Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110129
Adrian Cordero Obando , Kerry Hourigan , Mark C. Thompson , Jisheng Zhao
<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the cross-flow flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted oblate spheroid with an aspect ratio of 2. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the major diameter (<span><math><mi>b</mi></math></span>) in the cross-flow direction to the minor diameter (<span><math><mi>a</mi></math></span>) in the streamwise direction, namely <span><math><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>. The FIV response was characterised over a range of reduced velocity, <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>⩽</mo><msup><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>U</mi><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⩽</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mi>U</mi></math></span> is the free-stream velocity and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the natural frequency of the system in quiescent water. The corresponding Reynolds number varied over the range <span><math><mrow><mn>5000</mn><mo>⩽</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>U</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ν</mi><mo>⩽</mo><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mn>000</mn></mrow></math></span>, with <span><math><mi>ν</mi></math></span> denoting the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The mass ratio of the hydro-elastic system, defined as the ratio of the total oscillating mass (<span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>) to the displaced fluid mass (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), namely <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, was varied from 32 to 250, while the mass-damping parameter <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>ζ</mi></mrow></math></span> was kept almost constant at 0.20 for all the <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> values tested, with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> being the potential added-mass coefficient. The results reveal that the dynamic response exhibits two distinct FIV phenomena: vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and galloping-like vibration. The VIV region is characterised by a roughly bell-shaped and bounded amplitude of vibration response as a function of reduced velocity. The peak normalised vibration amplitude was observed to be <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>70</mn></mrow></math></span>. On the other hand, the galloping region is characterised by a
{"title":"Flow-induced vibration of an elastically mounted oblate spheroid with variable mass ratio","authors":"Adrian Cordero Obando , Kerry Hourigan , Mark C. Thompson , Jisheng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the cross-flow flow-induced vibration (FIV) of an elastically mounted oblate spheroid with an aspect ratio of 2. The aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the major diameter (<span><math><mi>b</mi></math></span>) in the cross-flow direction to the minor diameter (<span><math><mi>a</mi></math></span>) in the streamwise direction, namely <span><math><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi></mrow></math></span>. The FIV response was characterised over a range of reduced velocity, <span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>⩽</mo><msup><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>U</mi><mo>/</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>⩽</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>, where <span><math><mi>U</mi></math></span> is the free-stream velocity and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the natural frequency of the system in quiescent water. The corresponding Reynolds number varied over the range <span><math><mrow><mn>5000</mn><mo>⩽</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>U</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ν</mi><mo>⩽</mo><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mn>000</mn></mrow></math></span>, with <span><math><mi>ν</mi></math></span> denoting the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The mass ratio of the hydro-elastic system, defined as the ratio of the total oscillating mass (<span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>) to the displaced fluid mass (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), namely <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, was varied from 32 to 250, while the mass-damping parameter <span><math><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>ζ</mi></mrow></math></span> was kept almost constant at 0.20 for all the <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> values tested, with <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> being the potential added-mass coefficient. The results reveal that the dynamic response exhibits two distinct FIV phenomena: vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and galloping-like vibration. The VIV region is characterised by a roughly bell-shaped and bounded amplitude of vibration response as a function of reduced velocity. The peak normalised vibration amplitude was observed to be <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>70</mn></mrow></math></span>. On the other hand, the galloping region is characterised by a","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110149
P. Balakrishnan
This review critically examines the integration of nanofluid properties and impinging jet configurations for enhanced electronic cooling applications, addressing thermal management challenges in an electronics market projected to reach USD 1,406.47 billion by 2034, where more than 55 % of failures are heat-related. The synergistic potential of Al2O3, CuO, TiO2, SiC, and hybrid nanofluids is analysed, revealing heat transfer enhancements of 15–72 %, although performance strongly depends on operational parameters. Single jet systems deliver concentrated cooling with optimal efficiency at H/D ratios of 5–8, achieving peak Nusselt numbers near 7–8, whereas multiple jets ensure more uniform heat dissipation at lower H/D ratios (≈2) and intermediate S/D ratios (≈3), achieving a balanced trade-off between turbulence intensity, jet interaction, and surface cooling uniformity. However, multiple jets face challenges related to flow distribution and pressure drop. Hybrid nanofluids, particularly Al2O3–Cu combinations, exhibit Nusselt number increases of 63.5 % at Re = 24,000, demonstrating favourable performance–stability trade-offs. Nanoparticle characteristics significantly influence system behaviour, with optimal concentrations between 0.5–2 % required to balance enhanced thermal conductivity and fluid stability. The findings highlight the potential of optimized nanofluid impinging jets to overcome critical electronic thermal bottlenecks. However, practical implementation faces challenges related to increased viscosity and pumping power, along with long-term stability issues, high synthesis costs, and environmental concerns in large-scale deployment. Addressing these challenges requires focused research on standardized nanofluid preparation protocols, improved stability and scalability, and comprehensive life-cycle assessments of hybrid nanofluids and advanced jet configurations.
