Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001
Patrick M. Ryan , Garret Schuchart , Luke Villamaria , Brett Robin
While traumatic rupture of the pectoralis major is increasingly recognized, simultaneous bilateral pectoralis major tears remain exceedingly rare, with only five previously reported cases. Of these cases, only two were treated in a simultaneous fashion, both relatively acutely after injury. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of chronic bilateral pectoralis major myotendinous junctional tears treated with simultaneous repair. Additionally, given the occupational functional demands of our patient, we provide additional insight into the expected recovery of similar cases, with unrestricted activity at six months post-operatively and fully recovered strength at ten months postoperatively maintained at a three-year follow-up.
{"title":"Simultaneous repair of chronic bilateral myotendinous junctional pectoralis major tendon tears: A case report and review of the literature","authors":"Patrick M. Ryan , Garret Schuchart , Luke Villamaria , Brett Robin","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While traumatic rupture of the pectoralis major is increasingly recognized, simultaneous bilateral pectoralis major tears remain exceedingly rare, with only five previously reported cases. Of these cases, only two were treated in a simultaneous fashion, both relatively acutely after injury. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of chronic bilateral pectoralis major myotendinous junctional tears treated with simultaneous repair. Additionally, given the occupational functional demands of our patient, we provide additional insight into the expected recovery of similar cases, with unrestricted activity at six months post-operatively and fully recovered strength at ten months postoperatively maintained at a three-year follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 487-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001
Adam Nebel , Abigail Schmitt , Kevin Giordano , Gretchen Oliver
Purpose
The purpose of the current study is to investigate the within-pitcher differences in time series angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow for high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers.
Methods
In-game data were retrospectively analyzed from 82 NCAA Division 1 pitchers ([1.89 ± 0.06] m, [92.8 ± 9.5] kg). Kinematic data were collected using an in-game markerless motion capture system. Time series data of pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow angular velocities for each pitcher's fastest and slowest fastball were extracted for the pitch cycle (foot contact to ball release) and used for analysis. Within-subject time series comparisons were conducted using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) paired samples t-tests (α = 0.012 5).
Results
Each of the tested segments were significantly faster in the fastest fastball trial compared to the slowest fastball trial. The duration of significance in reference to the pitch cycle, test statistic, and p-value, for each segment are as follows: Pelvis: 0%–4%, t = 3.54, p = 0.012; Trunk: 30%–67%, t = 5.62, p < 0.001; Shoulder External Rotation: 3%–50%, t = −6.03, p < 0.001; Shoulder Internal Rotation: 96%–100%, t = 4.11, p = 0.008; Elbow: 75%–86%, t = 4.13, p < 0.001.
Discussion
Within-subjects differences exist in time series angular velocities when comparing the fastest and slowest fastball. These time series differences provide additional information to distinguish fastball velocity beyond what discrete metrics can provide. Pitchers should look to rotate each segment faster, and optimize the sequencing of these movements, to increase pitch velocity.
目的本研究旨在探讨大学棒球投手高、低速快球在投手内骨盆、躯干、肩部、肘部时间序列角速度的差异。方法回顾性分析82名NCAA一级联赛投手（[1.89±0.06]m,[92.8±9.5]kg）的比赛数据。运动学数据是使用游戏内无标记运动捕捉系统收集的。每个投手最快和最慢快球的骨盆、躯干、肩膀和肘部角速度的时间序列数据被提取出来用于投球周期（脚接触到球释放）并用于分析。受试者内时间序列比较采用统计参数映射（SPM）配对样本t检验（α = 0.012 5）。结果最快快球组的各测试片段明显快于最慢快球组。各段相对于音高周期的显著性持续时间、检验统计量和p值分别为：骨盆：0%-4%，t = 3.54, p = 0.012；主干：30%-67%，t = 5.62, p < 0.001；肩关节外旋：3%-50%，t = - 6.03, p < 0.001；肩关节内旋：96% ~ 100%，t = 4.11, p = 0.008；弯头：75%-86%，t = 4.13, p < 0.001。讨论当比较最快和最慢的快球时，受试者内部的时间序列角速度存在差异。这些时间序列差异提供了额外的信息来区分快速球的速度，而不是离散指标所能提供的。投手应该更快地旋转每个部分，并优化这些动作的顺序，以增加投球速度。
{"title":"Within-subject time series angular velocity differences between in-game high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers","authors":"Adam Nebel , Abigail Schmitt , Kevin Giordano , Gretchen Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of the current study is to investigate the within-pitcher differences in time series angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow for high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In-game data were retrospectively analyzed from 82 NCAA Division 1 pitchers ([1.89 ± 0.06] m, [92.8 ± 9.5] kg). Kinematic data were collected using an in-game markerless motion capture system. Time series data of pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow angular velocities for each pitcher's fastest and slowest fastball were extracted for the pitch cycle (foot contact to ball release) and used for analysis. Within-subject time series comparisons were conducted using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) paired samples <em>t</em>-tests (<em>α</em> = 0.012 5).