Sports Medicine and Health Science最新文献_第4页

Evolution of resistance training in women: History and mechanisms for health and performance 女性抗阻训练的演变：健康和表现的历史和机制

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.005

William J. Kraemer , Maren S. Fragala , Nicholas A. Ratamess

Throughout history, cultural norms and stereotypes have discouraged resistance training in women. Today, as awareness and acceptance of resistance training in women has grown, supported by scientific research and advocacy, more women are achieving health and performance benefits from resistance training. This narrative review discusses the current scientific literature on sexual dimorphisms, the mechanisms underlying health and performance adaptations of resistance training in women, with implications for program design. In general, the physiological adaptations to resistance training in women are mediated largely by the neuroendocrine and immune systems, similar to in men albeit via some distinct predominant pathways involving sex hormones estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor- I (IGF-I). As a result, women may have unique adaptations in terms of muscle hypertrophy, substrate utilization, fatiguability, and recovery. Despite subtle physiological differences, women achieve measurable increases in strength, power and athletic performance via engaging in resistance training programs of sufficient frequency, intensity, and duration. Moreover, beyond performance, resistance training has a favorable impact on women’s health including metabolic health, body composition, bone health, cardiovascular health, mental health, self-esteem, and body image. Resistance training recommendations for men and women are highly similar and goal-dependent, with some specific caveats that need to be addressed in women. As resistance training has become regarded as a key element of programs for achieving performance and health improvements in women, additional research may further our understanding.

纵观历史，文化规范和刻板印象阻碍了女性的抗阻训练。今天，在科学研究和宣传的支持下，随着对妇女抗阻训练的认识和接受程度的提高，越来越多的妇女从抗阻训练中获得健康和成绩方面的好处。这篇叙述性综述讨论了目前关于性别二态性的科学文献，女性抗阻训练的健康和表现适应机制，以及对项目设计的影响。一般来说，女性对抗阻训练的生理适应主要是由神经内分泌和免疫系统介导的，与男性相似，尽管通过一些不同的主要途径，包括性激素雌激素、睾酮、生长激素（GH）和胰岛素样生长因子-I （IGF-I）。因此，女性在肌肉肥大、底物利用、疲劳和恢复方面可能具有独特的适应性。尽管存在细微的生理差异，但女性通过参加足够频率、强度和持续时间的抗阻训练项目，在力量、力量和运动表现方面取得了可测量的增长。此外，除了成绩，阻力训练对女性的健康也有良好的影响，包括代谢健康、身体成分、骨骼健康、心血管健康、心理健康、自尊和身体形象。针对男性和女性的抗阻训练建议是高度相似的，目标依赖的，需要针对女性提出一些具体的警告。由于抗阻训练已被视为提高女性表现和改善健康状况的关键因素，进一步的研究可能会进一步加深我们的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Objectively measured 24-h movement behaviours of child-guardian pairs in low-to-middle income households in Nairobi City County, Kenya 客观测量肯尼亚内罗毕市县中低收入家庭中儿童与监护人的 24 小时活动行为

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008

Lucy-Joy Wachira , Nils Swindell , Noora Kanerva , Muhoro Munuhe , Timo Vuorimaa , Tiina Laiho , Sophie Ochola , Maijaliisa Erkkola , George Owino , Gareth Stratton , Mikael Fogelholm , Vincent Onywera

Background

The decreasing prevalence of physical activity (PA) among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern. More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns. We explored associations of 24 hour (h) accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County, Kenya.

Methods

This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9–14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status (SES) (Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County), in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph (GT3X+ and ActiSleep+) accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time (SED). Association between guardians' and children’s PA was examined using linear regression, adjusting for guardians' educational attainment and household wealth.

Results

Of the children, 42 (52.5%) and 76 (96.2%) of the guardians were women. Children in low SES areas spent more time (p < 0.001) in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area. The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA (p = 0.036) while their counterparts had higher daily SED (p = 0.049). Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED (p = 0.033) even after adjusting for guardians' educational attainment (p = 0.032) and wealth (p = 0.05). There was no association between guardians' and children’s MVPA.

Conclusion

Considered alongside the extant literature, these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.