{"title":"Optimization of nanofluid impinging jet systems for advanced electronic cooling: A critical review","authors":"P. Balakrishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review critically examines the integration of nanofluid properties and impinging jet configurations for enhanced electronic cooling applications, addressing thermal management challenges in an electronics market projected to reach USD 1,406.47 billion by 2034, where more than 55 % of failures are heat-related. The synergistic potential of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, CuO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, SiC, and hybrid nanofluids is analysed, revealing heat transfer enhancements of 15–72 %, although performance strongly depends on operational parameters. Single jet systems deliver concentrated cooling with optimal efficiency at H/D ratios of 5–8, achieving peak Nusselt numbers near 7–8, whereas multiple jets ensure more uniform heat dissipation at lower H/D ratios (≈2) and intermediate S/D ratios (≈3), achieving a balanced trade-off between turbulence intensity, jet interaction, and surface cooling uniformity. However, multiple jets face challenges related to flow distribution and pressure drop. Hybrid nanofluids, particularly Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–Cu combinations, exhibit Nusselt number increases of 63.5 % at Re = 24,000, demonstrating favourable performance–stability trade-offs. Nanoparticle characteristics significantly influence system behaviour, with optimal concentrations between 0.5–2 % required to balance enhanced thermal conductivity and fluid stability. The findings highlight the potential of optimized nanofluid impinging jets to overcome critical electronic thermal bottlenecks. However, practical implementation faces challenges related to increased viscosity and pumping power, along with long-term stability issues, high synthesis costs, and environmental concerns in large-scale deployment. Addressing these challenges requires focused research on standardized nanofluid preparation protocols, improved stability and scalability, and comprehensive life-cycle assessments of hybrid nanofluids and advanced jet configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110154
Shifeng Yan , Can Kang , Haixia Liu , Guangxin Ding , Hyoung-Bum Kim
The present study aims to elucidate flow and cavitation characteristics of the aerated submerged waterjet. A numerical study is conducted using the method incorporating the large eddy simulation (LES) and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation models. The numerical scheme is validated through an experimental work of visualizing cavitation clouds in submerged waterjet. With two nozzles of 2.0 and 4.0 mm in diameter, evolution of cavitation clouds is illustrated and compared under non-aeration and different air-injection pressures. The results show that cavitation intensity and air-injection pressure are not monotonically related. For the nozzle of 4.0 mm in diameter, the cavitation volume fraction reaches its maximum at an air-injection pressure of 0.3 MPa and declines drastically with further increasing the air-injection pressure. The shedding frequency of cavitation clouds varies inversely with the air-injection pressure. When increasing air-injection pressure, vortex structures remain similar for the nozzle of 2.0 mm in diameter, while for the larger nozzle, long and straight vortex structures prevail. Integrity of vorticity rings attenuates continuously with increasing air-injection pressure. The conclusions are expected to shed light on the mechanisms underlying cavitation evolution and inter-phase interactions in the aerated submerged waterjet.
