International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer最新文献_第9页

Rocket propellant flame propagation with different initial fuel temperatures in oxygen-enriched environment: Experimental analysis and heat transfer modeling 富氧环境下不同初始燃料温度下火箭推进剂火焰传播：实验分析与传热模型

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110588

Wenbin Yao , Zehua Yang , Shouxiang Lu , MingJun Xu

This work aims to investigate the effect of oxygen concentration on the flame spread behavior of rocket kerosene in an oxygen-enriched environment, with a specific focus on high oxygen levels. The flame spread characteristics of rocket kerosene under oxygen concentrations ranging from 21% (air) to 100% (pure oxygen) were systematically studied via experimental and theoretical methods. The influences of oxygen concentration (especially high concentrations) on flame spread phenomena and flame spread rate were analyzed, and the characteristic initial fuel temperatures corresponding to transitions between different flame spread stages were identified. Results indicate that for all tested oxygen concentrations, the flame spread rate increases with rising initial fuel temperature. The flame spread process exhibits distinct stage divisions dependent on oxygen concentration: three stages (liquid-phase control stage, gas-liquid two-phase coupled control stage, and gas-phase control stage) under 21%–60% O₂; and only two stages under 80%–100% O₂ (the liquid-phase control stage is absent at high oxygen concentrations). Based on the characteristic initial fuel temperatures of each stage and theoretical analysis of gas-phase, liquid-phase, and gas-liquid two-phase coupled control mechanisms, a global model for the flame spread rate of rocket kerosene was proposed. This model incorporates the combined effects of initial fuel temperature and oxygen concentration, with experimental data showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. This work provides a fundamental dataset and a reliable model, which can support safety assessments (e.g., personnel safe escape analysis) and offer theoretical guidance for emergency management in scenarios involving rocket kerosene combustion.

本工作旨在研究氧气浓度对富氧环境中火箭煤油火焰传播行为的影响，并特别关注高氧水平。通过实验和理论方法系统研究了火箭煤油在21%（空气）~ 100%（纯氧）氧气浓度下的火焰蔓延特性。分析了氧浓度（特别是高浓度）对火焰蔓延现象和火焰蔓延速度的影响，确定了不同火焰蔓延阶段过渡所对应的特征初始燃料温度。结果表明，对于所有测试的氧气浓度，火焰蔓延速度随着初始燃料温度的升高而增加。根据氧浓度的不同，火焰的传播过程表现出明显的阶段划分：在21% ~ 60% O2条件下，火焰的传播过程分为液相控制阶段、气液两相耦合控制阶段和气相控制阶段；在80% ~ 100% O2条件下只有两个阶段（高氧条件下没有液相控制阶段）。基于各阶段燃料初始温度特征和气相、液相和气液两相耦合控制机理的理论分析，提出了火箭煤油火焰蔓延速率的全局模型。该模型考虑了初始燃料温度和氧浓度的综合影响，实验数据与理论预测吻合良好。本工作提供了基础数据集和可靠模型，可支持安全评估（如人员安全逃生分析），并为涉及火箭煤油燃烧场景的应急管理提供理论指导。

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引用次数: 0

Transient performance and mass transfer of vanadium redox flow batteries under cyclic charge-discharge 循环充放电条件下钒氧化还原液流电池的瞬态性能与传质特性

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110552

Tien-Fu Yang , Cheng-Yuan Hsieh , Li-Tao Teng , Wei-Mon Yan , Saman Rashidi

Energy storage is very important in today's world, despite the energy transition from reliance on fossil-based sources of energy to renewable energy sources. Due to its high safety, long lifespan, and scalability, VRFB technology has emerged as a key solution for large-scale energy storage applications.