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Each of the tested segments were significantly faster in the fastest fastball trial compared to the slowest fastball trial. The duration of significance in reference to the pitch cycle, test statistic, and <em>p</em>-value, for each segment are as follows: Pelvis: 0%–4%, <em>t</em> = 3.54, <em>p</em> = 0.012; Trunk: 30%–67%, <em>t</em> = 5.62, <em>p</em> < 0.001; Shoulder External Rotation: 3%–50%, <em>t</em> = −6.03, <em>p</em> < 0.001; Shoulder Internal Rotation: 96%–100%, <em>t</em> = 4.11, <em>p</em> = 0.008; Elbow: 75%–86%, <em>t</em> = 4.13, <em>p</em> < 0.001.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Within-subjects differences exist in time series angular velocities when comparing the fastest and slowest fastball. These time series differences provide additional information to distinguish fastball velocity beyond what discrete metrics can provide. Pitchers should look to rotate each segment faster, and optimize the sequencing of these movements, to increase pitch velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 460-465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.09.006
James S. Skinner , J. Larry Durstine
The rapid drop in mortality risk as people become more active has been known for some time. While the public health message is clear (i.e., that any physical activity [PA] is better than no PA), no acceptable explanation as to why this rapid drop in mortality occurs is available. Without an explanation, providing specific answers as to what sedentary people should do to optimize health remains difficult. Research findings from studies on exercise physiology and inactivity physiology show why a lack of understanding of the importance of regular exercise or for becoming physically active exists. These findings also show how new knowledge can modify present PA guidelines. With sedentary people, being less inactive is more critical than becoming more active. Active people can also reduce their inactivity and achieve greater health benefits. Adults doing more vigorous aerobic and strength training achieve greater health benefits. No more than two days should elapse between exercise sessions 1) to improve insulin sensitivity and improve glucose tolerance, and 2) to activate muscle enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase to reduce postprandial lipemia. Older adults should do more strength exercises to minimize the effects of aging on sarcopenia. Subjective perception of effort is an easy, useful way to prescribe exercise. Being less inactive and more active are both important lifestyle considerations, and both must be promoted to all age groups.
{"title":"Physiological basis for recommending changes to the physical activity guidelines","authors":"James S. Skinner , J. Larry Durstine","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid drop in mortality risk as people become more active has been known for some time. While the public health message is clear (i.e., that any physical activity [PA] is better than no PA), no acceptable explanation as to why this rapid drop in mortality occurs is available. Without an explanation, providing specific answers as to what sedentary people should do to optimize health remains difficult. Research findings from studies on exercise physiology and inactivity physiology show why a lack of understanding of the importance of regular exercise or for becoming physically active exists. These findings also show how new knowledge can modify present PA guidelines. With sedentary people, being less inactive is more critical than becoming more active. Active people can also reduce their inactivity and achieve greater health benefits. Adults doing more vigorous aerobic and strength training achieve greater health benefits. No more than two days should elapse between exercise sessions 1) to improve insulin sensitivity and improve glucose tolerance, and 2) to activate muscle enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase to reduce postprandial lipemia. Older adults should do more strength exercises to minimize the effects of aging on sarcopenia. Subjective perception of effort is an easy, useful way to prescribe exercise. Being less inactive and more active are both important lifestyle considerations, and both must be promoted to all age groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 432-437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004
Sangarun Kaewcham , Wannaporn Tongtako
Background
Surf skateboards have grown in popularity among young people in recent years. However, no research studies have analyzed the effect of surf skateboarding on physical fitness.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week surf skateboard training on physical fitness in young adults.
Methods
Twenty-two young people, ages 18–24 years were randomly assigned into two groups: a control (CON; n = 11) and surf skateboarding (SSK; n = 11) group. The surf skateboard training group received an eight-week intervention consisting of three 60-minute (min) sessions per week, while the control group continued with their normal daily lives. Physical fitness was assessed before and after the intervention through a battery of tests that included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance.