{"title":"Effects of air-injection pressure and nozzle diameter on flow and cavitation characteristics of aerated submerged waterjet","authors":"Shifeng Yan , Can Kang , Haixia Liu , Guangxin Ding , Hyoung-Bum Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study aims to elucidate flow and cavitation characteristics of the aerated submerged waterjet. A numerical study is conducted using the method incorporating the large eddy simulation (LES) and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation models. The numerical scheme is validated through an experimental work of visualizing cavitation clouds in submerged waterjet. With two nozzles of 2.0 and 4.0 mm in diameter, evolution of cavitation clouds is illustrated and compared under non-aeration and different air-injection pressures. The results show that cavitation intensity and air-injection pressure are not monotonically related. For the nozzle of 4.0 mm in diameter, the cavitation volume fraction reaches its maximum at an air-injection pressure of 0.3 MPa and declines drastically with further increasing the air-injection pressure. The shedding frequency of cavitation clouds varies inversely with the air-injection pressure. When increasing air-injection pressure, vortex structures remain similar for the nozzle of 2.0 mm in diameter, while for the larger nozzle, long and straight vortex structures prevail. Integrity of vorticity rings attenuates continuously with increasing air-injection pressure. The conclusions are expected to shed light on the mechanisms underlying cavitation evolution and inter-phase interactions in the aerated submerged waterjet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110152
Hasan A. Abdulwahab , Abbas J. Sultan , Amer A. Abdulrahman , Haydar A.S. Aljaafari , Ali A. Yahya , Zahraa W. Hasan , Malik M. Mohammed , Laith S. Sabri , Bashar J. Kadhim , Jamal M. Ali , Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan
In this study, the heat transfer behavior of a conical spouted bed column was imaged for the first time across its entire cross-sectional area and at multiple axial heights. To achieve this, a custom-built quantitative imaging approach was developed. This method combined FluxTeq heat flux sensors with an Arduino-based data acquisition system. The experimental setup enabled instantaneous, spatially resolved measurements of surface temperature, heat flux, and local heat transfer coefficients (LHTC) under various operating conditions. Measurements at different radial locations, angles, and heights provided a comprehensive view of heat transfer behaviour throughout the column. The obtained cross-sectional images show that the magnitude of LHTC increases with both axial height and superficial gas velocity. Gains reached up to 25 % between the lowest and highest velocities tested. Time-resolved data reveal greater fluctuations in the central spout region, especially at higher axial positions (H/D = 2.1). These fluctuations promote vigorous convective exchange and reduce temperature non-uniformity. Persistent radial asymmetry was observed, linked to distinct hydrodynamic behaviors in the spout, annulus, and fountain zones. Increasing gas velocities further reduced the solids fraction in the reactor core, affecting heat flux and temperature distribution. This experiment effectively captures transient and spatial characteristics often missed by conventional methods. The resulting benchmark data support CFD model validation, guide reactor scale-up, and improve thermal management in industrial gas–solid systems.
{"title":"Insights of quantitative imaging and instantaneous heat transfer coefficient measurement in spouted bed column","authors":"Hasan A. Abdulwahab , Abbas J. Sultan , Amer A. Abdulrahman , Haydar A.S. Aljaafari , Ali A. Yahya , Zahraa W. Hasan , Malik M. Mohammed , Laith S. Sabri , Bashar J. Kadhim , Jamal M. Ali , Muthanna H. Al-Dahhan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the heat transfer behavior of a conical spouted bed column was imaged for the first time across its entire cross-sectional area and at multiple axial heights. To achieve this, a custom-built quantitative imaging approach was developed. This method combined FluxTeq heat flux sensors with an Arduino-based data acquisition system. The experimental setup enabled instantaneous, spatially resolved measurements of surface temperature, heat flux, and local heat transfer coefficients (LHTC) under various operating conditions. Measurements at different radial locations, angles, and heights provided a comprehensive view of heat transfer behaviour throughout the column. The obtained cross-sectional images show that the magnitude of LHTC increases with both axial height and superficial gas velocity. Gains reached up to 25 % between the lowest and highest velocities tested. Time-resolved data reveal greater fluctuations in the central spout region, especially at higher axial positions (H/D = 2.1). These fluctuations promote vigorous convective exchange and reduce temperature non-uniformity. Persistent radial asymmetry was observed, linked to distinct hydrodynamic behaviors in the spout, annulus, and fountain zones. Increasing gas velocities further reduced the solids fraction in the reactor core, affecting heat flux and temperature distribution. This experiment effectively captures transient and spatial characteristics often missed by conventional methods. The resulting benchmark data support CFD model validation, guide reactor scale-up, and improve thermal management in industrial gas–solid systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110143
