Pub Date : 2020-05-30DOI: 10.31585/jbba-3-2-(5)2020
Daniel Uribe
{"title":"Privacy Laws, Non-Fungible Tokens, and Genomics","authors":"Daniel Uribe","doi":"10.31585/jbba-3-2-(5)2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-3-2-(5)2020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87189931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-16DOI: 10.31585/jbba-3-1-(5)2020
Robert Campbell
Critical infrastructure sectors are increasingly adopting enterprise Distributed Ledgers (DL) to host long-term assets, systems, and information that is considered vital to an organization’s ability to operate without clear or public plans and strategies to migrate safely and timely to Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC). A quantum computer (QC) compromised DL would allow, eavesdropping, unauthorized client authentication, signed malware, cloak-in encrypted session, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM), forged documents and emails. These attacks can lead to disruption of service, damage of reputation and trust, injury to human life, and the loss of intellectual property, assets, regulated data, and global economic security. In 2018, Gartner revealed that a QC is a digital disruption that organizations may not be ready and prepared, and CIOs may not see coming. On September 18, 2019, IBM announced the largest universal QC available for commercial use would be available in October 2019. On October 23, 2019, Google officially announced “Quantum Supremacy,” “by performing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a classical supercomputer approximately 10,000 years.” DL Cyber Resilience requires “reasonable” measures, policies, procedures, strategies, and risk management before large-scale deployment. Cyber Resilience implementations must be a critical component during the design and building phase, or during the initialization phase. The most significant existing attack vectors for enterprise DLs is the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which is fundamental in securing the Internet and enterprise DLs and is a core component of authentication, data confidentiality, and data and system integrity [1] [2]. Effectively implementing and managing a quantum-resistant PKI solution requires adherence to PKI standards, industry requirements, potential government mandates, certificate management policies, training personnel, and data recovery policies that currently do not exist. This research discusses security risks in enterprise DL PKI, areas that can be compromised, and provides an idea of what should be in a PKI DL Risk Management Framework plan.
{"title":"The Need for Cyber Resilient Enterprise Distributed Ledger Risk Management Framework","authors":"Robert Campbell","doi":"10.31585/jbba-3-1-(5)2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-3-1-(5)2020","url":null,"abstract":"Critical infrastructure sectors are increasingly adopting enterprise Distributed Ledgers (DL) to host long-term assets, systems, and information that is considered vital to an organization’s ability to operate without clear or public plans and strategies to migrate safely and timely to Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC). A quantum computer (QC) compromised DL would allow, eavesdropping, unauthorized client authentication, signed malware, cloak-in encrypted session, a man-in-the-middle attack (MITM), forged documents and emails. These attacks can lead to disruption of service, damage of reputation and trust, injury to human life, and the loss of intellectual property, assets, regulated data, and global economic security. In 2018, Gartner revealed that a QC is a digital disruption that organizations may not be ready and prepared, and CIOs may not see coming. On September 18, 2019, IBM announced the largest universal QC available for commercial use would be available in October 2019. On October 23, 2019, Google officially announced “Quantum Supremacy,” “by performing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a classical supercomputer approximately 10,000 years.” DL Cyber Resilience requires “reasonable” measures, policies, procedures, strategies, and risk management before large-scale deployment. Cyber Resilience implementations must be a critical component during the design and building phase, or during the initialization phase. The most significant existing attack vectors for enterprise DLs is the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which is fundamental in securing the Internet and enterprise DLs and is a core component of authentication, data confidentiality, and data and system integrity [1] [2]. Effectively implementing and managing a quantum-resistant PKI solution requires adherence to PKI standards, industry requirements, potential government mandates, certificate management policies, training personnel, and data recovery policies that currently do not exist. This research discusses security risks in enterprise DL PKI, areas that can be compromised, and provides an idea of what should be in a PKI DL Risk Management Framework plan.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80505008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-04DOI: 10.31585/jbba-3-1-(1)2020
Florian Knauer, Andreas Mann
From a consumers’ perspective, Blockchain Technology (BCT) holds the potential to decrease transaction costs, improve privacy and redesign social interactions, which potentially leads to enhanced consumer power in transactional relationships. Nevertheless, only a few consumers use Blockchain-based applications consciously. By combining earlier research about BCT acceptance with different conceptualisations in the technology acceptance field (i.e. the Technology Acceptance Model and Rogers’ Diffusion Theory), a Blockchain-specific model to explain the usage intention has been developed and validated by conducting an online survey among 157 German consumers. While most of them have recognised the technology’s existence and confirmed its general relevance, many consumers do not know how to access and profit from BCT. Integrating the results of a Structural Equation Model and Pairwise Comparisons between typical attributes of Blockchain-based applications, specific beliefs about BCT usage are found to have a remarkable impact on consumers’ acceptance. Based on the results, strategies to promote the acceptance of BCT among consumers are discussed from a marketer’s, developer’s and researcher’s point of view.