背景：撒哈拉以南非洲城市儿童身体活动（PA）流行率的下降是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题。更多的重点应放在检查父母的PA行为对儿童PA模式的影响。我们探讨了肯尼亚内罗毕市县的监护儿童对24小时(h)加速度计测量的运动行为的关联。方法采用横断面研究方法，对肯尼亚内罗比市县一个社会经济地位较低和中等地区（Embakasi县和Lang 'ata县）的80对9-14岁儿童及其监护人进行评估。该研究使用腰戴式三轴活动仪（GT3X+和ActiSleep+）加速度计来量化PA和久坐时间（SED）。在调整了监护人的受教育程度和家庭财富后，采用线性回归检验了监护人与子女PA之间的关系。结果儿童中女性占42人（52.5%），女性占76人（96.2%）。低社会经济地位地区的儿童花更多的时间(p <；与来自中等社会经济地位地区的儿童相比，中等至高强度体育活动的儿童患病率为0.001)。低SES区的监护人年龄更小，在轻度环境中花费的时间更多（p = 0.036），而其同伴的日SED更高（p = 0.049）。即使在调整了监护人的受教育程度（p = 0.032）和财富（p = 0.05）后，监护人的SED与较高的儿童SED相关（p = 0.033）。监护人和儿童的MVPA之间没有关联。结论结合现有文献，这些结果表明，健康促进策略应以减少父母SED时间为目标，同时计划增加儿童PA。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond physical exhaustion: Understanding overtraining syndrome through the lens of molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestation 超越体力衰竭：从分子机制和临床表现的角度理解过度训练综合征

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.006

Ondrej Fiala, Michaela Hanzlova, Lenka Borska, Zdenek Fiala, Drahomira Holmannova

Background

Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is a condition resulting from excessive physical activity without adequate recovery, predominantly affecting elite athletes and military personnel. While overreaching can be a temporary state, non-functional overreaching may progress to chronic OTS. This review explores various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of OTS, including glycogen depletion, dysregulated cytokine response, oxidative stress, and alterations in the autonomic nervous system function. It also highlights the systemic impact of OTS on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, linking the condition to chronic inflammation and an increased disease susceptibility. Additionally, it addresses the role of the gut microbiome in health modulation through physical activity.

Methods

This narrative review was conducted through a structured search of peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies involving human participants and published in English.

Results

OTS has systemic effects on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, leading to chronic inflammation and increased disease susceptibility. Athletes with OTS exhibit higher morbidity rates, influenced by factors such as sleep deprivation and stress. The review also emphasizes the role of the gut microbiome as a significant modulator of health through physical activity.

Conclusion

Balanced training and recovery are crucial for preventing OTS and maintaining optimal health and quality of life in physically active individuals. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of OTS is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

过度训练综合症（OTS）是一种由于过度体育活动而没有充分恢复而导致的疾病，主要影响精英运动员和军事人员。虽然过度伸展可能是一种暂时状态，但非功能性过度伸展可能会发展为慢性OTS。本文综述了关于OTS发病机制的各种假说，包括糖原耗竭、细胞因子反应失调、氧化应激和自主神经系统功能改变。它还强调了OTS对多器官系统、免疫功能和整体健康的全身性影响，将这种疾病与慢性炎症和疾病易感性增加联系起来。此外，它还通过身体活动解决了肠道微生物组在健康调节中的作用。方法：本文通过对PubMed、Web of Science和b谷歌Scholar等数据库中同行评议的期刊文章进行结构化搜索，重点关注涉及人类参与者并以英文发表的研究。结果sots对多器官系统、免疫功能和整体健康具有全身性影响，导致慢性炎症和疾病易感性增加。由于睡眠不足和压力等因素的影响，OTS运动员的发病率较高。该综述还强调了肠道微生物组通过身体活动作为健康的重要调节剂的作用。结论平衡的训练和恢复对预防OTS和维持最佳健康和生活质量至关重要。了解OTS复杂的病理生理机制对于制定有效的预防和治疗策略至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Importance, unique aspects and guidelines, and building blocks of early childhood physical activity from a socioecological perspective 从社会生态学的角度来看，幼儿体育活动的重要性、独特方面和指导方针以及组成部分

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.004

Karin Allor Pfeiffer , Kimberly A. Clevenger

Although the benefits of physical activity are established across all age groups, researchers have recently noted that there is uncertainty as to which correlates and determinants of physical activity contribute to well-informed interventions and policies, particularly for the time frame of early childhood. The following narrative review highlights salient factors related to physical activity during early childhood, particularly in the United States, with respect to a socioecological framework. Discussion of factors at the individual (demographic, genetic), interpersonal (family support and perceptions of competence), organizational (e.g., preschool attended, preschool quality, teacher characteristics), community (availability, use, and perceptions of play spaces), and policy levels is included. While researchers often work within a public health framework that focuses on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, or total (light-to-vigorous) physical activity, this may not fully align with how young children move. The importance of structured and unstructured play, risky play, and nature-based play are highlighted. Implications for basic and applied scientists, clinicians, and practitioners are addressed. Suggestions for future work include consideration of the context of physical activity, associations with other health behaviors, and further examination of the interpersonal and community level factors.