Zihao Dong , Yan Xing , Qingfei Fu , Ruo-Yu Dong
Modulating the transition threshold of surface waves is of great significance in both scientific research and engineering applications. Traditional control methods—such as rigid structural constraints—often suffer from high energy consumption, slow response, and poor adaptability to complex boundary conditions. This study proposes and implements a patterned surface structure to regulate free-surface wave behavior. By introducing periodic adhesion contrast and curvature-induced disturbances, the pattern enables precise control over wall-bounded vorticity generation and dissipation pathways. During the subharmonic transition, shear disturbances induced at the wall enhance energy dissipation, thereby significantly increasing the critical threshold. Systematic experiments reveal the coupled effects of pattern parameters and fluid depth, demonstrating how structural tuning governs the spatial extent of wave response and the associated instability conditions. Furthermore, we find that once the fluid layer exceeds a critical thickness, the control effect of the pattern diminishes markedly. This work presents a lightweight, efficient strategy for surface wave suppression, offering a new paradigm for high-performance propulsion systems and liquid management in microgravity environments.
{"title":"Patterned surface structures for passive control of surface-wave mode transitions","authors":"Zihao Dong , Yan Xing , Qingfei Fu , Ruo-Yu Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modulating the transition threshold of surface waves is of great significance in both scientific research and engineering applications. Traditional control methods—such as rigid structural constraints—often suffer from high energy consumption, slow response, and poor adaptability to complex boundary conditions. This study proposes and implements a patterned surface structure to regulate free-surface wave behavior. By introducing periodic adhesion contrast and curvature-induced disturbances, the pattern enables precise control over wall-bounded vorticity generation and dissipation pathways. During the subharmonic transition, shear disturbances induced at the wall enhance energy dissipation, thereby significantly increasing the critical threshold. Systematic experiments reveal the coupled effects of pattern parameters and fluid depth, demonstrating how structural tuning governs the spatial extent of wave response and the associated instability conditions. Furthermore, we find that once the fluid layer exceeds a critical thickness, the control effect of the pattern diminishes markedly. This work presents a lightweight, efficient strategy for surface wave suppression, offering a new paradigm for high-performance propulsion systems and liquid management in microgravity environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110145
Wenbin He , Jiang Lei , Gongnan Xie
Internal cooling technologies are essential for ensuring the reliable operation of gas turbine blades under extreme high-temperature environments. For rotating blades, Coriolis and rotational buoyancy effects critically alter the flow and heat transfer characteristics within internal cooling channels, which cannot be neglected. In this paper, a comparative analysis is first conducted on the advantages and limitations of measurement techniques including thermocouple-copper plate method, naphthalene sublimation methods, steady-state/transient liquid crystal thermography (LCT/TLCT), infrared thermography (IRT), laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), and hot-wire anemometry (HWA), with focused discussions on the technical specifications of representative rotating test facilities. Subsequently, experimental data from multi-pass serpentine channels, pin–fin arrays channels, and impingement cooling channels are synthesized to elucidate the influence mechanisms of Coriolis and buoyancy effects on flow and heat transfer within the channels. Finally, recommendations are proposed for future experimental research. This literature review serves as a valuable reference for the design of rotating test facilities and the optimization of internal cooling structures in turbine rotor blades. This paper systematically reviews advancements in experimental studies on rotating internal cooling from the past two decades, while also referencing earlier and seminal works to provide foundational insights.