{"title":"What is in It for Me? Identifying Drivers of Blockchain Acceptance among German Consumers","authors":"Florian Knauer, Andreas Mann","doi":"10.31585/jbba-3-1-(1)2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-3-1-(1)2020","url":null,"abstract":"From a consumers’ perspective, Blockchain Technology (BCT) holds the potential to decrease transaction costs, improve privacy and redesign social interactions, which potentially leads to enhanced consumer power in transactional relationships. Nevertheless, only a few consumers use Blockchain-based applications consciously. By combining earlier research about BCT acceptance with different conceptualisations in the technology acceptance field (i.e. the Technology Acceptance Model and Rogers’ Diffusion Theory), a Blockchain-specific model to explain the usage intention has been developed and validated by conducting an online survey among 157 German consumers. While most of them have recognised the technology’s existence and confirmed its general relevance, many consumers do not know how to access and profit from BCT. Integrating the results of a Structural Equation Model and Pairwise Comparisons between typical attributes of Blockchain-based applications, specific beliefs about BCT usage are found to have a remarkable impact on consumers’ acceptance. Based on the results, strategies to promote the acceptance of BCT among consumers are discussed from a marketer’s, developer’s and researcher’s point of view.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81526343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.31585/jbba-2-2-(9)2019
S. Kampakis
Art is an important part of our culture, and economy. The global art market reached $67 billion in 2018 . While some individuals might purchase art solely for their own enjoyment, for others it can be a status symbol or an investment. However, the world of art is not without its problems. Two of the most important challenges are are fraud, and ownership of digital assets. However, blockchain is promising to solve both of these issues soon. Blockchain for Art is here to stay. While there are still some barriers to the widespread adoption of Blockchain for Art, there is no denying of the fact there is a significant potential of Blockchain for the advancement of Art.
{"title":"Is Blockchain Part of the Future of Art?","authors":"S. Kampakis","doi":"10.31585/jbba-2-2-(9)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(9)2019","url":null,"abstract":"Art is an important part of our culture, and economy. The global art market reached $67 billion in 2018 . While some individuals might purchase art solely for their own enjoyment, for others it can be a status symbol or an investment. However, the world of art is not without its problems. Two of the most important challenges are are fraud, and ownership of digital assets. However, blockchain is promising to solve both of these issues soon.\u0000Blockchain for Art is here to stay. While there are still some barriers to the widespread adoption of Blockchain for Art, there is no denying of the fact there is a significant potential of Blockchain for the advancement of Art.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90529449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.31585/jbba-2-2-(editorial)2019
M. Pilkington
{"title":"Editorial, 4th Issue of the JBBA - October 2019","authors":"M. Pilkington","doi":"10.31585/jbba-2-2-(editorial)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(editorial)2019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86585752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.31585/jbba-2-2-(full)2019
N. Naqvi
{"title":"Full Text PDF of The JBBA, Volume 2 Issue 2, October 2019","authors":"N. Naqvi","doi":"10.31585/jbba-2-2-(full)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(full)2019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73105643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-05DOI: 10.31585/jbba-2-2-(7)2019
Simon J. Herko
For our cities of tomorrow, it is essential that transport is organised in an efficient, resilient and equitable way; enabling economic growth, social cohesion and minimising environmental impact, including Climate Change. In cities across the world, new flexible, sharing economy services are blurring the lines between private and public transportation. However, these new transport modes are creating a “digital divide” and lack the integration and co-ordination between other services. This is needed to create seamless and sustainable travel options for people, including those belonging to vulnerable groups. This exploratory paper examines the potential for Blockchain to play a pivotal role in addressing increasing congestion and pollution in growing cities of developing countries. It draws on preliminary research into the role of Automatic Fare Collection systems and related mobility market dynamics and trends in the cities of Cape Town, South Africa and Dehli, India. A case is made for a global and universal blockchain infrastructure, for the sharing of data on movement and assets, designed with low income economies and vulnerable groups in mind. It would enable: • users access to different modes of transport in an equitable and hassle-free way, • assurance to transport operators on surety of payment, • cities with integrated solutions for tackling congestion and targeting subsidies. In wealthier countries Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a new business model that integrates public and private services together. Its level of adoption could be limited without a supporting blockchain infrastructure. By creating viable new digital infrastructure for Low Income Country Cities (LICCs), who have less incumbent legacy systems, there is potential to establish a decentralised blockchain network across these territories. There would also be scope for this network to be scaled further into wealthier countries, through a secondary wave of adoption by Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS).