This study employs three-dimensional transient numerical simulations to investigate the cyclic charge-discharge performance and mass transfer of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) under different operating conditions. A serpentine flow field design was selected for numerical simulation, and various performance metrics including ion concentration distribution, charge-discharge duration, SOC variation, pressure drop, battery capacity, capacity retention, and efficiency were analyzed. After 20 charge-discharge cycles, the results indicate that a lower current density prolongs the charge-discharge duration, while a higher electrolyte flow rate slightly extends this duration as well. The trends in SOC and vanadium ion concentration suggest that the electrolyte on the positive electrode side plays a direct role in determining the available capacity and cycle life of the battery. Under conditions of high current density and high electrolyte flow rate, the cross-membrane migration of vanadium ions in the positive electrolyte is effectively reduced. Operating at a high current density leads to greater capacity retention but results in lower charge-discharge capacity and reduced energy efficiency. In contrast, a higher electrolyte flow rate improves capacity retention, charge-discharge capacity, and energy efficiency simultaneously. In practical applications, if the priority is to extend battery lifespan and mitigate capacity degradation, a higher current density is preferable. However, if energy efficiency and minimized energy losses are the primary concerns, a lower current density is more suitable. Increasing the electrolyte flow rate optimizes overall battery performance, but a trade-off must be made with pumping energy consumption to ensure optimal system-wide energy efficiency.

尽管能源正从依赖化石能源向可再生能源过渡，但能源储存在当今世界非常重要。由于其高安全性、长寿命和可扩展性，VRFB技术已成为大规模储能应用的关键解决方案。采用三维瞬态数值模拟研究了钒氧化还原液流电池在不同工况下的循环充放电性能和传质特性。选择蛇形流场设计进行数值模拟，分析了离子浓度分布、充放电时间、荷电状态变化、压降、电池容量、容量保持率和效率等性能指标。在20次充放电循环后，结果表明，较低的电流密度延长了充放电时间，而较高的电解质流速也略微延长了充放电时间。电池荷电状态和钒离子浓度的变化趋势表明，正极侧的电解质对电池的可用容量和循环寿命起着直接的决定作用。在高电流密度和高电解质流速条件下，有效地减少了正电解质中钒离子的跨膜迁移。在高电流密度下运行会导致更大的容量保留，但会导致更低的充放电容量和降低的能源效率。相反，较高的电解质流速可以同时提高容量保持能力、充放电能力和能源效率。在实际应用中，如果优先考虑延长电池寿命和减轻容量退化，则更可取的是更高的电流密度。然而，如果能源效率和最小化的能量损失是主要考虑，较低的电流密度是更合适的。提高电解质流速可以优化电池的整体性能，但必须权衡泵送能耗，以确保最佳的全系统能源效率。

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引用次数: 0

Aerothermal anisotropy in tetrahedral lattice porous media due to UAM pitch angle changes for battery cooling 电池冷却过程中UAM俯仰角变化对四面体晶格多孔介质气动热各向异性的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110595

Young Woo Son , Se-Myong Chang , Jonghoon Kim

Effective thermal management is crucial for maintaining the optimal performance and stability of lithium-ion batteries, which serve as the primary energy source for urban air mobility (UAM) systems. Lattice porous media (LPM) are used for this purpose. The LPM consists of sandwich panels with a highly porous, periodically arranged lattice-truss core. This ultralight structure offers multiple functions, including structural load-bearing strength and active cooling. Given that these LPM are often geometrically anisotropic, it is essential to analyze the anisotropic characteristics of the aerodynamics and heat transfer resulting from pitch angle variations during UAM forward flight. The objective of this study is to numerically characterize the aerothermal anisotropy of a typical LPM with a tetrahedral unit cell in response to pitch angle changes during forward flight in UAM. Both the pressure drop and endwall heat transfer are found to remain largely invariant in the first quarter period (α = 15°), followed by a steep drop to a minimum at α = 30°. Although the LPM is geometrically anisotropic throughout the half period, it behaves like an aerothermally isotropic medium in the initial quarter period (0° ≤ α ≤ 15°) and highly anisotropic in the second quarter period (15° < α ≤ 30°). This phenomenon is attributed to changes in form drag and flow curvature. The results of this study enable the achievement of consistent heat dissipation while minimizing variability by leveraging isotropic aerothermal performance for a stable passive battery cooling design in UAM, independent of orientation.

