Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).625
O. Shevchuk, Yu.V. Siekunova
The purpose of the research paper is coverage of the process of deployment of the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee’s humanitarian mission in Hungary, determination of its scope and addressees, evaluation of aid results. The scientific novelty is lies in the fact that for the first time the JDC’s humanitarian mission is shown in the Hungarian territories – during the First World War, as part of Austria-Hungary, after – as an independent State. The JDC’s role in helping both Hungarian Jews and refugees from the territories who suffered from hostilities is shown. The volumes of assistance, its forms and the main addressers of its receipt are disclosed. Conclusions. In spite of insurmountable difficulties during World War I and in the post-War years that followed it; in spite of the lack of unity and of many internal differences; in spite of negative attitudes from various governments – in spite of all these obstacles, American Jewry was able not only to deliver general organized relief to the starving European Jews (including Hungarian Jews), but also to assist in the organization of the machinery for the transmission of private relief. Indeed, on November 13, 1919, Dr. Bogen wrote in his report: “The most essential factor in this rehabilitation is the establishment of the necessary means to transmit the relief so generously proffered by American Jewry, the organization of the transmission system”. JDC for the first time had brought together in the common task of mercy American Jews of all shades of opinion. The experience of these years had developed an organization and had recruited dedicated personnel. A small but adaptable staff of diverse background and experience brought together a corps of experts ready to take on additional assignments. A network of affiliated Jewish organizations was prepared to assume responsibility for reconstruction, but was also available in the event of unexpected crisis. Aids for the Jews of Hungary was, though small, but very tangible. Local Jews, as well as refugees from neighboring territories (especially Galicia) received much-needed support. Participation in the program of the European Children’s Fund saved tens of thousands of children and their families from death. At the same time, this program had its continuation in the future. All this created the basis for the transition to the stage of reconstruction, which, if possible, we will highlight in further studies.
{"title":"The Humanitarian Mission by Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in Hungary (1914-1921)","authors":"O. Shevchuk, Yu.V. Siekunova","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).625","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research paper is coverage of the process of deployment of the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee’s humanitarian mission in Hungary, determination of its scope and addressees, evaluation of aid results. The scientific novelty is lies in the fact that for the first time the JDC’s humanitarian mission is shown in the Hungarian territories – during the First World War, as part of Austria-Hungary, after – as an independent State. The JDC’s role in helping both Hungarian Jews and refugees from the territories who suffered from hostilities is shown. The volumes of assistance, its forms and the main addressers of its receipt are disclosed. Conclusions. In spite of insurmountable difficulties during World War I and in the post-War years that followed it; in spite of the lack of unity and of many internal differences; in spite of negative attitudes from various governments – in spite of all these obstacles, American Jewry was able not only to deliver general organized relief to the starving European Jews (including Hungarian Jews), but also to assist in the organization of the machinery for the transmission of private relief. Indeed, on November 13, 1919, Dr. Bogen wrote in his report: “The most essential factor in this rehabilitation is the establishment of the necessary means to transmit the relief so generously proffered by American Jewry, the organization of the transmission system”. JDC for the first time had brought together in the common task of mercy American Jews of all shades of opinion. The experience of these years had developed an organization and had recruited dedicated personnel. A small but adaptable staff of diverse background and experience brought together a corps of experts ready to take on additional assignments. A network of affiliated Jewish organizations was prepared to assume responsibility for reconstruction, but was also available in the event of unexpected crisis. Aids for the Jews of Hungary was, though small, but very tangible. Local Jews, as well as refugees from neighboring territories (especially Galicia) received much-needed support. Participation in the program of the European Children’s Fund saved tens of thousands of children and their families from death. At the same time, this program had its continuation in the future. All this created the basis for the transition to the stage of reconstruction, which, if possible, we will highlight in further studies.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45664794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).622
Marek Hałaburda
The purpose of the paper is presentation of selected issues concerning the organisational structure, institutions, and clergy of the Uniate Eparchy of Chełm. Scientific novelty. The basis of the presented study is the information contained in the schematism intended for the year 1863. The print is entitled ‘List of the clergy of the Chełm Eparchy of the Greek Catholic Rite for the year 1863’. It was published in Warsaw in 1864. Eleven years later (1875), the eparchy ceased to exist as a result of decisions made by Tsar Alexander II and the Holy Ruling Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. Conclusions. The eparchy, and its clergy, have already produced several important publications. Monographs and articles by scholars associated with the university centres of Lublin (the Catholic University of Lublin and Maria Curie-Skłodowska University) are good examples. Witold Kołbuk, Janusz Kania, Andrzej Gil, Jan Lewandowski and Artur Korbowicz should be mentioned here above all. Some of the above-mentioned authors used, to a greater or lesser extent, the list of the clergy of 1863 (schematism), when compiling their works. Nevertheless, the document has not received a separate study. Because of the cognitive value of the document, it has been decided to introduce it into scientific circulation in the form of this study. Information obtained from the 1863 schema has been supplemented or verified on the basis of archival documents produced by the Greek-Catholic Consistory of Chełm, stored in the State Archive in Lublin. The whole is supplemented by Polish and, to a lesser extent, Ukrainian and Russian studies. This publication presents the condition of the Uniate Eparchy of Chełm in 1863. As a result of the conducted analyses, it seemed that at the beginning of the 1860s the eparchy remained in good shape and position. There were several important elements to this picture. First, almost all consistory offices were staffed. Secondly, diocesan institutions carried out the tasks entrusted to them. Finally, thirdly, the authorities, despite the lack of clergy, managed to provide pastoral care to the faithful in all existing parishes. The reality, however, was less optimistic. The legal situation of the eparchy at that time gradually deteriorated. Practically, the fate of the eparchy was sealed after the January Uprising. In the post-uprising period, the tsarist authorities introduced a number of changes that disrupted the historically shaped order. As a result, the Uniate bishopric with its capital in Chełm was liquidated after almost 280 years of functioning.