Results
The results showed that the SSK group demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvements in maximum voluntary ventilation, back and leg strength, lower body muscular endurance by the sit-to-stand tests, and balance in all direction compared with the pre-test and the CON group. In addition, the SSK group showed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weight, body mass index, percent body fat, and resting heart rate, while increased maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, upper body muscular endurance by the sit-up test and flexibility compared with the pre-test.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that surf skateboard training have an effective physical activity intervention to improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance in young people.
近年来，冲浪滑板在年轻人中越来越受欢迎。然而，目前还没有研究分析冲浪滑板对身体健康的影响。目的探讨8周冲浪滑板训练对青少年体能的影响。方法将22名18 ~ 24岁的青少年随机分为对照组（CON, n = 11）和冲浪滑板组（SSK, n = 11）。冲浪滑板训练组接受为期八周的干预，包括每周三次60分钟的训练，而对照组继续他们的日常生活。在干预前后，通过一系列测试评估身体健康，包括身体成分、心肺健康、肌肉力量和耐力、柔韧性和平衡。结果结果显示，SSK组在最大自主通气、背部和腿部力量、坐立测试下肢肌肉耐力和各方向平衡能力方面均较前测组和CON组有显著改善（p < 0.05）。SSK组体重、体质量指数、体脂率、静息心率均显著（p < 0.05）降低，最大耗氧量、肺功能、呼吸肌力量、仰卧起坐肌肉耐力和柔韧性均显著高于前测组。结论冲浪滑板训练对改善青少年身体组成、心肺健康、肌肉力量和耐力、柔韧性和平衡性具有有效的身体活动干预作用。
{"title":"Effects of 8-weeks Surf Skateboard training on physical fitness in young people","authors":"Sangarun Kaewcham , Wannaporn Tongtako","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Surf skateboards have grown in popularity among young people in recent years. However, no research studies have analyzed the effect of surf skateboarding on physical fitness.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week surf skateboard training on physical fitness in young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-two young people, ages 18–24 years were randomly assigned into two groups: a control (CON; <em>n</em> = 11) and surf skateboarding (SSK; <em>n</em> = 11) group. The surf skateboard training group received an eight-week intervention consisting of three 60-minute (min) sessions per week, while the control group continued with their normal daily lives. Physical fitness was assessed before and after the intervention through a battery of tests that included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that the SSK group demonstrated significant (<em>p</em> < 0.05) improvements in maximum voluntary ventilation, back and leg strength, lower body muscular endurance by the sit-to-stand tests, and balance in all direction compared with the pre-test and the CON group. In addition, the SSK group showed significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) decreased body weight, body mass index, percent body fat, and resting heart rate, while increased maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, upper body muscular endurance by the sit-up test and flexibility compared with the pre-test.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that surf skateboard training have an effective physical activity intervention to improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance in young people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 466-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.005
Michael J. LaMonte
Heart failure (HF) poses a serious threat to public health in an aging population. HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) historically was the focus for developing prevention and management strategies, including exercise training in HFrEF patients. However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly common among older adults. There are no well-established treatment options making its primary prevention critical. This article reviews the role of exercise in the prevention and management of HF. Selected published articles informed discussion of HF etiology, evidence for the role of exercise in HF, and the biologic mechanisms linking exercise with HF development and prognosis. HF is a complex syndromic condition that manifests with severe exercise intolerance. Several causes of HF-related exercise intolerance respond to exercise training and two randomized controlled exercise interventions in HFrEF patients have demonstrated safety and efficacy for improved physical work capacity, quality of life, and mortality endpoints in medically stable HF patients. At present, only epidemiological cohort data are available for HFpEF outcomes, but the data are generally consistent in supporting lower risk of HFpEF development with levels of lifestyle physical activity meeting recommended amounts. Clinical trial evidence is needed to support this observation in HFpEF. Exercise training is established as part of guideline directed treatment of HFrEF patients. Lifestyle physical activity at guideline recommended amounts appears to be associated with lower risk of developing both HFrEF and HFpEF. There has yet to be a definitive clinical trial on exercise training and HFpEF treatment.