虽然身体活动的好处在所有年龄组都得到了证实，但研究人员最近指出，身体活动的哪些相关因素和决定因素有助于制定明智的干预措施和政策，尤其是在幼儿时期，这一点尚不确定。下面的叙述性回顾强调了与儿童早期身体活动有关的突出因素，特别是在美国，就社会生态框架而言。包括对个人（人口统计学、遗传）、人际（家庭支持和对能力的看法）、组织（如参加学前教育、学前教育质量、教师特征）、社区（可获得性、使用和对游戏空间的看法）和政策层面因素的讨论。虽然研究人员经常在公共卫生框架内工作，重点是中等到剧烈的身体活动，或全部（轻到剧烈）的身体活动，但这可能与幼儿的运动方式不完全一致。强调了结构化和非结构化游戏、冒险游戏和基于自然的游戏的重要性。对基础和应用科学家，临床医生和从业人员的影响。对未来工作的建议包括考虑体育活动的背景，与其他健康行为的关联，以及进一步研究人际和社区层面的因素。

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引用次数: 0

The role of resistance training in mitigating cancer-induced cachexia: A systematic review 抗阻训练在减轻癌症引起的恶病质中的作用：一项系统综述

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002

Jennifer L. Horawski , Sara E. Fleszar-Pavlovic , Melissa Lopez-Pentecost , Tracy E. Crane , Madalyn G. Wheeler , Eric Kholodovsky , Thomas M. Best

Background

Cancer induced cachexia, the involuntary loss of lean body mass and adipose tissue, is a debilitating syndrome experienced in up to 80% of all cancer patients. Cachexia is associated with poor treatment outcomes including decreased quality of life, increased risk of infection, disease progression, and mortality. Recent research suggests that exercise interventions may improve cachexia; however, there is a need for comprehensive and systematic review of the literature to evaluate the role of specific interventions on cancer-induced cachexia.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review examining the efficacy of physical activity interventions, particularly resistance training, on cancer-induced cachexia outcomes. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Cochrane) for articles published up to September 2023, yielding 7 eligible studies.

Results

Sample sizes ranged from 20 to 190 participants per study. Studies included pancreatic (n = 3), head & neck (n = 3), and Gastrointestinal (n = 1) cancers. Mean age ranged from 51.90 to 67.1 years old and females comprised 51% of the participants. Most studies implemented resistance training interventions (73%), ranging from 3 months to 6 months in duration. Although the patterns of outcomes indicate promising results, the effect sizes for all models were small and not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The science of exercise interventions to improve outcomes in those with cancer-related cachexia is still emerging although progressive resistance training appears to be the most promising countermeasure. Authors encourage the development of high-quality, fully powered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining physical exercise interventions aimed at mitigating cancer-induced cachexia.

背景：癌症引起的恶病质，即不自觉的瘦体重和脂肪组织的损失，是80%的癌症患者经历的一种衰弱综合征。恶病质与不良治疗结果相关，包括生活质量下降、感染风险增加、疾病进展和死亡率增加。最近的研究表明，运动干预可能改善恶病质；然而，有必要对文献进行全面和系统的回顾，以评估特定干预措施在癌症诱导的恶病质中的作用。方法：我们进行了一项系统的综述，研究了体育活动干预，特别是抗阻训练，对癌症诱导的恶病质结局的疗效。我们检索了7个电子数据库（PubMed、Embase、EBSCO、SCOPUS、Web of Science、PsychINFO、Cochrane），检索了截至2023年9月发表的文章，得到7篇符合条件的研究。每项研究的样本量从20到190人不等。研究包括胰腺癌（n = 3）、头颈癌（n = 3）和胃肠道癌（n = 1）。平均年龄为51.90 - 67.1岁，女性占51%。大多数研究实施阻力训练干预（73%），持续时间从3个月到6个月不等。虽然结果的模式表明有希望的结果，但所有模型的效应量都很小，没有统计学意义。结论：尽管渐进式抗阻训练似乎是最有希望的对策，但改善癌症相关恶病质患者预后的运动干预科学仍在兴起。作者鼓励开展高质量、全动力的随机对照试验（RCTs），研究旨在减轻癌症引起的恶病质的体育锻炼干预。