本文的目的是介绍有关组织结构，机构和神职人员的联合宗教界Chełm选定的问题。科学的新奇。本研究报告的基础是为1863年拟定的图表所载的资料。这幅版画的标题是“1863年希腊天主教礼仪Chełm教区神职人员名单”。它于1864年在华沙出版。11年后(1875年)，由于沙皇亚历山大二世和俄罗斯东正教的神圣统治会议的决定，教区不复存在。结论。大主教及其神职人员已经出版了几本重要的出版物。与卢布林各大学中心(卢布林天主教大学和玛丽亚Curie-Skłodowska大学)有关的学者的专著和文章就是很好的例子。Witold Kołbuk, Janusz Kania, Andrzej Gil, Jan Lewandowski和Artur Korbowicz在这里应该首先提到。上面提到的一些作者在编写他们的作品时，或多或少地使用了1863年的神职人员名单(schematism)。然而，该文件尚未得到单独的研究。由于该文献的认知价值，决定以本研究的形式将其引入科学流通。根据保存在卢布林国家档案馆的Chełm希腊天主教会议编制的档案文件，对从1863年图式中获得的资料进行了补充或核实。整体由波兰和乌克兰和俄罗斯的研究补充，在较小程度上。本出版物介绍了1863年Chełm联合教区的情况。根据所进行的分析，在19世纪60年代初，教区似乎保持着良好的形态和地位。这幅图景有几个重要的因素。首先，几乎所有教会办公室都配备了工作人员。第二，教区机构执行交托给它们的任务。最后，第三，尽管缺乏神职人员，当局仍设法为所有现有教区的信徒提供教牧关怀。然而，现实却不那么乐观。当时的教区法律状况逐渐恶化。实际上，在一月起义之后，教区的命运就已经注定了。在起义后的时期，沙皇当局引入了一些改变，破坏了历史上形成的秩序。结果，在运作了近280年之后，其首都Chełm的联合主教区被清算了。
{"title":"Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chełm in 1863: Structure, Institutions and Clergy","authors":"Marek Hałaburda","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).622","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is presentation of selected issues concerning the organisational structure, institutions, and clergy of the Uniate Eparchy of Chełm. \u0000Scientific novelty. The basis of the presented study is the information contained in the schematism intended for the year 1863. The print is entitled ‘List of the clergy of the Chełm Eparchy of the Greek Catholic Rite for the year 1863’. It was published in Warsaw in 1864. Eleven years later (1875), the eparchy ceased to exist as a result of decisions made by Tsar Alexander II and the Holy Ruling Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. \u0000Conclusions. The eparchy, and its clergy, have already produced several important publications. Monographs and articles by scholars associated with the university centres of Lublin (the Catholic University of Lublin and Maria Curie-Skłodowska University) are good examples. Witold Kołbuk, Janusz Kania, Andrzej Gil, Jan Lewandowski and Artur Korbowicz should be mentioned here above all. Some of the above-mentioned authors used, to a greater or lesser extent, the list of the clergy of 1863 (schematism), when compiling their works. Nevertheless, the document has not received a separate study. Because of the cognitive value of the document, it has been decided to introduce it into scientific circulation in the form of this study. Information obtained from the 1863 schema has been supplemented or verified on the basis of archival documents produced by the Greek-Catholic Consistory of Chełm, stored in the State Archive in Lublin. The whole is supplemented by Polish and, to a lesser extent, Ukrainian and Russian studies. \u0000This publication presents the condition of the Uniate Eparchy of Chełm in 1863. As a result of the conducted analyses, it seemed that at the beginning of the 1860s the eparchy remained in good shape and position. There were several important elements to this picture. First, almost all consistory offices were staffed. Secondly, diocesan institutions carried out the tasks entrusted to them. Finally, thirdly, the authorities, despite the lack of clergy, managed to provide pastoral care to the faithful in all existing parishes. \u0000The reality, however, was less optimistic. The legal situation of the eparchy at that time gradually deteriorated. Practically, the fate of the eparchy was sealed after the January Uprising. In the post-uprising period, the tsarist authorities introduced a number of changes that disrupted the historically shaped order. As a result, the Uniate bishopric with its capital in Chełm was liquidated after almost 280 years of functioning.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48834455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).623
N. Kotelnytskyi
The purpose of the research paper is to clarify the basic components of the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal party of Chernihiv province (hubernia), which was an integral and organic part of the ethno-confessional program of that trend of the liberation movement in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that for the first time in historical science, an attempt is made to study the fundamental principles of the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal party of Chernihiv province as a basis for the ethno-confessional program of the opposition aristocratic fronde. Conclusions. The analysis of historical sources allows us to state the fact that the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal fronde of Chernihiv province was an organic and integral part of the ethno-confessional programmatic of the opposition movement in the region. Relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the zemstvo liberal party of the region in the second half of the 19th century underwent a certain evolution: from aspirations of partnership and practical attempts of cooperation to social competition, and later opposition to each other. The demarcation line of the mentioned metamorphoses was the revolutionary change in the domestic political course of the Russian Empire – from the era of modernizations of Alexander II to the era of political reaction of Alexander III. In our opinion, the failure of broad interaction of the church with the system of elected institutions of local self-government and, in particular, the zemstvo opposition of Chernihiv province, was one of the reasons for the systemic crisis of Russian absolutism at the end of the 19th century.
