Sports Medicine and Health Science最新文献

This study aimed to compare the impact of a cardiac telerehabilitation (CTR) protocol aimed at patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) during the period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with social isolation. This retrospective cohort study included 58 participants diagnosed with stable cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which were divided into three groups: conventional cardiac rehabilitation (CCR) group (n ​= ​20), composed of patients undergoing conventional cardiac rehabilitation; cardiac telerehabilitation (CTR) group (n ​= ​18), composed of patients undergoing cardiac telerehabilitation and control group (n ​= ​20), composed of patients admitted for cardiac rehabilitation who had not started training programs. The results showed that body mass index was reduced (p ​= ​0.019) and quality of life was improved (e.g., limitations due to physical aspects [p ​= ​0.021), vitality [p ​= ​0.045] and limitations due to emotional aspects [p ​= ​0.024]) by CCR compared to baseline. These outcomes were not improved by CTR (p ​> ​0.05). However, this strategy prevented clinical deterioration in the investigated patients. Although CCR achieved a superior effect on clinical improvement and quality of life, CTR was relevant to stabilize the blood pressure and quality of life of patients with cardiovascular diseases during the period of COVID-19-associated social isolation.

Cardiac injury is common in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a significant number of recovered COVID-19 patients, portending long-term health issues for millions of infected individuals. To better understand how Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, CoV-2 for short) damages the heart, it is critical to fully comprehend the biology of CoV-2 encoded proteins, each of which may play multiple pathological roles. For example, CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoV-2-S) not only engages angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) to mediate virus infection but also directly activates immune responses. In this work, the goal is to review the known pathological roles of CoV-2-S in the cardiovascular system, thereby shedding lights on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 related cardiac injury.

Muscle fibers are multinucleated, and muscle fiber nuclei (myonuclei) are believed to be post-mitotic and are typically situated near the periphery of the myofiber. Due to the unique organization of muscle fibers and their nuclei, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myofiber homeostasis in unstressed and stressed conditions (e.g., exercise) are unique. A key role myonuclei play in regulating muscle during exercise is gene transcription. Only recently have investigators had the capability to identify molecular changes at high resolution exclusively in myonuclei in response to perturbations in vivo. The purpose of this review is to describe how myonuclei modulate their transcriptome, epigenetic status, mobility and shape, and microRNA expression in response to exercise in vivo. Given the relative paucity of high-fidelity information on myonucleus-specific contributions to exercise adaptation, we identify specific gaps in knowledge and provide perspectives on future directions of research.

This study examined electromyographic amplitude (EMG_RMS)-force relationships during repeated submaximal knee extensor muscle actions among chronic aerobically-(AT), resistance-trained (RT), and sedentary (SED) individuals. Fifteen adults (5/group) attempted 20 isometric trapezoidal muscle actions at 50% of maximal strength. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from vastus lateralis (VL) during the muscle actions. For the first and last successfully completed contractions, linear regression models were fit to the log-transformed EMG_RMS-force relationships during the linearly increasing and decreasing segments, and the b terms (slope) and a terms (antilog of y-intercept) were calculated. EMG_RMS was averaged during steady force. Only the AT completed all 20 muscle actions. During the first contraction, the b terms for RT (1.301 ​± ​0.197) were greater than AT (0.910 ​± ​0.123; p ​= ​0.008) and SED (0.912 ​± ​0.162; p ​= ​0.008) during the linearly increasing segment, and in comparison to the linearly decreasing segment (1.018 ​± ​0.139; p ​= ​0.014), respectively. For the last contraction, the b terms for RT were greater than AT during the linearly increasing (RT ​= ​1.373 ​± ​0.353; AT ​= ​0.883 ​± ​0.129; p ​= ​0.018) and decreasing (RT ​= ​1.526 ​± ​0.328; AT ​= ​0.970 ​± ​0.223; p ​= ​0.010) segments. In addition, the b terms for SED increased from the linearly increasing (0.968 ​± ​0.144) to decreasing segment (1.268 ​± ​0.126; p ​= ​0.015). There were no training, segment, or contraction differences for the a terms. EMG_RMS during steady force increased from the first- ([64.08 ​± ​51.68] ​μV) to last-contraction ([86.73 ​± ​49.55] ​μV; p ​= ​0.001) collapsed across training statuses. The b terms differentiated the rate of change for EMG_RMS with increments in force among training groups, indicating greater muscle excitation to the motoneuron pool was necessary for the RT than AT during the linearly increasing and decreasing segments of a repetitive task.