{"title":"Impact of exercise on the 21st century epidemic of heart failure","authors":"Michael J. LaMonte","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heart failure (HF) poses a serious threat to public health in an aging population. HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) historically was the focus for developing prevention and management strategies, including exercise training in HFrEF patients. However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly common among older adults. There are no well-established treatment options making its primary prevention critical. This article reviews the role of exercise in the prevention and management of HF. Selected published articles informed discussion of HF etiology, evidence for the role of exercise in HF, and the biologic mechanisms linking exercise with HF development and prognosis. HF is a complex syndromic condition that manifests with severe exercise intolerance. Several causes of HF-related exercise intolerance respond to exercise training and two randomized controlled exercise interventions in HFrEF patients have demonstrated safety and efficacy for improved physical work capacity, quality of life, and mortality endpoints in medically stable HF patients. At present, only epidemiological cohort data are available for HFpEF outcomes, but the data are generally consistent in supporting lower risk of HFpEF development with levels of lifestyle physical activity meeting recommended amounts. Clinical trial evidence is needed to support this observation in HFpEF. Exercise training is established as part of guideline directed treatment of HFrEF patients. Lifestyle physical activity at guideline recommended amounts appears to be associated with lower risk of developing both HFrEF and HFpEF. There has yet to be a definitive clinical trial on exercise training and HFpEF treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 375-383"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002
Jennifer L. Horawski , Sara E. Fleszar-Pavlovic , Melissa Lopez-Pentecost , Tracy E. Crane , Madalyn G. Wheeler , Eric Kholodovsky , Thomas M. Best
Background
Cancer induced cachexia, the involuntary loss of lean body mass and adipose tissue, is a debilitating syndrome experienced in up to 80% of all cancer patients. Cachexia is associated with poor treatment outcomes including decreased quality of life, increased risk of infection, disease progression, and mortality. Recent research suggests that exercise interventions may improve cachexia; however, there is a need for comprehensive and systematic review of the literature to evaluate the role of specific interventions on cancer-induced cachexia.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review examining the efficacy of physical activity interventions, particularly resistance training, on cancer-induced cachexia outcomes. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Cochrane) for articles published up to September 2023, yielding 7 eligible studies.
Results
Sample sizes ranged from 20 to 190 participants per study. Studies included pancreatic (n = 3), head & neck (n = 3), and Gastrointestinal (n = 1) cancers. Mean age ranged from 51.90 to 67.1 years old and females comprised 51% of the participants. Most studies implemented resistance training interventions (73%), ranging from 3 months to 6 months in duration. Although the patterns of outcomes indicate promising results, the effect sizes for all models were small and not statistically significant.
Conclusions
The science of exercise interventions to improve outcomes in those with cancer-related cachexia is still emerging although progressive resistance training appears to be the most promising countermeasure. Authors encourage the development of high-quality, fully powered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining physical exercise interventions aimed at mitigating cancer-induced cachexia.
{"title":"The role of resistance training in mitigating cancer-induced cachexia: A systematic review","authors":"Jennifer L. Horawski , Sara E. Fleszar-Pavlovic , Melissa Lopez-Pentecost , Tracy E. Crane , Madalyn G. Wheeler , Eric Kholodovsky , Thomas M. Best","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cancer induced cachexia, the involuntary loss of lean body mass and adipose tissue, is a debilitating syndrome experienced in up to 80% of all cancer patients. Cachexia is associated with poor treatment outcomes including decreased quality of life, increased risk of infection, disease progression, and mortality. Recent research suggests that exercise interventions may improve cachexia; however, there is a need for comprehensive and systematic review of the literature to evaluate the role of specific interventions on cancer-induced cachexia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review examining the efficacy of physical activity interventions, particularly resistance training, on cancer-induced cachexia outcomes. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Cochrane) for articles published up to September 2023, yielding 7 eligible studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sample sizes ranged from 20 to 190 participants per study. Studies included pancreatic (<em>n</em> = 3), head & neck (<em>n</em> = 3), and Gastrointestinal (<em>n</em> = 1) cancers. Mean age ranged from 51.90 to 67.1 years old and females comprised 51% of the participants. Most studies implemented resistance training interventions (73%), ranging from 3 months to 6 months in duration. Although the patterns of outcomes indicate promising results, the effect sizes for all models were small and not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The science of exercise interventions to improve outcomes in those with cancer-related cachexia is still emerging although progressive resistance training appears to be the most promising countermeasure. Authors encourage the development of high-quality, fully powered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining physical exercise interventions aimed at mitigating cancer-induced cachexia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.004
Karin Allor Pfeiffer , Kimberly A. Clevenger
Although the benefits of physical activity are established across all age groups, researchers have recently noted that there is uncertainty as to which correlates and determinants of physical activity contribute to well-informed interventions and policies, particularly for the time frame of early childhood. The following narrative review highlights salient factors related to physical activity during early childhood, particularly in the United States, with respect to a socioecological framework. Discussion of factors at the individual (demographic, genetic), interpersonal (family support and perceptions of competence), organizational (e.g., preschool attended, preschool quality, teacher characteristics), community (availability, use, and perceptions of play spaces), and policy levels is included. While researchers often work within a public health framework that focuses on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or total (light-to-vigorous) physical activity, this may not fully align with how young children move. The importance of structured and unstructured play, risky play, and nature-based play are highlighted. Implications for basic and applied scientists, clinicians, and practitioners are addressed. Suggestions for future work include consideration of the context of physical activity, associations with other health behaviors, and further examination of the interpersonal and community level factors.