{"title":"The Clerical Policy of the Zemstvo Liberal Fronde of Chernihiv Province (1860-80s)","authors":"N. Kotelnytskyi","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).623","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research paper is to clarify the basic components of the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal party of Chernihiv province (hubernia), which was an integral and organic part of the ethno-confessional program of that trend of the liberation movement in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that for the first time in historical science, an attempt is made to study the fundamental principles of the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal party of Chernihiv province as a basis for the ethno-confessional program of the opposition aristocratic fronde. Conclusions. The analysis of historical sources allows us to state the fact that the clerical policy of the zemstvo liberal fronde of Chernihiv province was an organic and integral part of the ethno-confessional programmatic of the opposition movement in the region. Relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the zemstvo liberal party of the region in the second half of the 19th century underwent a certain evolution: from aspirations of partnership and practical attempts of cooperation to social competition, and later opposition to each other. The demarcation line of the mentioned metamorphoses was the revolutionary change in the domestic political course of the Russian Empire – from the era of modernizations of Alexander II to the era of political reaction of Alexander III. In our opinion, the failure of broad interaction of the church with the system of elected institutions of local self-government and, in particular, the zemstvo opposition of Chernihiv province, was one of the reasons for the systemic crisis of Russian absolutism at the end of the 19th century.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43907442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).635
V. Telvak, Wiktor Werner
The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevskyi from 2004 to 2022 based on statistical data from the Google search engine. The scientific novelty of the study consists in clarifying the peculiarities of M. Hrushevskyi’s reception in cyberspace, manifested in the frequency of searching for information about him using the popular Google search engine, as well as Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia. Conclusions. At the end of our research, we conclude that M. Hrushevskyi appears to be a well-known and important figure to Ukrainian users, but on the contrary, does not generate much interest amongst Internet users from other countries. As we can see from the acquired results, search queries concerning M. Hrushevskyi are mainly dominated by scientific and didactic topics. Therefore, a certain working hypothesis can be derived in that the discourse dealing with M. Hrushevskyi is not noticeably politicized, as might be expected given his dizzying career during the revolutionary years. Instead, the discourse relates more to education, cultural heritage research, memory and history. The obtained data will be useful primarily to sociologists working on establishing the attitude change dynamics of Ukrainians towards our most famous historical figures.
{"title":"Interest in Historical Figures on the World Wide Web as a Marker of Historical Consciousness in Contemporary Ukraine","authors":"V. Telvak, Wiktor Werner","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).635","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article – to determine the specifics and intensity of interest in M. Hrushevskyi from 2004 to 2022 based on statistical data from the Google search engine. \u0000The scientific novelty of the study consists in clarifying the peculiarities of M. Hrushevskyi’s reception in cyberspace, manifested in the frequency of searching for information about him using the popular Google search engine, as well as Wikipedia, the largest online encyclopedia. \u0000Conclusions. At the end of our research, we conclude that M. Hrushevskyi appears to be a well-known and important figure to Ukrainian users, but on the contrary, does not generate much interest amongst Internet users from other countries. As we can see from the acquired results, search queries concerning M. Hrushevskyi are mainly dominated by scientific and didactic topics. Therefore, a certain working hypothesis can be derived in that the discourse dealing with M. Hrushevskyi is not noticeably politicized, as might be expected given his dizzying career during the revolutionary years. Instead, the discourse relates more to education, cultural heritage research, memory and history. The obtained data will be useful primarily to sociologists working on establishing the attitude change dynamics of Ukrainians towards our most famous historical figures.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44860912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).627
Tamaz Putkaradze, K. Putkaradze
The purpose of the article to present the problem of women in the prism of the Soviet atheistic policy in Ajara in 1920s. Soviet religious policy from the very beginning was characterized by heterogeneity, bias, and one-sidedness, with communism and atheism considered as the mainstays of ideology. The Bolsheviks seemed to preach the inviolability of the religious feelings of the believers, but in fact fought with fire and sword against any manifestation of religiosity. The Soviet government encouraged controversy among believers. A clear confirmation of this was the so-called ‘The chador taking’ campaign, which has been met with serious controversy in the region. Examining the problems related to the wearing of the chador, presenting the issue of women in the context of anti-religious policies is the main task of our research. The scientific novelty of the research is the discussion of the factors that collectively led to the 1929 mass protests in mountainous Adjara (Georgia). At the same time, a number of unpublished archival documents, which are kept in the Adjara State Archive, enter the scientific circulation. The factual materials presented in the article and the analysis of the documents kept in the Adjara Archives Division clearly show the Soviet policy of neglecting and insulting the religious feelings of believers, which led to the 1929 large-scale