锂离子电池作为城市空中交通（UAM）系统的主要能源，有效的热管理对于保持锂离子电池的最佳性能和稳定性至关重要。点阵多孔介质（LPM）用于此目的。LPM由夹层板组成，夹层板具有高多孔性，周期性排列的网格桁架核心。这种超轻结构提供多种功能，包括结构承重强度和主动冷却。考虑到这些LPM通常具有几何各向异性，因此有必要分析UAM前飞过程中俯仰角变化引起的空气动力学和传热的各向异性特征。本研究的目的是数值表征典型的四面体单元格LPM在UAM前飞过程中俯仰角变化的气动热各向异性。压降和端壁传热在第一季度（α = 15°）基本保持不变，随后在α = 30°时急剧下降至最小值。虽然LPM在半周期内具有几何各向异性，但在前四分之一周期（0°≤α≤15°）表现为气热各向同性介质，在第二季度周期（15°< α≤30°）表现为高度各向异性。这种现象归因于形式阻力和流动曲率的变化。本研究的结果能够实现一致的散热，同时通过利用各向同性气动热性能，在UAM中实现稳定的无源电池冷却设计，从而最大限度地减少变化，而不受方向的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the effect of structural parameters on two-stage air compressors performance using exergy analysis 用火用分析方法研究结构参数对两级空压机性能的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110569

Xiuxiu Sun, Qi Meng, Maoshuang Hu, Qian Zhang, Teng Ma

Optimizing structural parameters is essential for improving the performance of two-stage air compressors in fuel cell systems. In this study, a CFD model was established and experimentally verified. The exergy analysis method was introduced to provide a thermodynamic perspective on energy quality changes. Results show that increasing the number of blades enhances efficiency and exergy. Specifically, exergy in the low-pressure stage improved by 70.77%, while that in the high-pressure stage increased by 66.46%. This improvement is primarily attributed to systematic enhancements in the flow field and the reduction in exergy losses caused by irreversible factors such as turbulent dissipation, viscous effects, wall friction, and temperature gradients. Increasing the tip clearance in the high-pressure stage induces local flow separation and mixing at the tip region, intensifying turbulence and viscous dissipation, which leads to a decrease in exergy. Adjusting the blade outlet installation angle optimizes flow guidance but has negligible impact on exergy. The findings provide a novel, energy quality-based theoretical framework for structural optimization of fuel cell two-stage air compressors.

优化结构参数是提高燃料电池系统中两级空压机性能的关键。本研究建立了CFD模型并进行了实验验证。介绍了用能分析方法，从热力学角度分析了电能质量的变化。结果表明，增加叶片数量可以提高效率和火用性。其中低压阶段的火用提高了70.77%，高压阶段的火用提高了66.46%。这种改进主要归功于流场的系统增强，以及由湍流耗散、粘性效应、壁面摩擦和温度梯度等不可逆因素引起的火用损失的减少。高压阶段增大叶尖间隙会引起叶尖区域局部流动分离和混合，加剧湍流和粘滞耗散，导致火用降低。调整叶片出口安装角度可以优化导流，但对火用的影响可以忽略不计。研究结果为燃料电池两级空气压缩机的结构优化提供了一种新颖的、基于能量质量的理论框架。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative study of Levenberg–Marquardt and Bayesian regularization neural networks for two-phase dusty fluid flow over a Riga curved sheet Levenberg-Marquardt神经网络与Bayesian正则化神经网络在Riga曲面上两相含尘流体流动的比较研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110596

Salma Aslam , Saima Zainab , Kiran Batool , Wasim Jamshed , Neissrien Alhubieshi , Assmaa Abd-Elmonem

