can be ameliorated.
{"title":"A robust control approach to the swing up control problem for the Acrobot","authors":"Xin Xin, M. Kaneda","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.977215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.977215","url":null,"abstract":"Studies the swing up control for the Acrobot, i.e., to move the Acrobot from its stable downward position to its unstable inverted position and balance it about the vertical. The combination of the partial linearization control for the swing up phase proposed by Spong (1995) and the robust control for the capture and balance phase is utilized in this paper. The key idea is first to treat the speed of the second link when it rotates across the vertical as an uncertainty, and then to design a robust controller based on the quadratic stabilization method to cope with such uncertainty. It is shown that that the robust controller is generally superior to the LQR controller in capturing and balancing the Acrobot, and the difficulty of tuning the gains in the swing up phase can be ameliorated.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121353906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.973344
R. Luo, Meng-Hsien Lin, Shen Hong Shen
Motion planning plays an important role in the field of autonomous mobile robots. We propose a hybrid intelligent system including the object-oriented knowledge base and adaptive motion planning (AMP) algorithm. There are four major procedures in the intelligent system: a priori environment building, on-line topology map generation, candidate path searching, and behavior commands generation. The adaptive motion planning (AMP) algorithm acquires the a priori defined map and the latest or dynamic information. The algorithm then determines path and generates a sequence of motion behavior description commands for navigation. The experimental results indicate that the object-oriented knowledge base can be updated easily. The AMP algorithm can produce the suitable path and behavior commands, and fuse these behaviors to navigate the mobile robot in the dynamic environment. The proposed method is implemented on the "Chung Cheng I" autonomous mobile robot to demonstrate the reliability and flexibility.
{"title":"The development of object-oriented knowledge base and adaptive motion planning for autonomous mobile robots","authors":"R. Luo, Meng-Hsien Lin, Shen Hong Shen","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.973344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.973344","url":null,"abstract":"Motion planning plays an important role in the field of autonomous mobile robots. We propose a hybrid intelligent system including the object-oriented knowledge base and adaptive motion planning (AMP) algorithm. There are four major procedures in the intelligent system: a priori environment building, on-line topology map generation, candidate path searching, and behavior commands generation. The adaptive motion planning (AMP) algorithm acquires the a priori defined map and the latest or dynamic information. The algorithm then determines path and generates a sequence of motion behavior description commands for navigation. The experimental results indicate that the object-oriented knowledge base can be updated easily. The AMP algorithm can produce the suitable path and behavior commands, and fuse these behaviors to navigate the mobile robot in the dynamic environment. The proposed method is implemented on the \"Chung Cheng I\" autonomous mobile robot to demonstrate the reliability and flexibility.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116594173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976385
D. Musliner, R. Goldman, Michael J. S. Pelican
We are developing autonomous control systems for mission-critical domains that require hard real-time performance guarantees. To automatically build reactive plans that meet these requirements, we use formal verification (model checking) techniques to assess the quality of plans as they are built. The verification process uses precise timed automaton models of the executive that will run the resulting reactive plan. This reflexive modeling allows our system to formally verify not just that its plans are correct, but that they will be executed correctly.
{"title":"Planning with increasingly complex executive models","authors":"D. Musliner, R. Goldman, Michael J. S. Pelican","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976385","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing autonomous control systems for mission-critical domains that require hard real-time performance guarantees. To automatically build reactive plans that meet these requirements, we use formal verification (model checking) techniques to assess the quality of plans as they are built. The verification process uses precise timed automaton models of the executive that will run the resulting reactive plan. This reflexive modeling allows our system to formally verify not just that its plans are correct, but that they will be executed correctly.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"25 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131213644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976300
Y. Hada, K. Takase
We propose a practical method of multiple mobile robot navigation aimed at the realization of service robots that deliver letters, parcels and documents in an office building. For robust execution of delivery tasks by mobile robots, navigation is important, and localization of robots is a key function for designing robust navigation. We developed a global positioning system for indoor mobile robots by using cameras distributed in the robots' working domain. This system can execute fast and accurate localization of mobile robots. By integrating the positioning system with a deadlock free navigation algorithm for multiple mobile robots, we implemented a successful autonomous service robot system.