anti-Soviet protests in mountainous Adjara. The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the determining factors of the mass demonstrations of 1929 were identified, in particular: the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government, which included the implementation of various measures by the government, in particular: The formation of the League of Militant Atheists and other anti-religious bodies, the mass destruction of religious institutions, theatrics against religion, the introduction of various awards to reward activists who fight against religion, the creation of women’s committees and ‘Muslim women’s sections’ to separate women from the religion. Added to this was the rudeness and arbitrariness of the party officials in all spheres of public and social life, the imposition of various restrictions on religious services and other factors, the combination of which led to the mass uprising of 1929. The results of the research proved once again that despite the various methods used to intimidate the believers, the government was powerless to suppress the religious feelings of the people.
{"title":"The Issue of Women in Adjara in the Prism of Soviet Antireligious Policy (1920s)","authors":"Tamaz Putkaradze, K. Putkaradze","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).627","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article to present the problem of women in the prism of the Soviet atheistic policy in Ajara in 1920s. Soviet religious policy from the very beginning was characterized by heterogeneity, bias, and one-sidedness, with communism and atheism considered as the mainstays of ideology. The Bolsheviks seemed to preach the inviolability of the religious feelings of the believers, but in fact fought with fire and sword against any manifestation of religiosity. The Soviet government encouraged controversy among believers. A clear confirmation of this was the so-called ‘The chador taking’ campaign, which has been met with serious controversy in the region. Examining the problems related to the wearing of the chador, presenting the issue of women in the context of anti-religious policies is the main task of our research. \u0000The scientific novelty of the research is the discussion of the factors that collectively led to the 1929 mass protests in mountainous Adjara (Georgia). At the same time, a number of unpublished archival documents, which are kept in the Adjara State Archive, enter the scientific circulation. The factual materials presented in the article and the analysis of the documents kept in the Adjara Archives Division clearly show the Soviet policy of neglecting and insulting the religious feelings of believers, which led to the 1929 large-scale anti-Soviet protests in mountainous Adjara. \u0000The methodological basis of the research is the universal scientific principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and systematics, historical-comparative and historical-typological methods. \u0000Conclusions. As a result of the research, the determining factors of the mass demonstrations of 1929 were identified, in particular: the anti-religious policy of the Soviet government, which included the implementation of various measures by the government, in particular: The formation of the League of Militant Atheists and other anti-religious bodies, the mass destruction of religious institutions, theatrics against religion, the introduction of various awards to reward activists who fight against religion, the creation of women’s committees and ‘Muslim women’s sections’ to separate women from the religion. Added to this was the rudeness and arbitrariness of the party officials in all spheres of public and social life, the imposition of various restrictions on religious services and other factors, the combination of which led to the mass uprising of 1929. The results of the research proved once again that despite the various methods used to intimidate the believers, the government was powerless to suppress the religious feelings of the people.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47624025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628
Liudmyla Vovchuk
The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics. The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown. Conclusions. With the creation of Soviet Ukraine, Odesa continued to remain a strategically important city for both European and Asian countries, which, having restored diplomatic and consular relations with the USSR, opened their consulates here. During the 1920s and 1930s, the repatriation missions of Poland, Albania, and Turkey operated in the city first (during 1922-1925), and later the consular offices of three European countries – Germany, Italy, Spain, and two Asian countries – Turkey and Japan. The foreign consular institutions’ diplomatic staff consisted exclusively of representatives of the countries they represented and were career diplomats. In turn, among the representatives of the administrative and technical staff were citizens of these countries and Soviet Ukraine, and the service staff consisted with local residents. Since its establishment, foreign consular representatives have contributed to the development of trade, economic, cultural and scientific relations of their countries with the UkrSSR. Important spheres of consulates’ activity were protection of the citizens’ interests of their countries, organization of material assistance for them and promotion of their departure to their homeland. In the process of gathering information about the socio-political situation in the USSR, the consuls recorded the unfolding of the Holodomor, pointing out its culprits, noted the negative consequences of collectivization and industrialization, etc. But, despite the constantly emphasized friendship in relations between the USSR and the countries listed above, their consulates and employees found themselves under the Soviet special services close supervision, which considered any consulates representatives’ actions as espionage. In order to be fully effective, the special services recruited representatives from both consulate employees and persons who were in contact with the consul. And after the consulates were closed, they began the process of “cleaning” them. In 1937-1938, the USSR’s relations with Italy, Germany, Turkey, Japan, and Spain became strained, which led to the closure of the consular network in Odesa.