{"title":"The role of resistance training in mitigating cancer-induced cachexia: A systematic review","authors":"Jennifer L. Horawski , Sara E. Fleszar-Pavlovic , Melissa Lopez-Pentecost , Tracy E. Crane , Madalyn G. Wheeler , Eric Kholodovsky , Thomas M. Best","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cancer induced cachexia, the involuntary loss of lean body mass and adipose tissue, is a debilitating syndrome experienced in up to 80% of all cancer patients. Cachexia is associated with poor treatment outcomes including decreased quality of life, increased risk of infection, disease progression, and mortality. Recent research suggests that exercise interventions may improve cachexia; however, there is a need for comprehensive and systematic review of the literature to evaluate the role of specific interventions on cancer-induced cachexia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review examining the efficacy of physical activity interventions, particularly resistance training, on cancer-induced cachexia outcomes. We searched seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Cochrane) for articles published up to September 2023, yielding 7 eligible studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sample sizes ranged from 20 to 190 participants per study. Studies included pancreatic (<em>n</em> = 3), head & neck (<em>n</em> = 3), and Gastrointestinal (<em>n</em> = 1) cancers. Mean age ranged from 51.90 to 67.1 years old and females comprised 51% of the participants. Most studies implemented resistance training interventions (73%), ranging from 3 months to 6 months in duration. Although the patterns of outcomes indicate promising results, the effect sizes for all models were small and not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The science of exercise interventions to improve outcomes in those with cancer-related cachexia is still emerging although progressive resistance training appears to be the most promising countermeasure. Authors encourage the development of high-quality, fully powered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining physical exercise interventions aimed at mitigating cancer-induced cachexia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 5","pages":"Pages 384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

24-h movement guidelines and its association with health-related physical fitness in Brazilian adolescents 巴西青少年 24 小时运动指南及其与健康相关体能的关系

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.003

Jean Carlos Parmigiani De Marco , Tiago Rodrigues de Lima , André de Araújo Pinto , Javier Brazo-Sayavera , Andreia Pelegrini

Purpose

To examine the link between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines (isolated and combined) and muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity indicators in Brazilian adolescents.

Methods

Data from 980 adolescents (14–19 years) in Florianópolis, Brazil, were analyzed. The dependent variables were body mass index (BMI), body fat, handgrip strength (HGS), maximal oxygen consumption (

\dot{V}

O_2max). The independent variables were physical activity (PA, IPAQ), screen time (ST), sleep (bedtime, wake-up time). Compliance was calculated for each behavior and combinations. Multiple linear regression models were employed.

Results

Overall compliance: 4.1% (boys), 4.9% (girls). Positive associations were found between PA adherence and HGS/

\dot{V}

O_2max in both sexes, ST adherence and

\dot{V}

O_2max, and adherence to all three guidelines and

\dot{V}

O_2max. Girls showed positive associations between combined PA + sleep adherence and HGS, ST + sleep and

\dot{V}

O_2max, and negative associations between adherence to two guidelines and BMI. Boys exhibited a negative association between PA and body fat, positive between ST and HGS, and positive/negative between combined PA + ST adherence and HGS/body fat. Moreover, adherence to all three guidelines associated positively with HGS.

Conclusion

Adhering to 24-h movement guidelines, alone or in combination, benefits muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in Brazilian adolescents. However, simultaneous adherence did not correlate with obesity indicators.

目的研究巴西青少年坚持24小时运动指南（单独和联合）与肌肉力量、心肺健康和肥胖指标之间的联系。方法对巴西Florianópolis 980名14-19岁青少年的数据进行分析。因变量为身体质量指数（BMI）、体脂、握力（HGS）、最大耗氧量（V˙O2max）。自变量为体力活动（PA， IPAQ），屏幕时间（ST），睡眠（就寝时间，起床时间）。计算每个行为和组合的依从性。采用多元线性回归模型。结果总体依从性：男生为4.1%，女生为4.9%。两性的PA依从性与HGS/ V˙O2max呈正相关，ST依从性与V˙O2max呈正相关，三项指南的依从性与V˙O2max呈正相关。女孩的PA +睡眠依从性与HGS呈正相关，ST +睡眠依从性与V˙O2max呈正相关，而两种指南的依从性与BMI呈负相关。男孩PA与体脂呈负相关，ST与HGS呈正相关，PA + ST联合依从性与HGS/体脂呈正相关/负相关。此外，遵守所有三个指南与HGS呈正相关。结论坚持24小时运动指南，单独或联合，有益于巴西青少年的肌肉力量和心肺健康。然而，同时坚持服药与肥胖指标无关。