{"title":"Flow and heat transfer of various internal cooling technologies for rotating blades: A review on recent twenty-years progress of experimental studies","authors":"Wenbin He , Jiang Lei , Gongnan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal cooling technologies are essential for ensuring the reliable operation of gas turbine blades under extreme high-temperature environments. For rotating blades, Coriolis and rotational buoyancy effects critically alter the flow and heat transfer characteristics within internal cooling channels, which cannot be neglected. In this paper, a comparative analysis is first conducted on the advantages and limitations of measurement techniques including thermocouple-copper plate method, naphthalene sublimation methods, steady-state/transient liquid crystal thermography (LCT/TLCT), infrared thermography (IRT), laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), and hot-wire anemometry (HWA), with focused discussions on the technical specifications of representative rotating test facilities. Subsequently, experimental data from multi-pass serpentine channels, pin–fin arrays channels, and impingement cooling channels are synthesized to elucidate the influence mechanisms of Coriolis and buoyancy effects on flow and heat transfer within the channels. Finally, recommendations are proposed for future experimental research. This literature review serves as a valuable reference for the design of rotating test facilities and the optimization of internal cooling structures in turbine rotor blades. This paper systematically reviews advancements in experimental studies on rotating internal cooling from the past two decades, while also referencing earlier and seminal works to provide foundational insights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110148
Tengqing Liu , Yaokang Zhang , Shuangfeng Wang , Qianxi Zhang , Huifeng Kang
Ultra-thin vapor chambers (UTVCs) have been proposed to address the high heat flux problem of portable electronic devices. In this study, five types of spiral woven mesh (SWM)-based UTVCs with a thickness of 0.4 mm were designed, namely, nine-wires SWM (NSWM), nine-wires SWM-wettability-patterned (NSWM-WP), nine-wires SWM-screen mesh (NSWM-SM), eight-wires SWM-WP (ESWM-WP) and eight-wires SWM-SM (ESWM-SM) UTVCs. The WP microstructure was fabricated on the bottom sheet via laser etching, and the SM was bonded on the bottom sheet. The effects of wick structure and orientation on heat transfer performance, including temperature distribution, heat source temperature, and thermal resistance, were investigated. The results indicated that the effect of wick structures and orientations on the heat source temperature was negligible at the same input power, but they affected the thermal resistance by redistributing the condensate on the bottom sheet. In addition, the SWM-WP and SWM-SM composite wicks substantially reduced the thermal resistance of the SWM-based UTVC. The maximum heat flux of all the designed UTVCs was 3.58 W/cm2, and the lowest equivalent thermal resistances of the NSWM, ESWM-WP, and ESWM-SM UTVCs were 1.750, 0.832, and 0.097 (cm2·K)/W, respectively.
{"title":"Experimental research on the heat transfer performance of ultra-thin vapor chambers with composite wicks for electronics cooling","authors":"Tengqing Liu , Yaokang Zhang , Shuangfeng Wang , Qianxi Zhang , Huifeng Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-thin vapor chambers (UTVCs) have been proposed to address the high heat flux problem of portable electronic devices. In this study, five types of spiral woven mesh (SWM)-based UTVCs with a thickness of 0.4 mm were designed, namely, nine-wires SWM (NSWM), nine-wires SWM-wettability-patterned (NSWM-WP), nine-wires SWM-screen mesh (NSWM-SM), eight-wires SWM-WP (ESWM-WP) and eight-wires SWM-SM (ESWM-SM) UTVCs. The WP microstructure was fabricated on the bottom sheet via laser etching, and the SM was bonded on the bottom sheet. The effects of wick structure and orientation on heat transfer performance, including temperature distribution, heat source temperature, and thermal resistance, were investigated. The results indicated that the effect of wick structures and orientations on the heat source temperature was negligible at the same input power, but they affected the thermal resistance by redistributing the condensate on the bottom sheet. In addition, the SWM-WP and SWM-SM composite wicks substantially reduced the thermal resistance of the SWM-based UTVC. The maximum heat flux of all the designed UTVCs was 3.58 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, and the lowest equivalent thermal resistances of the NSWM, ESWM-WP, and ESWM-SM UTVCs were 1.750, 0.832, and 0.097 (cm<sup>2</sup>·K)/W, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110112
Sean Bistany, Victor Coppo Leite, Carolina Bourdot Dutra, Sinan Okyay, Anshuman Chaube, Tri Nguyen, Elia Merzari
Flow-induced vibrations may lead to grid-to-rod fretting, a wear phenomenon that remains the primary cause of fuel failures in pressurized water reactors. This study presents a high-fidelity Direct Numerical Simulation of turbulent flow around a cantilevered rod in a confining pipe, replicating an experiment from the University of Manchester and producing benchmark data for validating turbulence models within the GO-VIKING consortium. The simulations were performed using NekRS on the Frontier supercomputer, resolving the full turbulence spectrum. Verification and validation were achieved through canonical pipe flow analysis and experimental comparisons. Flow structures were analyzed via Q-criterion, Barycentric anisotropy maps, and full turbulent kinetic energy budgets, revealing strong anisotropy and local partial laminarization due to axisymmetric contraction, along with elevated pressure diffusion. These results provide insight into the mechanisms driving flow-induced vibrations and highlight limitations of conventional turbulence models, supporting the development of improved predictive tools for nuclear fuel design.