{"title":"A Blockchain Infrastructure for Transportation in Low Income Country Cities, and Beyond","authors":"Simon J. Herko","doi":"10.31585/jbba-2-2-(7)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(7)2019","url":null,"abstract":"For our cities of tomorrow, it is essential that transport is organised in an efficient, resilient and equitable way; enabling economic growth, social cohesion and minimising environmental impact, including Climate Change. \u0000\u0000In cities across the world, new flexible, sharing economy services are blurring the lines between private and public transportation. However, these new transport modes are creating a “digital divide” and lack the integration and co-ordination between other services. This is needed to create seamless and sustainable travel options for people, including those belonging to vulnerable groups.\u0000\u0000This exploratory paper examines the potential for Blockchain to play a pivotal role in addressing increasing congestion and pollution in growing cities of developing countries. It draws on preliminary research into the role of Automatic Fare Collection systems and related mobility market dynamics and trends in the cities of Cape Town, South Africa and Dehli, India. \u0000\u0000A case is made for a global and universal blockchain infrastructure, for the sharing of data on movement and assets, designed with low income economies and vulnerable groups in mind. It would enable:\u0000• users access to different modes of transport in an equitable and hassle-free way,\u0000• assurance to transport operators on surety of payment,\u0000• cities with integrated solutions for tackling congestion and targeting subsidies. \u0000\u0000In wealthier countries Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a new business model that integrates public and private services together. Its level of adoption could be limited without a supporting blockchain infrastructure.\u0000\u0000By creating viable new digital infrastructure for Low Income Country Cities (LICCs), who have less incumbent legacy systems, there is potential to establish a decentralised blockchain network across these territories. There would also be scope for this network to be scaled further into wealthier countries, through a secondary wave of adoption by Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS).","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84574033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-16DOI: 10.31585/jbba-2-2-(8)2019
M. Fenwick, E. Vermeulen
Advocates of blockchain believe that distributed ledger technologies can provide us with a technological infrastructure to challenge the concentrated power of tech giants such as Amazon, Facebook and Google, and create a more equitable, sustainable and decentralized world. This paper considers these claims and concludes that they are preferable to defending the status quo or arguing that a solution might be found in more and better regulations. Nevertheless, the future remains highly uncertain and we are currently living in a rapidly evolving “space” between two competing realities: a centralized old-world reality and a fast-emerging, but, as yet, incomplete, decentralized reality. We remain optimistic that decentralization is coming but identify powerful competing forces seeking to preserve the status quo. As such, we must encourage more organizations – business, government, investors, charities – to experiment with distributed ledger technologies and to participate actively in the digital transformation. We need more experimentation to address the current shortcomings of decentralisation and to ensure the early arrival of mainstream applications of a technology that has the potential to solve some of the most pressing global challenges of a digital age.