{"title":"Foreign Consulates in Odesa (1920s – 1930s)","authors":"Liudmyla Vovchuk","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics. \u0000The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown. \u0000Conclusions. With the creation of Soviet Ukraine, Odesa continued to remain a strategically important city for both European and Asian countries, which, having restored diplomatic and consular relations with the USSR, opened their consulates here. During the 1920s and 1930s, the repatriation missions of Poland, Albania, and Turkey operated in the city first (during 1922-1925), and later the consular offices of three European countries – Germany, Italy, Spain, and two Asian countries – Turkey and Japan. The foreign consular institutions’ diplomatic staff consisted exclusively of representatives of the countries they represented and were career diplomats. In turn, among the representatives of the administrative and technical staff were citizens of these countries and Soviet Ukraine, and the service staff consisted with local residents. \u0000Since its establishment, foreign consular representatives have contributed to the development of trade, economic, cultural and scientific relations of their countries with the UkrSSR. Important spheres of consulates’ activity were protection of the citizens’ interests of their countries, organization of material assistance for them and promotion of their departure to their homeland. In the process of gathering information about the socio-political situation in the USSR, the consuls recorded the unfolding of the Holodomor, pointing out its culprits, noted the negative consequences of collectivization and industrialization, etc. \u0000But, despite the constantly emphasized friendship in relations between the USSR and the countries listed above, their consulates and employees found themselves under the Soviet special services close supervision, which considered any consulates representatives’ actions as espionage. In order to be fully effective, the special services recruited representatives from both consulate employees and persons who were in contact with the consul. And after the consulates were closed, they began the process of “cleaning” them. In 1937-1938, the USSR’s relations with Italy, Germany, Turkey, Japan, and Spain became strained, which led to the closure of the consular network in Odesa.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44329866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).630
V. Ilnytskyi, Yaroslav Antoniuk
The purpose of the article is to reveal the origin, development and activity of the branches of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists under the leadership of Andriy Melnyk (hereinafter – OUN(m)) in the territory of Transnistria (1941-1944). The scientific novelty: it has been proven that the initiative to build this network belonged to the Kyiv regional branch of the OUN(m). It was found that in terms of the number of members and the intensity of work, the «Melnykivtsi» regional leadership was significantly inferior to the «Banderivtsi» regional leadership, and it mainly operated in Odesa and its suburbs (separate branches were created in Odesa, western Mykolaiv Oblast, and southern Vinnytsia), had about ten active members, who had their own influence groups. It was established that the main areas of work were the distribution of propaganda literature and the attraction of new members. In foreign policy, the «Melnykivtsi» of Transnistria focused on an alliance with the Germans and wanted the unification of all Ukrainian lands. Conclusions. To sum up, the first OUN(m) members arrived in Transnistria in September 1941. However, they did not form their own network and partially joined the OUN(b). Fedir Krykun («Morskyi»), who arrived from Kyiv, was the first to start organizational work in the early 1942. In his activities he relied on the procurement cooperative. The Odesa regional branch of the OUN(m), created by «Morskyi», included about ten people. They were mostly from the Ukrainian intelligentsia of Odesa and several among them were Soviet agents. In the summer of 1942, the OUN(m) members of Transnistria managed to establish permanent communication with the National leadership in Bucharest. From the leadership they periodically received propaganda literature and funds. Gradually, the OUN(m) developed its own network in Odesa, as well as in many regions of Transnistria. Most of its members had no idea that they belonged to that branch of the once unified OUN organization. In terms of the number of members and the scale of its activity, it was significantly inferior to the OUN(b). Despite competition between the two branches of the OUN in Transnistria, there was never any open confrontation. The «Melnykivtsi» focused on cooperation with the Germans, and the «Banderivtsi» focused first on their own forces and later on an alliance with the Romanians. There were repeated occasions when the OUN(m) members switched to the competitors side. Before the return of the Soviet government a part of «Melnykivtsi» of Transnistria moved to Romania. The rest of them were arrested by the NKVS-NKDB agencies, given long prison terms or the death penalty.