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引用次数: 0

Perspectives on enhancing human performance in the heat: Is the solution to simply “just add water”? 提高人体在高温下表现的观点：解决方法是否只是简单地“加水”？

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.001

M.L. Millard-Stafford , M.B. Brown , M.T. Wittbrodt

Human exercise performance is influenced by factors related to inherent individual characteristics along with other modifiable factors. During exercise in the heat, sweating provides the major avenue for cooling. When body water losses exceed 2% body mass, changes in physiological responses are observed in a dose-response manner. Human sweat varies in electrolyte content due to differences in ion channel re-absorption in the sweat duct. Moderate hypohydration (> 2% body mass) is associated with physical and mental performance impairments, although this depends on the environment (e.g., warm to hot) and type of exercise (e.g., endurance) or cognitive task (e.g., sustained attention, executive function, motor coordination) involved. This begs the question: Is simply adding water the optimal “solution” to improving human performance during events eliciting dehydration? This review focuses on literature applicable to athletes and military personnel during exertion in the heat. Historically, optimally formulating a sports drink to ingest during exercise has focused on appropriate levels of carbohydrate, with more recent interest spanning from higher electrolyte concentrations to amino acid formulations. Evidence to support recommendations regarding beverage bioavailability during exercise comes from studies comparing the appearance of heavy water (tagged within a beverage) in blood. Fluid delivery appears enhanced with moderately concentrated carbohydrate while electrolyte composition plays a lesser role. Despite the robust historical scientific literature related to fluid replacement, the quest for the optimal sports drink during exercise in the heat continues to generate interest considering global warming trends and the increasing numbers of new hydration-related products for exercising individuals.

人的运动表现受到与个人固有特征有关的因素以及其他可改变的因素的影响。在高温下运动时，出汗是降温的主要途径。当身体水分损失超过体重的2%时，生理反应的变化以剂量-反应方式观察到。人体汗液中电解质含量的变化是由于汗管中离子通道再吸收的差异。中度缺水（体重的2%）与身体和精神表现障碍有关，尽管这取决于所涉及的环境（如温暖到炎热）和运动类型（如耐力）或认知任务（如持续注意力、执行功能、运动协调）。这就引出了一个问题：在脱水的情况下，简单地补充水分是提高人体表现的最佳“解决方案”吗？本文综述了适用于运动员和军人在高温下运动的文献。从历史上看，运动饮料的最佳配方主要集中在适当的碳水化合物水平上，最近的兴趣从更高的电解质浓度到氨基酸配方。支持运动期间饮料生物利用度建议的证据来自比较血液中重水（标签在饮料中）外观的研究。适度浓缩的碳水化合物似乎增强了液体输送，而电解质成分的作用较小。尽管历史上有大量关于液体替代的科学文献，但考虑到全球变暖的趋势和越来越多的新的运动相关产品，在高温运动中寻找最佳运动饮料的追求继续引起人们的兴趣。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training on maximal oxygen uptake 高强度间歇交叉训练对最大摄氧量的影响

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.003

Xin Liu, Katsunori Tsuji, Yuzhong Xu, Motoyuki Iemitsu, Izumi Tabata

We investigated the effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training (HIICT) on maximal oxygen uptake (

\dot{V}

O₂max). The HIICT consisted of alternating intermittent 20-s treadmill running (1^st, 3^rd, 5^th, and 7^th bouts) and 20-s bicycle exercise (2^nd, 4^th, and 6^th bouts) with a 10-s rest period. Each intensity for running and bicycling of the HIICT corresponded to an oxygen demand of ∼160% and ∼170% of the

\dot{V}

O₂max, respectively. Fifteen healthy young males (aged [24 ± 1] yrs) were randomly assigned to training (TG, n = 8) and non-training control (CG, n = 7) groups. The TG completed this HIICT daily 4 days/week for 6 weeks. Significant group × time interactions were observed for both the running and bicycling

\dot{V}

O₂max (p < 0.001 each). After the training, the

\dot{V}

O₂max for both running ([57.4 ± 4.8] mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and bicycling ([50.6 ± 3.7] mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) in the TG were significantly higher than those for running ([50.1 ± 3.1] mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and bicycling ([43.7 ± 3.6] mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) in the CG, respectively (p < 0.01 each). Post-hoc tests revealed a significant increase in

\dot{V}

O₂max for running and bicycling in the TG after the HIICT (p < 0.001 each) but no significant difference in the CG. These results demonstrated that the newly developed HIICT increases the

\dot{V}

O₂max for both running and bicycling.