{"title":"Importance, unique aspects and guidelines, and building blocks of early childhood physical activity from a socioecological perspective","authors":"Karin Allor Pfeiffer , Kimberly A. Clevenger","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although the benefits of physical activity are established across all age groups, researchers have recently noted that there is uncertainty as to which correlates and determinants of physical activity contribute to well-informed interventions and policies, particularly for the time frame of early childhood. The following narrative review highlights salient factors related to physical activity during early childhood, particularly in the United States, with respect to a socioecological framework. Discussion of factors at the individual (demographic, genetic), interpersonal (family support and perceptions of competence), organizational (e.g., preschool attended, preschool quality, teacher characteristics), community (availability, use, and perceptions of play spaces), and policy levels is included. While researchers often work within a public health framework that focuses on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or total (light-to-vigorous) physical activity, this may not fully align with how young children move. The importance of structured and unstructured play, risky play, and nature-based play are highlighted. Implications for basic and applied scientists, clinicians, and practitioners are addressed. Suggestions for future work include consideration of the context of physical activity, associations with other health behaviors, and further examination of the interpersonal and community level factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 308-316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.009
John C. Quindry, Ronald E. Michalak
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading form of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, while exercise is a preventative and therapeutic countermeasure. The collective benefits of exercise on the heart are called cardioprotection. Exercise-induced cardioprotection encompasses four broad areas: 1) cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor improvement, 2) anatomical remodeling of the heart, 3) improved cardiac physiologic function, and 4) mechanisms of exercise preconditioning.
Discussion
With respect to the latter area of cardioprotection, research indicates that a few days of moderate intensity aerobic exercise preconditions the heart against cardiac dysrhythmias, ventricular pump dysfunction, and tissue death. The short duration protective timeframe, hours to days after exercise, indicates that the mechanisms are biochemical in nature. Protective mechanisms within exercised hearts include endogenous antioxidant enzymes, better regulation of cytosolic Ca2+, and more efficient bioenergetics. However, a formative body of work conducted over the last decade indicates that additional exogenous mechanisms may be receptor mediated, presumably providing cardioprotection via circulating factors. Preliminary findings indicate that tissue-to-tissue cross talk involves cardioprotective paracrine factors derived from muscle or autocrine factors originating from the heart itself. This protection is termed exogenous (or remote) cardiac preconditioning, and appears to include δ-opioid receptors, IL-6 receptors, and perhaps other surface receptors on exercised cardiac tissue.
Conclusion
The current review outlines existing knowledge on exercise and factors of cardiac preconditioning, and highlights the avenues for next-step scientific advances to understanding treatments against AMI.
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Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.002
Malcolm J. Jackson
Substantial reductions in muscle motor unit numbers accompany ageing and occur in parallel the age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and fibre number. These motor unit changes are reflected in reduced motor neuron numbers and size, axonal integrity and disrupted pre-and post-synaptic neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Conversely, data indicate that the effects of ageing on neuromuscular transmission are relatively minor. Some authors have therefore argued that structural degeneration of motor axons and NMJ are unimportant in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and for a non-neurogenic origin for ageing-induced muscle loss. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activities and changes in redox status are a feature of ageing and may play a key role in muscle loss through increased mitochondrial peroxide generation. This article will review the changes in motor units and NMJ seen during ageing and develop the argument that the changes in muscle mitochondrial peroxide generation and redox status may be caused by age-related changes in neuromuscular structure, but are not directly related to neuromuscular transmission. This provides an alternative explanation on how age-related changes in neural tissue might drive skeletal muscle fibre loss and weakness. Exercise interventions are known to reduce muscle loss and weakness in the elderly, but studies of such interventions on age-related changes in motor units, motor neurons or NMJ structure and function provide conflicting data. A further aim is therefore to identify areas where there is a need for novel research to understand whether, and how, targeted or long-term exercise might influence neuromuscular changes in ageing.