{"title":"OUN(m) Underground Activities on Transnistria Governorate Territory (1941-1944)","authors":"V. Ilnytskyi, Yaroslav Antoniuk","doi":"10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).630","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to reveal the origin, development and activity of the branches of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists under the leadership of Andriy Melnyk (hereinafter – OUN(m)) in the territory of Transnistria (1941-1944). \u0000The scientific novelty: it has been proven that the initiative to build this network belonged to the Kyiv regional branch of the OUN(m). It was found that in terms of the number of members and the intensity of work, the «Melnykivtsi» regional leadership was significantly inferior to the «Banderivtsi» regional leadership, and it mainly operated in Odesa and its suburbs (separate branches were created in Odesa, western Mykolaiv Oblast, and southern Vinnytsia), had about ten active members, who had their own influence groups. It was established that the main areas of work were the distribution of propaganda literature and the attraction of new members. In foreign policy, the «Melnykivtsi» of Transnistria focused on an alliance with the Germans and wanted the unification of all Ukrainian lands. \u0000Conclusions. To sum up, the first OUN(m) members arrived in Transnistria in September 1941. However, they did not form their own network and partially joined the OUN(b). Fedir Krykun («Morskyi»), who arrived from Kyiv, was the first to start organizational work in the early 1942. In his activities he relied on the procurement cooperative. \u0000The Odesa regional branch of the OUN(m), created by «Morskyi», included about ten people. They were mostly from the Ukrainian intelligentsia of Odesa and several among them were Soviet agents. In the summer of 1942, the OUN(m) members of Transnistria managed to establish permanent communication with the National leadership in Bucharest. From the leadership they periodically received propaganda literature and funds. Gradually, the OUN(m) developed its own network in Odesa, as well as in many regions of Transnistria. Most of its members had no idea that they belonged to that branch of the once unified OUN organization. In terms of the number of members and the scale of its activity, it was significantly inferior to the OUN(b). \u0000Despite competition between the two branches of the OUN in Transnistria, there was never any open confrontation. The «Melnykivtsi» focused on cooperation with the Germans, and the «Banderivtsi» focused first on their own forces and later on an alliance with the Romanians. There were repeated occasions when the OUN(m) members switched to the competitors side. Before the return of the Soviet government a part of «Melnykivtsi» of Transnistria moved to Romania. The rest of them were arrested by the NKVS-NKDB agencies, given long prison terms or the death penalty.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49383853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).617
R. Mykhalchuk
The purpose of the study is to uncover the resistance of Volyn Jews during the Holocaust at the local level, in particular the uprising in Mizoch (Mizocz) ghetto in October 1942 and the struggle of Jews after its suppression. The author finds out the background, course, and consequences of the uprising in the ghetto, rescue and survival strategies, and the further fate of the Jews who later struggled in various partisan units, and joined the ranks of the Red Army, etc. The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that, for the first time in the historiography of the Holocaust, the resistance of Mizoch Jews to the Nazis during the uprising in the local ghetto, and the implementation of their individual and collective resistance as the members of various units and groups are studied. New, previously unpublished sources are introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The resistance of Volyn Jews to Nazism during the Holocaust at the local level is analyzed in the research paper. The uprising in Mizoch ghetto had the following stages: the creation of an underground in the ghetto, preparation for the uprising – getting cold weapons (they couldn’t have got any firearms), beginning of the action during the liquidation of the ghetto, setting fire to the houses, fighting with the ghetto guards, and the escaping of some Jews to the ‘Aryan side.’ Among the participants of the uprising were the representatives of the Judenrat. During the fire, some Jews died in the flames committing suicide in order not to give themselves up to the occupiers. In this context, setting fire to ghetto houses should be considered as a set of actions for the carrying out of the uprising. After the liquidation of the ghetto, the active forms of Mizoch Jews resistance included both individual struggle (attacking the occupiers, harming their lives and health) and fighting in organized groups (participation in Soviet partisan units, Ukrainian underground, Polish self-defense, Czech groups, and detachments of the Soviet Army). Jews took revenge for the death of the representatives of their nation and their relatives not only to the German occupiers, but also to civilians who participated in the slaughtering of the Jews. Thus, the Jews were not submissive victims of the Nazis but actively resisted from the first to the last days of the occupation on an individual and group level. The uniqueness of the Jewish resistance consisted in the absence of a single political center for the Jewish partisans to get orders from, and its specificity was in the exceptional cruelty of the Nazi regime against the Jews in comparison with other occupied peoples.