{"title":"Direct numerical simulation of a cantilevered rod experiment","authors":"Sean Bistany, Victor Coppo Leite, Carolina Bourdot Dutra, Sinan Okyay, Anshuman Chaube, Tri Nguyen, Elia Merzari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow-induced vibrations may lead to grid-to-rod fretting, a wear phenomenon that remains the primary cause of fuel failures in pressurized water reactors. This study presents a high-fidelity Direct Numerical Simulation of turbulent flow around a cantilevered rod in a confining pipe, replicating an experiment from the University of Manchester and producing benchmark data for validating turbulence models within the GO-VIKING consortium. The simulations were performed using NekRS on the Frontier supercomputer, resolving the full turbulence spectrum. Verification and validation were achieved through canonical pipe flow analysis and experimental comparisons. Flow structures were analyzed via Q-criterion, Barycentric anisotropy maps, and full turbulent kinetic energy budgets, revealing strong anisotropy and local partial laminarization due to axisymmetric contraction, along with elevated pressure diffusion. These results provide insight into the mechanisms driving flow-induced vibrations and highlight limitations of conventional turbulence models, supporting the development of improved predictive tools for nuclear fuel design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110151
Jing-Jing Xu, Yi-Rong Gu, Xue-Li Li
Fog on the windshield of an aircraft can seriously block the view of the pilots and affect the flight safety. The transient changes of the flow field parameters inside and outside the aircraft cabin during the dive process are usually ignored in the existing research, which reduces the accuracy of fogging predictions. This paper employs transient simulation techniques to investigate the fogging and defogging behaviors in an aircraft equipped with a hot air defogging system during the aircraft diving process. The influence of atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity and anti-fog/defog airflow with various parameters on the fog formation is analyzed. The results show that during the aircraft’s dive, as the pressure and humidity inside the cabin increase, fog gradually begins to form on the inner surface of the windshield. Activating the anti-fog airflow effectively delays this fogging process. For windshields with high thermal conductivity and low heat capacity, due to the increased influence of external temperature, when the aircraft descends to an altitude of about 1,000 m, the atmospheric inversion layer accelerates the fogging on the inner surface. When the aircraft dives into a low-altitude environment of high pressure and high humidity, the use of the high temperature defogging airflow may cause fog to form in some areas of the inner surface. In contrast, the 10 ℃ cold air defogging airflow does not cause to fog by avoiding significant temperature differences between the windshield and the near-wall air layer, even at humidity up to 30 g/(kg·dra). And the defogging rate distribution on the inner surface is more uniform than that of the hot air defogging.