The magnetohydrodynamic phenomena has applications in nuclear reactor cooling procedures, magnetic drug targeting, electromagnetic casting and plasma confinement. Dust particles change the properties of heat transport and create drag, making the model more realistic in comparison to real-world engineering systems. This study examines the unique features of dusty fluid flow over a Riga curved sheet. Boundary conditions are utilized to reduce superfluous modeling elements, and by include pertinent similarity variables, governing equations are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to aid in numerical interpretation. The bvp4c method is employed to generate numerical results. Numerical results derived from the solution of the governing ODEs are used in the artificial neural network based on the backpropagated Levenberg-Marquardt scheme (BLMS–ANN) framework for training, validation, and testing to predict the flow behavior under various physical conditions. The rapid and accurate response capabilities of artificial intelligence have led to its widespread adoption across various academic disciplines. In order to solve thermal optimization in advanced cooling applications, the study creates a framework that models magnetohydrodynamic dusty nanofluid flow across a curved Riga surface using Levenberg-Marquardt and Bayesian Regularization neural networks. The goals of the book, which center on algorithm comparison, physical insight capture, and effective workflow building, are entirely consistent with the abstract. The updated abstract confirms accurate prediction of important flow events and highlights BR's 99.8% accuracy and generalization, LM's 85% faster screening, and an 85% reduction in computational cost. One of the study's primary conclusions is that the total flow velocity reduces with the suspension of spherical dust particles. Furthermore, as the curvature factor increases, the dust-phase velocity decreases while the fluid-phase velocity increases.

磁流体力学现象在核反应堆冷却程序、磁性药物靶向、电磁铸造和等离子体约束等方面都有应用。灰尘颗粒会改变热传递的特性并产生阻力，这使得该模型与现实世界的工程系统相比更加真实。这项研究考察了尘土流体在里加曲面上流动的独特特征。利用边界条件来减少多余的建模元素，并通过包含相关的相似变量，将控制方程转换为常微分方程（ode）以帮助数值解释。采用bvp4c方法生成数值结果。基于反向传播Levenberg-Marquardt格式（BLMS-ANN）框架的人工神经网络用于训练、验证和测试，以预测各种物理条件下的流动行为。人工智能的快速和准确的响应能力使其在各个学科中得到广泛采用。为了解决高级冷却应用中的热优化问题，该研究创建了一个框架，使用Levenberg-Marquardt和Bayesian正则化神经网络模拟磁流体动力学尘埃纳米流体在弯曲的里加表面上的流动。本书的目标集中在算法比较、物理洞察捕获和有效的工作流构建上，与抽象完全一致。更新后的摘要证实了重要流程事件的准确预测，并强调了BR的准确率和泛化率达到99.8%，LM的筛选速度提高了85%，计算成本降低了85%。该研究的主要结论之一是，随着球形尘埃颗粒的悬浮，总流速降低。随着曲率系数的增大，粉尘相速度减小，流体相速度增大。

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引用次数: 0

PINN-based numerical modeling of MHD flows in porous media over linear stretching boundaries 基于pup的线性拉伸边界上多孔介质中MHD流动数值模拟

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110592

Ahmed Jan , Muhammad Imran Khan , Umer Farooq , Farida Aslam , Rubina Adnan

Physics-informed neural network (PINN) is an excellent means to solve fluid dynamic and heat transfer equations (Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). They incorporate conservation laws directly into the loss function, where automatic differentiation ensures the solutions remain physically consistent even without a detailed computational mesh. The Adam optimizer is applied to compute an approximate solution with an accuracy of 10 to an accuracy of

10^{- 3}

with a learning rate of

0.001 - 0.0001

. It is concerned with the flow of viscous incompressible fluid in the presence of mixed convection over a vertical stretching sheet. Thermal transport modeling considers the effects of viscous dissipation and Ohmic heating in conducting fluids caused by Lorentz forces. The governing flow equations are nonlinear, coupled partial differential equations that are reduced to dimensionless PDEs using non-similarity transformations. PINN is used to solve dimensionless equations of interest. Mean-absolute errors between the resulting velocity and temperature profiles is similar to benchmark results with the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Graphical parametric analyses show that the velocity profile improves with increasing mixed convection parameter. In a low-conductivity regime, Joule heating is dominant, whereas viscous dissipation is the most important in a high-conductivity regime. Thermal performance improves with the addition of thermal radiation and nanoparticles to the system. Numerical values of the