{"title":"Episodic denervation as a driver of loss of skeletal muscle redox homeostasis and muscle weakness in sarcopenia: Possible amelioration by exercise","authors":"Malcolm J. Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Substantial reductions in muscle motor unit numbers accompany ageing and occur in parallel the age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and fibre number. These motor unit changes are reflected in reduced motor neuron numbers and size, axonal integrity and disrupted pre-and post-synaptic neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Conversely, data indicate that the effects of ageing on neuromuscular transmission are relatively minor. Some authors have therefore argued that structural degeneration of motor axons and NMJ are unimportant in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and for a non-neurogenic origin for ageing-induced muscle loss. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activities and changes in redox status are a feature of ageing and may play a key role in muscle loss through increased mitochondrial peroxide generation. This article will review the changes in motor units and NMJ seen during ageing and develop the argument that the changes in muscle mitochondrial peroxide generation and redox status may be caused by age-related changes in neuromuscular structure, but are not directly related to neuromuscular transmission. This provides an alternative explanation on how age-related changes in neural tissue might drive skeletal muscle fibre loss and weakness. Exercise interventions are known to reduce muscle loss and weakness in the elderly, but studies of such interventions on age-related changes in motor units, motor neurons or NMJ structure and function provide conflicting data. A further aim is therefore to identify areas where there is a need for novel research to understand whether, and how, targeted or long-term exercise might influence neuromuscular changes in ageing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 341-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2024-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001
M.L. Millard-Stafford , M.B. Brown , M.T. Wittbrodt
Human exercise performance is influenced by factors related to inherent individual characteristics along with other modifiable factors. During exercise in the heat, sweating provides the major avenue for cooling. When body water losses exceed 2% body mass, changes in physiological responses are observed in a dose-response manner. Human sweat varies in electrolyte content due to differences in ion channel re-absorption in the sweat duct. Moderate hypohydration (> 2% body mass) is associated with physical and mental performance impairments, although this depends on the environment (e.g., warm to hot) and type of exercise (e.g., endurance) or cognitive task (e.g., sustained attention, executive function, motor coordination) involved. This begs the question: Is simply adding water the optimal “solution” to improving human performance during events eliciting dehydration? This review focuses on literature applicable to athletes and military personnel during exertion in the heat. Historically, optimally formulating a sports drink to ingest during exercise has focused on appropriate levels of carbohydrate, with more recent interest spanning from higher electrolyte concentrations to amino acid formulations. Evidence to support recommendations regarding beverage bioavailability during exercise comes from studies comparing the appearance of heavy water (tagged within a beverage) in blood. Fluid delivery appears enhanced with moderately concentrated carbohydrate while electrolyte composition plays a lesser role. Despite the robust historical scientific literature related to fluid replacement, the quest for the optimal sports drink during exercise in the heat continues to generate interest considering global warming trends and the increasing numbers of new hydration-related products for exercising individuals.
{"title":"Perspectives on enhancing human performance in the heat: Is the solution to simply “just add water”?","authors":"M.L. Millard-Stafford , M.B. Brown , M.T. Wittbrodt","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human exercise performance is influenced by factors related to inherent individual characteristics along with other modifiable factors. During exercise in the heat, sweating provides the major avenue for cooling. When body water losses exceed 2% body mass, changes in physiological responses are observed in a dose-response manner. Human sweat varies in electrolyte content due to differences in ion channel re-absorption in the sweat duct. Moderate hypohydration (> 2% body mass) is associated with physical and mental performance impairments, although this depends on the environment (e.g., warm to hot) and type of exercise (e.g., endurance) or cognitive task (e.g., sustained attention, executive function, motor coordination) involved. This begs the question: Is simply adding water the optimal “solution” to improving human performance during events eliciting dehydration? This review focuses on literature applicable to athletes and military personnel during exertion in the heat. Historically, optimally formulating a sports drink to ingest during exercise has focused on appropriate levels of carbohydrate, with more recent interest spanning from higher electrolyte concentrations to amino acid formulations. Evidence to support recommendations regarding beverage bioavailability during exercise comes from studies comparing the appearance of heavy water (tagged within a beverage) in blood. Fluid delivery appears enhanced with moderately concentrated carbohydrate while electrolyte composition plays a lesser role. Despite the robust historical scientific literature related to fluid replacement, the quest for the optimal sports drink during exercise in the heat continues to generate interest considering global warming trends and the increasing numbers of new hydration-related products for exercising individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 317-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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