{"title":"Study on fogging and defogging during the aircraft diving process","authors":"Jing-Jing Xu, Yi-Rong Gu, Xue-Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fog on the windshield of an aircraft can seriously block the view of the pilots and affect the flight safety. The transient changes of the flow field parameters inside and outside the aircraft cabin during the dive process are usually ignored in the existing research, which reduces the accuracy of fogging predictions. This paper employs transient simulation techniques to investigate the fogging and defogging behaviors in an aircraft equipped with a hot air defogging system during the aircraft diving process. The influence of atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity and anti-fog/defog airflow with various parameters on the fog formation is analyzed. The results show that during the aircraft’s dive, as the pressure and humidity inside the cabin increase, fog gradually begins to form on the inner surface of the windshield. Activating the anti-fog airflow effectively delays this fogging process. For windshields with high thermal conductivity and low heat capacity, due to the increased influence of external temperature, when the aircraft descends to an altitude of about 1,000 m, the atmospheric inversion layer accelerates the fogging on the inner surface. When the aircraft dives into a low-altitude environment of high pressure and high humidity, the use of the high temperature defogging airflow may cause fog to form in some areas of the inner surface. In contrast, the 10 ℃ cold air defogging airflow does not cause to fog by avoiding significant temperature differences between the windshield and the near-wall air layer, even at humidity up to 30 g/(kg·dra). And the defogging rate distribution on the inner surface is more uniform than that of the hot air defogging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110141
Zengen Li , Haochun Zhang , Dong Zhang , Xi Luo , Yan Xia
The exponential increase of space debris will have serious consequences for the flight safety of nuclear-powered spacecraft. This research establishes a 2D calculation program 2D-INCHPR for in-direct contact heat pipe radiators. Based on the whale optimization algorithm, a multi objective optimization analysis of the radiator with multi parameter coupling is carried out. A space debris impact resistant radiator is devised without reducing heat transfer efficiency, providing a theoretical basis for structural optimization of space nuclear power system. The method of calculating alkali metal heat pipes transient and steady-state multi-physics coupling characteristics of in space nuclear power systems based on gas dynamics theory is extended to a 2D model of entire heat pipe domain. A 2D program 2D-NCAMHP is established for multi- physics coupling calculation of space alkali metal heat pipes. The optimized structural parameters of the radiation heat sink with low probability of space debris impact after optimization design are Lf = 0.0537 m, Tinl = 852.2493 K, lhpc = 1.9298 m, qm = 7.4340 kg·s-1. The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of alkali metal heat pipes were obtained through simulation analysis, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of radiator structures in nuclear powered spacecraft.
空间碎片呈指数级增长，将对核动力航天器的飞行安全造成严重后果。本文建立了非直接接触热管散热器的二维计算程序2D- inchpr。基于鲸鱼优化算法，对多参数耦合的散热器进行了多目标优化分析。设计了一种不降低换热效率的空间碎片抗冲击散热器，为空间核动力系统结构优化提供了理论依据。将基于气体动力学理论的空间核动力系统碱金属热管瞬态和稳态多物理场耦合特性计算方法推广到整个热管域的二维模型。建立了用于空间碱金属热管多物理场耦合计算的二维程序2D- ncamhp。优化设计后低空间碎片撞击概率辐射散热器的优化结构参数为：Lf = 0.0537 m, Tinl = 852.2493 K, lhpc = 1.9298 m, qm = 7.4340 kg·s-1。通过仿真分析，获得了碱金属热管的热工特性，为核动力航天器散热器结构的优化设计提供了理论依据。
{"title":"Research on the optimal design of anti-collision heat pipe radiator for nuclear powered spacecraft","authors":"Zengen Li , Haochun Zhang , Dong Zhang , Xi Luo , Yan Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.110141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exponential increase of space debris will have serious consequences for the flight safety of nuclear-powered spacecraft. This research establishes a 2D calculation program 2D-INCHPR for in-direct contact heat pipe radiators. Based on the whale optimization algorithm, a multi objective optimization analysis of the radiator with multi parameter coupling is carried out. A space debris impact resistant radiator is devised without reducing heat transfer efficiency, providing a theoretical basis for structural optimization of space nuclear power system. The method of calculating alkali metal heat pipes transient and steady-state multi-physics coupling characteristics of in space nuclear power systems based on gas dynamics theory is extended to a 2D model of entire heat pipe domain. A 2D program 2D-NCAMHP is established for multi- physics coupling calculation of space alkali metal heat pipes. The optimized structural parameters of the radiation heat sink with low probability of space debris impact after optimization design are Lf = 0.0537 m, Tinl = 852.2493 K, lhpc = 1.9298 m, qm = 7.4340 kg·s-1. The thermal and hydraulic characteristics of alkali metal heat pipes were obtained through simulation analysis, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization design of radiator structures in nuclear powered spacecraft.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":335,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 110141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145576073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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