High-intensity and sprint interval training (HIIT and SIT, respectively) enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in both healthy adults and those with cardiometabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of intense interval training on glycemic control include both improvements seen in the hours to days following a single session of HIIT/SIT and those which accrue with chronic training. Skeletal muscle is the largest site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and plays an integral role in the beneficial effects of exercise on glycemic control. Here we summarize the skeletal muscle responses that contribute to improved glycemic control during and following a single session of interval exercise and evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle remodelling and improved insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT training interventions. Recent evidence suggests that targeting skeletal muscle mechanisms via nutritional interventions around exercise, particularly with carbohydrate manipulation, can enhance the acute glycemic benefits of HIIT. There is also some evidence of sex-based differences in the glycemic benefits of intense interval exercise, with blunted responses observed after training in females relative to males. Differences in skeletal muscle metabolism between males and females may contribute to sex differences in insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT, but well-controlled studies evaluating purported muscle mechanisms alongside measurement of insulin sensitivity are needed. Given the greater representation of males in muscle physiology literature, there is also a need for more research involving female-only cohorts to enhance our basic understanding of how intense interval training influences muscle insulin sensitivity in females across the lifespan.

Exercise is an effective strategy to prevent and improve obesity and related metabolic diseases. Exercise increases the metabolic demand in the body. Although many of the metabolic health benefits of exercise depend on skeletal muscle adaptations, exercise exerts many of its metabolic effects through the liver, adipose tissue, and pancreas. Therefore, exercise is the physiological state in which inter-organ signaling is most important. By contrast, circadian rhythms in mammals are associated with the regulation of several physiological and biological functions, including body temperature, sleep-wake cycle, physical activity, hormone secretion, and metabolism, which are controlled by clock genes. Glucose and lipid tolerance reportedly exhibit diurnal variations, being lower in the evening than in the morning. Therefore, the effects of exercise on substrate metabolism at different times of the day may differ. In this review, the importance of exercise timing considerations will be outlined, incorporating a chrono-exercise perspective.

Skeletal muscle anabolism is driven by numerous stimuli such as growth factors, nutrients (i.e., amino acids, glucose), and mechanical stress. These stimuli are integrated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signal transduction cascade. In recent years, work from our laboratory and elsewhere has sought to unravel the molecular mechanisms underpinning the mTOR-related activation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), as well as the spatial regulation of these mechanisms within the skeletal muscle cell. These studies have suggested that the skeletal muscle fiber periphery is a region of central importance in anabolism (i.e., growth/MPS). Indeed, the fiber periphery is replete with the substrates, molecular machinery, and translational apparatus necessary to facilitate MPS. This review provides a summary of the mechanisms underpinning the mTOR-associated activation of MPS from cell, rodent, and human studies. It also presents an overview of the spatial regulation of mTORC1 in response to anabolic stimuli and outlines the factors that distinguish the periphery of the cell as a highly notable region of skeletal muscle for the induction of MPS. Future research should seek to further explore the nutrient-induced activation of mTORC1 at the periphery of skeletal muscle fibers.

Black women have always been likened to being a less physically active group compared to women of other races/ethnicity, with reports of a high prevalence of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases among them. The purpose of this study is to examine the health benefits of physical activity on women of color, as well as barriers that inhibit their participation.

We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases for relevant research articles. Included articles were: Published in the English Language from 2011 to February 2022; conducted predominantly on black women, African women, or African American women. Articles were identified, screened, and data extracted following the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

The electronic search produced 2 043 articles, and 33 articles were reviewed after meeting the inclusion criteria. 13 articles focused on the benefits of physical activity while 20 articles addressed the barriers to physical activity. It was found that physical activity has various benefits for black women participants but they are being hindered from participation by some factors. These factors were grouped into four themes, namely Individual/Intrapersonal barriers, Socio-economic barriers, Social barriers, and Environmental barriers.

Various studies have examined the benefits and barriers of physical activity among women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, but there have been very few studies of African women, with the majority focusing on one geographical area. In addition to exploring these benefits and barriers, this review offers recommendations on the areas researchers should focus on to promote physical activity in this population.

To determine whether existing exercise therapies can restore the joint position sense (JPS) deficits of patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) when compared with controlled non-training patients. Seven databases were searched using ankle, injury, proprioception, and exercise-therapy-related terms. Peer-reviewed human studies in English that used the absolute errors score of joint position reproduction (JPR) test to compare the JPS of injured ankles in CAI patients before and after exercise therapy and non-training controls were included and analyzed. Demographic information, sample size, description of exercise therapies, methodological details of the JPR test, and absolute error scores were extracted by two researchers independently. Meta-analysis of the differences in JPS changes (i.e., absolute errors after treatment minus the baseline) between the exercise therapies and non-training controls was performed with the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Seven studies were finally included. Meta-analyses revealed significantly higher improvements in passive JPS during inversion with, WMD ​= ​−1.54° and eversion, of, WMD ​= ​−1.80°, after exercise therapies when compared with non-training controls. However, no significant changes in the impaired side active JPS were observed with regard to inversion and eversion. Existing exercise therapies may have a positive effect on passive JPS during inversion and eversion, but do not restore the active JPS deficits of injured ankles in patients with CAI when compared with non-training controls. Updated exercise components with a longer duration that focus on active JPS with longer duration are needed to supplement the existing content of exercise therapies.