{"title":"Multiple mobile robot navigation using the indoor global positioning system (iGPS)","authors":"Y. Hada, K. Takase","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976300","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a practical method of multiple mobile robot navigation aimed at the realization of service robots that deliver letters, parcels and documents in an office building. For robust execution of delivery tasks by mobile robots, navigation is important, and localization of robots is a key function for designing robust navigation. We developed a global positioning system for indoor mobile robots by using cameras distributed in the robots' working domain. This system can execute fast and accurate localization of mobile robots. By integrating the positioning system with a deadlock free navigation algorithm for multiple mobile robots, we implemented a successful autonomous service robot system.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127777236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976259
A. Ijspeert, J. Nakanishi, S. Schaal
Explores an approach to learning by imitation and trajectory formation by representing movements as mixtures of nonlinear differential equations with well-defined attractor dynamics. An observed movement is approximated by finding a best fit of the mixture model to its data by a recursive least squares regression technique. In contrast to non-autonomous movement representations like splines, the resultant movement plan remains an autonomous set of nonlinear differential equations that forms a control policy which is robust to strong external perturbations and that can be modified by additional perceptual variables. This movement policy remains the same for a given target, regardless of the initial conditions, and can easily be re-used for new targets. We evaluate the trajectory formation system in the context of a humanoid robot simulation that is part of the Virtual Trainer project, which aims at supervising rehabilitation exercises in stroke-patients. A typical rehabilitation exercise was collected with a Sarcos Sensuit, a device to record joint angular movement from human subjects, and approximated and reproduced with our imitation techniques. Our results demonstrate that multijoint human movements can be encoded successfully, and that this system allows robust modifications of the,movement policy through external variables.
{"title":"Trajectory formation for imitation with nonlinear dynamical systems","authors":"A. Ijspeert, J. Nakanishi, S. Schaal","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976259","url":null,"abstract":"Explores an approach to learning by imitation and trajectory formation by representing movements as mixtures of nonlinear differential equations with well-defined attractor dynamics. An observed movement is approximated by finding a best fit of the mixture model to its data by a recursive least squares regression technique. In contrast to non-autonomous movement representations like splines, the resultant movement plan remains an autonomous set of nonlinear differential equations that forms a control policy which is robust to strong external perturbations and that can be modified by additional perceptual variables. This movement policy remains the same for a given target, regardless of the initial conditions, and can easily be re-used for new targets. We evaluate the trajectory formation system in the context of a humanoid robot simulation that is part of the Virtual Trainer project, which aims at supervising rehabilitation exercises in stroke-patients. A typical rehabilitation exercise was collected with a Sarcos Sensuit, a device to record joint angular movement from human subjects, and approximated and reproduced with our imitation techniques. Our results demonstrate that multijoint human movements can be encoded successfully, and that this system allows robust modifications of the,movement policy through external variables.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127784444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.977159
J. Ryu, Jongeun Cha
Presents a design optimization method of parallel manipulators for best accuracy. An accurate kinematic error model that relates every structural error source in the manipulator's structure to end-effector pose errors is derived for a HexaSlide type parallel manipulator. Based on the error model, a measure of accuracy, error amplification factor, is introduced for an optimum design formulation with constraints on workspace and design variable limits. Then, design optimization for best accuracy has been performed by using a nonlinear optimization technique. Optimization results have been validated by Monte Carlo statistical simulation technique. The optimized design shows smaller error than the initial design.