{"title":"«I Wanted to Avenge the Spilled Innocent Jewish Blood»: Resistance of Mizoch Jews during the Holocaust","authors":"R. Mykhalchuk","doi":"10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).617","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to uncover the resistance of Volyn Jews during the Holocaust at the local level, in particular the uprising in Mizoch (Mizocz) ghetto in October 1942 and the struggle of Jews after its suppression. The author finds out the background, course, and consequences of the uprising in the ghetto, rescue and survival strategies, and the further fate of the Jews who later struggled in various partisan units, and joined the ranks of the Red Army, etc. \u0000The scientific novelty of the study is in the fact that, for the first time in the historiography of the Holocaust, the resistance of Mizoch Jews to the Nazis during the uprising in the local ghetto, and the implementation of their individual and collective resistance as the members of various units and groups are studied. New, previously unpublished sources are introduced into scientific circulation. \u0000Conclusions. The resistance of Volyn Jews to Nazism during the Holocaust at the local level is analyzed in the research paper. The uprising in Mizoch ghetto had the following stages: the creation of an underground in the ghetto, preparation for the uprising – getting cold weapons (they couldn’t have got any firearms), beginning of the action during the liquidation of the ghetto, setting fire to the houses, fighting with the ghetto guards, and the escaping of some Jews to the ‘Aryan side.’ Among the participants of the uprising were the representatives of the Judenrat. During the fire, some Jews died in the flames committing suicide in order not to give themselves up to the occupiers. In this context, setting fire to ghetto houses should be considered as a set of actions for the carrying out of the uprising. \u0000After the liquidation of the ghetto, the active forms of Mizoch Jews resistance included both individual struggle (attacking the occupiers, harming their lives and health) and fighting in organized groups (participation in Soviet partisan units, Ukrainian underground, Polish self-defense, Czech groups, and detachments of the Soviet Army). Jews took revenge for the death of the representatives of their nation and their relatives not only to the German occupiers, but also to civilians who participated in the slaughtering of the Jews. \u0000Thus, the Jews were not submissive victims of the Nazis but actively resisted from the first to the last days of the occupation on an individual and group level. The uniqueness of the Jewish resistance consisted in the absence of a single political center for the Jewish partisans to get orders from, and its specificity was in the exceptional cruelty of the Nazi regime against the Jews in comparison with other occupied peoples.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49009386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).614
A. Kyrydon, Svitlana Kosiak
The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the set of circumstances and factors that caused the transformation of the peasantry traditional religiosity and to emphasize the interdependence of the processes in the event-contextual and mental-conscious spheres/dimensions. Scientific novelty: Despite the rather thorough scientific analysis of the issue, the dominance of the positivist approach is observed in historiography; therefore, the conceptualization of the problem makes it possible to understand the non-fragmentary factual multiplicity of certain plots, which evinced in one way or another the transformations of religiosity in the social and cultural space of the 1920s – 1930s, but it allows to clarify and generalize the reasons, nature, dynamics, and essential characteristics of the processes related to the transformation of religiosity under the new social and cultural conditions of the communist-atheist power. Conclusions. There is a certain dependency between the architectonics of human existence and the worldview benchmarks of a certain era. Therefore, not only anti-religious and anti-church propaganda (as a means of ideological influence), but also the socio-economic and political development of society (industrialization, collectivization, cultural revolution, renewal of everyday life, etc.) destroyed the former stable world of customs and rituals. Therefore, it is obviously worth talking not about the transformation of religiosity, but about complex transformations. The nature of the religiosity transformational processes depended on many factors. In the context of the eroding of old church doctrines, the revision of fixed moral and ethical norms, the onset of atheism, in the eyes of Christians, the stable world was degrading, losing sanctified traditions and moral standards. Religious integrity and the durability of religious culture were lost. In search of compensation for the emerging worldview uncertainty, anxiety, dissatisfaction, etc., the individual looked for new benchmarks, values, ideals, and ways of organizing life in society through the transformation of stable forms and ways of life. In the confrontation of two worldview cultural models, society, having undergone complex transformations, slowly adapted to the conditions established by the communist regime and its worldview instructions.
{"title":"Transformation of the Traditional Religiosity of the Ukrainian Peasantry (1920s – 1930s): Conceptualization of Research Problem","authors":"A. Kyrydon, Svitlana Kosiak","doi":"10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).614","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the set of circumstances and factors that caused the transformation of the peasantry traditional religiosity and to emphasize the interdependence of the processes in the event-contextual and mental-conscious spheres/dimensions. \u0000Scientific novelty: Despite the rather thorough scientific analysis of the issue, the dominance of the positivist approach is observed in historiography; therefore, the conceptualization of the problem makes it possible to understand the non-fragmentary factual multiplicity of certain plots, which evinced in one way or another the transformations of religiosity in the social and cultural space of the 1920s – 1930s, but it allows to clarify and generalize the reasons, nature, dynamics, and essential characteristics of the processes related to the transformation of religiosity under the new social and cultural conditions of the communist-atheist power. \u0000Conclusions. There is a certain dependency between the architectonics of human existence and the worldview benchmarks of a certain era. Therefore, not only anti-religious and anti-church propaganda (as a means of ideological influence), but also the socio-economic and political development of society (industrialization, collectivization, cultural