L_{2}

error are provided to ensure the accuracy and validity of the developed scheme. These findings are relevant to engineering applications such as thermal regulation in polymer extrusion, MHD-enhanced cooling for microelectronics and photovoltaic panels, heat dissipation in fusion reactor blankets, and vehicle radiators. Mixed convection and dissipation effects critically impact efficiency and material longevity in these systems.

物理信息神经网络（PINN）是求解流体动力学和传热方程（偏微分方程（PDEs））的一种很好的方法。他们将守恒定律直接纳入损失函数，其中自动微分确保即使没有详细的计算网格，解决方案也保持物理一致性。Adam优化器用于计算精度为10到10−3的近似解，学习率为0.001−0.0001。它涉及粘性不可压缩流体在垂直拉伸板上存在混合对流时的流动。热输运模型考虑了由洛伦兹力引起的粘性耗散和欧姆加热对导电流体的影响。控制流方程是非线性的，耦合的偏微分方程，通过非相似变换被简化为无量纲偏微分方程。PINN用于求解感兴趣的无量纲方程。所得速度和温度曲线之间的平均绝对误差与MATLAB中的bvp4c求解器的基准结果相似。图形参数分析表明，随着混合对流参数的增大，速度剖面有所改善。在低电导率状态下，焦耳加热是主要的，而在高电导率状态下，粘性耗散是最重要的。在系统中加入热辐射和纳米颗粒后，热性能得到改善。为了保证所设计方案的准确性和有效性，给出了thel2误差的数值。这些发现与工程应用相关，如聚合物挤出中的热调节，微电子和光伏板的mhd增强冷却，聚变反应堆毯子和车辆散热器的散热。混合对流和耗散效应严重影响这些系统的效率和材料寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Modelling of condensation heat transfer inside horizontal smooth tubes: A machine learning based predictive approach 水平光滑管内冷凝传热建模：基于机器学习的预测方法

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110556

Nakul Neupane, Sudharshan Saranathan, Sandeep Koundinya, Satyanarayanan Seshadri

Predicting the condensation heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) accurately is critical to the design of efficient heat-exchangers and Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Currently, the most dominant approach is to use the so-called empirical correlations. These are, however, limited in their ability to generalize across refrigerant-types, geometries, and flow-conditions, sometimes leading to over-designed or inefficient systems. In this paper, we develop a universal Machine-Learning (ML)-based predictive model to estimate the condensation HTC in smooth horizontal tubes. Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Support Vector Regressor (SVR) were trained on an extensive database of nearly 11000 experimental HTC-measurements collected from literature, encompassing a wide range of parameters and flow conditions — mass flux from 24 to 1100

kgm

⁻²

s

⁻¹, vapour quality from 0.01 to 0.99, saturation temperature from −31.08 to 83°C, and inner tube-diameter from 0.49 to 20 mm. Upon testing, the XGBoost model outperformed conventional correlation-based HTC-predictions, yielding a significantly lesser mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 8.4% and an

R

² value of 0.95. These results highlight the potential of ML-approaches to deliver high-accuracy HTC predictions without reliance on complex, physics-based models.