{"title":"Optimal architecture design of parallel manipulators for best accuracy","authors":"J. Ryu, Jongeun Cha","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.977159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.977159","url":null,"abstract":"Presents a design optimization method of parallel manipulators for best accuracy. An accurate kinematic error model that relates every structural error source in the manipulator's structure to end-effector pose errors is derived for a HexaSlide type parallel manipulator. Based on the error model, a measure of accuracy, error amplification factor, is introduced for an optimum design formulation with constraints on workspace and design variable limits. Then, design optimization for best accuracy has been performed by using a nonlinear optimization technique. Optimization results have been validated by Monte Carlo statistical simulation technique. The optimized design shows smaller error than the initial design.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128137646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976316
W. T. Ang, C. Riviere, P. Khosla
Presents the development and. initial experimental results of the first prototype of Micron, an active hand-held instrument to sense and compensate physiological tremor and other unwanted movement during vitreoretinal microsurgery. The instrument incorporates six inertial sensors, allowing the motion of the tip to be computed. The motion captured is processed to discriminate between desired and undesired components of motion. Tremor canceling is implemented via the weighted-frequency Fourier linear combiner (WFLC) algorithm, and compensation of non-tremorous error via a neural network technique is being investigated. The instrument tip is attached to a three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator with piezoelectric actuation. The actuators move the tool tip in opposition to the tremor, thereby suppressing the erroneous motion. Motion canceling experiments with oscillatory motions in the frequency band of physiological tremor show that Micron is able to reduce error amplitude by 45.3% in 1-D tests and 37.2% in 3-D tests.
{"title":"Design and implementation of active error canceling in hand-held microsurgical instrument","authors":"W. T. Ang, C. Riviere, P. Khosla","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976316","url":null,"abstract":"Presents the development and. initial experimental results of the first prototype of Micron, an active hand-held instrument to sense and compensate physiological tremor and other unwanted movement during vitreoretinal microsurgery. The instrument incorporates six inertial sensors, allowing the motion of the tip to be computed. The motion captured is processed to discriminate between desired and undesired components of motion. Tremor canceling is implemented via the weighted-frequency Fourier linear combiner (WFLC) algorithm, and compensation of non-tremorous error via a neural network technique is being investigated. The instrument tip is attached to a three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator with piezoelectric actuation. The actuators move the tool tip in opposition to the tremor, thereby suppressing the erroneous motion. Motion canceling experiments with oscillatory motions in the frequency band of physiological tremor show that Micron is able to reduce error amplitude by 45.3% in 1-D tests and 37.2% in 3-D tests.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133674776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-10-29DOI: 10.1109/IROS.2001.976267
R. Sherwood, A. Mishkin, T. Estlin, Steve Ankuo Chien, P. Backes, J. Norris, B. Cooper, S. Maxwell, G. Rabideau
This paper discusses a proof-of-concept prototype for ground-based automatic generation of validated rover command sequences. This prototype is based on ASPEN (Automated Scheduling and Planning Environment). This Artificial Intelligence (AI) based planning and scheduling system will automatically generate a command sequence that will execute: within resource constraints and satisfy flight rules. An automated planning and scheduling system encodes rover design knowledge and uses the search and reasoning techniques to automatically generate low-level command sequences while respecting the rover operability constraints. This prototype planning system has been field-tested using the Rocky-7 rover at JPL, and will be field-tested on more complex rovers to prove its effectiveness before transferring the technology to flight operations for an upcoming NASA mission. The goal-driven commanding of planetary rovers greatly reduces the requirements for highly skilled rover engineering personnel. This in turn greatly reduces mission operations costs and permits a faster response to changes in rover states.
{"title":"Autonomously generating operations sequences for a Mars rover using AI-based planning","authors":"R. Sherwood, A. Mishkin, T. Estlin, Steve Ankuo Chien, P. Backes, J. Norris, B. Cooper, S. Maxwell, G. Rabideau","doi":"10.1109/IROS.2001.976267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2001.976267","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a proof-of-concept prototype for ground-based automatic generation of validated rover command sequences. This prototype is based on ASPEN (Automated Scheduling and Planning Environment). This Artificial Intelligence (AI) based planning and scheduling system will automatically generate a command sequence that will execute: within resource constraints and satisfy flight rules. An automated planning and scheduling system encodes rover design knowledge and uses the search and reasoning techniques to automatically generate low-level command sequences while respecting the rover operability constraints. This prototype planning system has been field-tested using the Rocky-7 rover at JPL, and will be field-tested on more complex rovers to prove its effectiveness before transferring the technology to flight operations for an upcoming NASA mission. The goal-driven commanding of planetary rovers greatly reduces the requirements for highly skilled rover engineering personnel. This in turn greatly reduces mission operations costs and permits a faster response to changes in rover states.","PeriodicalId":319679,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133713599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings 2001 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Expanding the Societal Role of Robotics in the the Next Millennium (Cat. No.01CH37180)
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