revolution, renewal of everyday life, etc.) destroyed the former stable world of customs and rituals. Therefore, it is obviously worth talking not about the transformation of religiosity, but about complex transformations. \u0000The nature of the religiosity transformational processes depended on many factors. In the context of the eroding of old church doctrines, the revision of fixed moral and ethical norms, the onset of atheism, in the eyes of Christians, the stable world was degrading, losing sanctified traditions and moral standards. Religious integrity and the durability of religious culture were lost. In search of compensation for the emerging worldview uncertainty, anxiety, dissatisfaction, etc., the individual looked for new benchmarks, values, ideals, and ways of organizing life in society through the transformation of stable forms and ways of life. In the confrontation of two worldview cultural models, society, having undergone complex transformations, slowly adapted to the conditions established by the communist regime and its worldview instructions.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42227651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).615
T. Savchuk, Olexandr Ihnatusha
Мета дослідження – визначити зміст і зміни стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в радянській Україні в умовах суспільних трансформацій 1920–30-х рр. Методологія дослідження включає поєднання макро- та мікроісторичних підходів для реконструкції повсякдення єврейського духовенства. Застосовано біографічний метод для показу життєвих траєкторій окремих представників юдейського духовенства та з’ясування впливу суспільно-політичних подій на формування їх соціальної поведінки. Наукова новизна полягає в історичній реконструкції стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в Україні протягом 1920-30-х рр. Показано залежність зміни цих стратегій від форм і способів тиску державно-політичної влади та сили етноконфесійних традицій у середовищі єврейської спільноти. Висновки. На формування стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в Україні протягом 1920-30-х рр. впливало посилення й урізноманітнення суспільно-політичних викликів, що були результатом зміцнення тоталітарної системи. Особливо відчутними в середовищі юдейського духовенства були зміни соціальної та національної політики у формі голодоморів, пониження соціальних стандартів, посилення антирелігійного тиску, політичних репресій. У 1920-х рр. умови суспільно-політичного життя були ще відносно сприятливими для малочисельного єврейського духовенства. Затребуваність релігійних послуг, авторитет рабинів і канторів у громадах були факторами підтримки соціального становища служителів. Основними стратегіями виживання юдейського духовенства визначено: слідування етнокультурним традиціям всупереч наростаючому політичному тиску, пошук додаткових господарських занять, отримання допомоги від громади та родини. Культ родини в єврейському соціумі обумовлював тісні взаємозв’язки її членів, що мінімізувало психологічний та економічний тиск атеїзованого суспільства. Форсування політичного наступу влади на єврейську спільноту на межі 1920-30-х рр. формувало нові стратегії фізичного самозбереження. Юдейське духовенство вимушено відмовлялося від релігійної діяльності, інтенсивно шукало допомоги за кордоном, однак державне адміністрування та репресії комуністичної влади, руйнація нею етноконфесійної інфраструктури стали чинниками обмеження зв’язку євреїв України із закордоном, а відтак – і обсягів їх зовнішньої економічної підтримки. Одним із основних шляхів виходу юдейського духовенства з політичного безправ’я стала еміграція, на яку наважувалися, передусім, члени родин юдейського духовенства. У 1930-х рр. влада заблокувала цей гуманітарний коридор, формуючи тоталітарне суспільство в котлі сталінської модернізації.
{"title":"Стратегії виживання єврейського духовенства в радянській Україні в 1920–1930-х роках","authors":"T. Savchuk, Olexandr Ihnatusha","doi":"10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2022.4(40).615","url":null,"abstract":"Мета дослідження – визначити зміст і зміни стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в радянській Україні в умовах суспільних трансформацій 1920–30-х рр. \u0000Методологія дослідження включає поєднання макро- та мікроісторичних підходів для реконструкції повсякдення єврейського духовенства. Застосовано біографічний метод для показу життєвих траєкторій окремих представників юдейського духовенства та з’ясування впливу суспільно-політичних подій на формування їх соціальної поведінки. \u0000Наукова новизна полягає в історичній реконструкції стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в Україні протягом 1920-30-х рр. Показано залежність зміни цих стратегій від форм і способів тиску державно-політичної влади та сили етноконфесійних традицій у середовищі єврейської спільноти. \u0000Висновки. На формування стратегій виживання юдейського духовенства в Україні протягом 1920-30-х рр. впливало посилення й урізноманітнення суспільно-політичних викликів, що були результатом зміцнення тоталітарної системи. Особливо відчутними в середовищі юдейського духовенства були зміни соціальної та національної політики у формі голодоморів, пониження соціальних стандартів, посилення антирелігійного тиску, політичних репресій. У 1920-х рр. умови суспільно-політичного життя були ще відносно сприятливими для малочисельного єврейського духовенства. Затребуваність релігійних послуг, авторитет рабинів і канторів у громадах були факторами підтримки соціального становища служителів. \u0000Основними стратегіями виживання юдейського духовенства визначено: слідування етнокультурним традиціям всупереч наростаючому політичному тиску, пошук додаткових господарських занять, отримання допомоги від громади та родини. Культ родини в єврейському соціумі обумовлював тісні взаємозв’язки її членів, що мінімізувало психологічний та економічний тиск атеїзованого суспільства. \u0000Форсування політичного наступу влади на єврейську спільноту на межі 1920-30-х рр. формувало нові стратегії фізичного самозбереження. Юдейське духовенство вимушено відмовлялося від релігійної діяльності, інтенсивно шукало допомоги за кордоном, однак державне адміністрування та репресії комуністичної влади, руйнація нею етноконфесійної інфраструктури стали чинниками обмеження зв’язку євреїв України із закордоном, а відтак – і обсягів їх зовнішньої економічної підтримки. Одним із основних шляхів виходу юдейського духовенства з політичного безправ’я стала еміграція, на яку наважувалися, передусім, члени родин юдейського духовенства. У 1930-х рр. влада заблокувала цей гуманітарний коридор, формуючи тоталітарне суспільство в котлі сталінської модернізації.","PeriodicalId":33493,"journal":{"name":"Eminak","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41380385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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