{"title":"Decentralisation is Coming: The Future of Blockchain","authors":"M. Fenwick, E. Vermeulen","doi":"10.31585/jbba-2-2-(8)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/jbba-2-2-(8)2019","url":null,"abstract":"Advocates of blockchain believe that distributed ledger technologies can provide us with a technological infrastructure to challenge the concentrated power of tech giants such as Amazon, Facebook and Google, and create a more equitable, sustainable and decentralized world. This paper considers these claims and concludes that they are preferable to defending the status quo or arguing that a solution might be found in more and better regulations. Nevertheless, the future remains highly uncertain and we are currently living in a rapidly evolving “space” between two competing realities: a centralized old-world reality and a fast-emerging, but, as yet, incomplete, decentralized reality. We remain optimistic that decentralization is coming but identify powerful competing forces seeking to preserve the status quo. As such, we must encourage more organizations – business, government, investors, charities – to experiment with distributed ledger technologies and to participate actively in the digital transformation. We need more experimentation to address the current shortcomings of decentralisation and to ensure the early arrival of mainstream applications of a technology that has the potential to solve some of the most pressing global challenges of a digital age.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72772203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-12DOI: 10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(6)2019
S. Dyson
Cryptocurrency investigations have centered almost entirely around the transfer of value “money” or a cryptocurrency asset. The use of cryptocurrency for illicit purposes, especially Bitcoin, is well documented both in academic writing, media reporting and even film documentaries. The infamous SilkRoad market place in addition to the millions of dollars spent within dark markets on drugs, guns and assassinations have grabbed the headlines. This paper looks at how blockchain is creating new areas of investigation that are yet to be explored in detail. This scenario-based research examines the hosting of stolen data (P.I.I) personal identifiable information on a distributed blockchain host where the data is also accessible. The platform used is based on Ethereum infrastructure but demonstrates just one available platform that poses the paradigm. The paper examines the considerations through the lens of an incident responder /cyber investigator, forensics examiner and data controller. The scenario highlights distinct differences in considerations from a traditional response compared to dealing with the immutable and unstoppable distributed technology. The paper concludes that more is needed to be done to understand digital forensics in the blockchain era and the need to develop beyond track and trace in the cryptocurrency investigative tool box. The discussion also brings forth how data retention and GDPR requires consideration when applying it blockchain systems.
{"title":"Blockchain Investigations - Beyond the 'Money'","authors":"S. Dyson","doi":"10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(6)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(6)2019","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptocurrency investigations have centered almost entirely around the transfer of value “money” or a cryptocurrency asset. The use of cryptocurrency for illicit purposes, especially Bitcoin, is well documented both in academic writing, media reporting and even film documentaries. The infamous SilkRoad market place in addition to the millions of dollars spent within dark markets on drugs, guns and assassinations have grabbed the headlines. \u0000\u0000This paper looks at how blockchain is creating new areas of investigation that are yet to be explored in detail. This scenario-based research examines the hosting of stolen data (P.I.I) personal identifiable information on a distributed blockchain host where the data is also accessible. The platform used is based on Ethereum infrastructure but demonstrates just one available platform that poses the paradigm. The paper examines the considerations through the lens of an incident responder /cyber investigator, forensics examiner and data controller. The scenario highlights distinct differences in considerations from a traditional response compared to dealing with the immutable and unstoppable distributed technology. \u0000\u0000The paper concludes that more is needed to be done to understand digital forensics in the blockchain era and the need to develop beyond track and trace in the cryptocurrency investigative tool box. The discussion also brings forth how data retention and GDPR requires consideration when applying it blockchain systems.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78216477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-09DOI: 10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(5)2019
Caroline Lim, Yu Wang, Jing Ren, Swee-Won Lo
The unique combination of social and economic factors has brought about a dynamic and rapidly-evolving blockchain ecosystem in Asia. This paper systematically reviewed the development of four fast-growing blockchain hubs in Asia, namely China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea using secondary data sources. These countries are fast-growing based on the development of its digital, technological and regulatory infrastructure, patent applications, cryptocurrency trading volume and Initial Crypto-token Offerings (ICOs) activities. The review included insights into the different regulatory approaches, the blockchain startup scenes, selected enterprise or government-backed projects, as well as the research and educational landscape. Our findings suggested that the regulators, industry players, and academic institutions were purposeful and deliberate in nurturing blockchain technology innovation. Future development would be dependent on the regulatory, technological, as well as talent capability support unique to each blockchain hub.
{"title":"A Review of fast-growing Blockchain Hubs in Asia","authors":"Caroline Lim, Yu Wang, Jing Ren, Swee-Won Lo","doi":"10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(5)2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31585/JBBA-2-2-(5)2019","url":null,"abstract":"The unique combination of social and economic factors has brought about a dynamic and rapidly-evolving blockchain ecosystem in Asia. This paper systematically reviewed the development of four fast-growing blockchain hubs in Asia, namely China, Japan, Singapore and South Korea using secondary data sources. These countries are fast-growing based on the development of its digital, technological and regulatory infrastructure, patent applications, cryptocurrency trading volume and Initial Crypto-token Offerings (ICOs) activities. The review included insights into the different regulatory approaches, the blockchain startup scenes, selected enterprise or government-backed projects, as well as the research and educational landscape. Our findings suggested that the regulators, industry players, and academic institutions were purposeful and deliberate in nurturing blockchain technology innovation. Future development would be dependent on the regulatory, technological, as well as talent capability support unique to each blockchain hub.","PeriodicalId":33145,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of The British Blockchain Association","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72537397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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