准确预测冷凝换热系数对高效换热器和暖通空调系统的设计至关重要。目前，最主要的方法是使用所谓的经验相关性。然而，这些方法在概括制冷剂类型、几何形状和流动条件方面的能力有限，有时会导致系统设计过度或效率低下。在本文中，我们开发了一个通用的基于机器学习（ML）的预测模型来估计光滑水平管中的冷凝HTC。极端梯度增强（XGBoost）、随机森林（RF）、人工神经网络（ANN）和支持向量回归器（SVR）在一个广泛的数据库上进行训练，该数据库收集了近11000个实验htc测量数据，包括广泛的参数和流动条件-质量通量从24到1100 kgm−2s−1，蒸汽质量从0.01到0.99，饱和温度从- 31.08到83°C，内管直径从0.49到20 mm。经过测试，XGBoost模型优于传统的基于相关性的htc预测，其平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）显著低于8.4%，R2值为0.95。这些结果突出了机器学习方法在不依赖复杂的基于物理的模型的情况下提供高精度HTC预测的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Study of the flow and cooling performance for a high-load rotor blade tip with converging slot holes 带会聚槽孔的高负荷转子叶顶流动与冷却性能研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110609

Kun Du , Jiaxin Li , Ding Luo , Cunliang Liu

The cavity tip is considered an efficient and reliable geometric design for blade tips, capable of reducing leakage loss and thermal load on heavy-duty gas turbine blades. After verifying the accuracy of the numerical method, this study focuses on several key aspects. Firstly, the cooling characteristics of the mid-arc nine-converging slot hole configuration under different blowing ratios are investigated. Then, based on the flow characteristics in the blade tip region, five schemes with varying converging slot hole outlet angles are proposed, and the cooling performance of each structure is analyzed. Finally, the most effective variable-angle converging slot hole configuration is combined with the optimal hole layout to achieve the best possible cooling performance in the blade tip area. The results show that, compared with cylindrical holes, converging slot holes can significantly improve the film formation capability and expand the area of high cooling effectiveness under the same blowing ratio (BR). When the angle is set to 45°, the cooling effectiveness increases by 13.54% compared to the 0° angle. Compared to the conventional mid-arc nine-hole cylindrical hole configuration, the improved layout (Case X) at BR = 1.0 increases by 34.78%.

空腔叶尖被认为是一种高效可靠的叶尖几何设计，能够减少重型燃气轮机叶片的泄漏损失和热负荷。在验证了数值方法的准确性之后，本研究重点研究了几个关键方面。首先，研究了不同吹气比下中弧九收敛槽孔结构的冷却特性。然后，根据叶尖区域的流动特性，提出了五种不同收敛槽孔出口角的结构方案，并对每种结构的冷却性能进行了分析。最后，将最有效的变角收敛槽孔配置与最优孔布局相结合，在叶尖区域实现最佳冷却性能。结果表明：在相同吹气比下，与圆柱孔相比，会聚槽孔能显著提高成膜能力，扩大高冷却效率区域；当角度设置为45°时，冷却效率比0°时提高13.54%。在BR = 1.0时，改进后的布局（Case X）比传统的中弧九孔圆柱孔结构提高了34.78%。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of rotational radius and asymmetric heating on flow and heat transfer in the rotating disc-cone cavity 旋转半径和非对称加热对旋转盘锥腔内流动和换热的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110593

Shuiting Ding, Yu Zhao, Tian Qiu, Chuankai Liu, Peng Liu

In the compressor rotor of an aero-engine, a drive cone is typically used to connect the disc and the shaft, forming a disc-cone cavity. In such a cavity, the upstream and downstream discs have different rotational radii; additionally, the inclined cone wall introduces an asymmetric heating effect, making the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms more complex. Validated Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was employed for numerical simulation of two disc-cone cavities with different cone angles. For each configuration, simulations were conducted under five different rotational Reynolds numbers over a range of engine representative conditions.

The influence of different radii was first investigated. The results demonstrate that the rotational speed corresponding to the peak heat transfer rate in the disc cavity is radius-dependent. Further analysis of disc-cone cavities reveals that at low rotational speeds, heat transfer is dominated by radial heating-driven convection, which is attenuated in large-cone-angle cavities due to their smaller radial temperature gradient component. Conversely, at high rotational speeds, large-cone-angle cavities exhibit enhanced heat transfer. This enhancement is attributed to two mechanisms: the inclined cone surface promotes axial heating-driven convection in the high-radius region, while the smaller rotational radius of the upstream disc intensifies convection in the low-radius region.

在航空发动机的压气机转子中，通常使用驱动锥来连接盘和轴，形成盘-锥腔。在该空腔中，上下游盘具有不同的旋转半径；此外，斜锥壁引入了不对称加热效应，使传热和流体流动机制更加复杂。采用经过验证的大涡模拟（LES）对两种不同锥角的盘锥腔进行了数值模拟。对于每种配置，在一系列发动机代表性条件下，在五种不同的旋转雷诺数下进行了模拟。首先研究了不同半径的影响。研究结果表明，圆盘腔内峰值换热速率对应的转速是半径相关的。进一步分析表明，在低转速下，传热主要由径向加热驱动对流主导，而在大锥角腔中，由于径向温度梯度分量较小，传热减弱。相反，在高转速下，大锥角腔表现出增强的传热。这种增强可归因于两种机制：倾斜的圆锥表面促进了高半径区域的轴向加热驱动对流，而上游圆盘较小的旋转半径则增强了低半径区域的对流。

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引用次数: 0

A review of heat removal technologies across heat flux frontiers: From high to ultra high level 热通量前沿的除热技术综述：从高到超高

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.110516

Jie Zhao , Yanjun Dai , Wenquan Tao , Yungang Wang

With the ongoing miniaturization of electronic devices, the integration level of their internal components has increased dramatically, creating an urgent need for matching heat removal technologies to achieve efficient heat dissipation and ensure stable operation under high heat fluxes. While research on heat removal for heat fluxes up to 500

W \cdot {cm}^{- 2}

is quite common, there is a growing demand for solutions capable of handling even higher fluxes. This paper defines 500

W \cdot {cm}^{- 2}

and 1000

W \cdot {cm}^{- 2}

as the boundaries for medium-to-high and high-to-ultra-high heat fluxes, respectively. It reviews the latest cutting-edge heat removal technologies capable of dissipating high and ultra-high heat fluxes, such as microchannel cooling, spray cooling, immersion cooling, heat pipes, jet impingement, vapor chambers, and thin film boiling. The paper categorizes relevant research within these high-flux ranges, highlighting the highest critical heat flux (CHF) values achieved and the methodologies used. In addition, a thermal equilateral triangle composed of CHF, wall temperature, and heat transfer coefficient is proposed to visually compare the advantages and disadvantages for six ultra-high heat flux technologies. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the four most promising technologies is made and a roadmap for future development directions is proposed. This framework positions the cooling of electronic devices as the objective, advanced heat removal technologies as the enabling means, thermal enhancement factors as the driving mechanism, and artificial intelligence as the supporting tool, thereby offering a systematic reference for extending the performance boundaries of thermal management systems.

随着电子器件的不断小型化，其内部元件的集成化水平急剧提高，迫切需要匹配的散热技术来实现高效散热，并确保在高热流下稳定运行。虽然对高达500 W·cm−2的热流通量的散热研究相当普遍，但对能够处理更高热流通量的解决方案的需求不断增长。本文将500 W⋅cm−2和1000 W⋅cm−2分别定义为中至高和高至超高热流的边界。它回顾了能够消散高和超高热通量的最新尖端散热技术，如微通道冷却，喷雾冷却，浸入冷却，热管，射流撞击，蒸汽室和薄膜沸腾。本文对这些高通量范围内的相关研究进行了分类，重点介绍了达到的最高临界热通量（CHF）值和使用的方法。此外，提出了一个由CHF、壁面温度和换热系数组成的等边热三角形，直观地比较了六种超高热流密度技术的优缺点。最后，对四种最具发展潜力的技术进行了综合分析，并对未来的发展方向提出了路线图。该框架以电子器件的冷却为目标，以先进的散热技术为使能手段，以热增强因子为驱动机制，以人工智能为支撑工具，为扩展热管理系统的性能边界提供系统参考。

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引用次数: 0