我们研究了高强度间歇交叉训练（HIICT）对最大摄氧量（V˙O2max）的影响。HIICT包括交替间歇20秒的跑步机跑步（第1、3、5和7回合）和20秒的自行车运动（第2、4和6回合），休息时间为10秒。HIICT的跑步和骑自行车的每个强度分别对应于V˙O2max的~ 160%和~ 170%的需氧量。15例健康青年男性（年龄[24±1]岁）随机分为训练组（TG, n = 8）和非训练对照组（CG, n = 7）。TG每天完成HIICT，每周4天，持续6周。跑步和骑自行车均观察到显著的组×时间相互作用V˙O2max (p <；0.001每个)。训练结束后，跑步组（[57.4±4.8]mL·kg−1·min−1）和自行车组（[50.6±3.7]mL·kg−1·min−1）的V˙O2max均显著高于跑步组（[50.1±3.1]mL·kg−1·min−1）和自行车组（[43.7±3.6]mL·kg−1·min−1）(p <；0.01每个)。事后测试显示，HIICT后TG中跑步和骑自行车的V˙O2max显著增加(p <；0.001)，但CG无显著差异。这些结果表明，新开发的HIICT增加了跑步和骑自行车的V˙O2max。

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引用次数: 0

Physical activity, exercise, and mental health of healthy adolescents: A review of the last 5 years 健康青少年的身体活动、锻炼和心理健康：近5年综述

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.003

Eva Ruiz-Ranz , Iván Asín-Izquierdo

The mental health of adolescents is a priority for successful development. Physical activity (PA) and exercise can have effects on the mental health of adolescents. This review analysed the effect that physical exercise interventions can have on the mental health of healthy adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age. The search was carried out in four databases. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscuss, were searched up to December 31, 2022, following the general model. Eleven studies were selected, with a total sample of 23 681 participants in 2 435 studies published in the last 5 years involving healthy adolescents. The search process and review of the articles was performed by independent expert investigators. The risk-of-bias and the methodological quality were analysed using the Cochrane scale. The limited and heterogeneous studies conducted so far do not clearly establish the benefits of PA on adolescents’ mental health. However, some PA interventions seem to improve subjective well-being, self-esteem, physical and mental well-being, anxiety, lifestyle, emotional intelligence, depressive mood, and perceived benefit and confidence in healthy adolescents. It is important to design an effective and appropriate physical exercise programme that can be implemented for adolescents to achieve significant effects on their mental health. Studies that did not implement an appropriate exercise program with improvements in adolescent physical fitness showed no changes in psychological variables. Further research is needed to clearly establish that exercise programmes have positive effects on mental health in healthy adolescents.

青少年的心理健康是成功发展的优先事项。体育活动（PA）和运动可以对青少年的心理健康产生影响。这篇综述分析了体育锻炼干预对10 - 19岁健康青少年心理健康的影响。在四个数据库中进行了搜索。PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus和SportDiscuss的检索截止到2022年12月31日，遵循一般模式。选择了11项研究，在过去5年发表的涉及健康青少年的2435项研究中，总共有23681名参与者。文章的检索过程和审查由独立的专家调查员进行。使用Cochrane量表分析偏倚风险和方法学质量。迄今为止进行的有限和异质性的研究并没有清楚地确定PA对青少年心理健康的益处。然而，一些PA干预似乎改善了健康青少年的主观幸福感、自尊、身心健康、焦虑、生活方式、情商、抑郁情绪以及感知利益和信心。重要的是要设计一项有效和适当的体育锻炼方案，可以为青少年实施，以对他们的心理健康产生重大影响。没有实施适当的锻炼计划以改善青少年身体健康的研究显示，心理变量没有变化。需要进一步的研究来明确确定运动方案对健康青少年的心理健康有积极影响。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of muscle repair after peripheral nerve injury by electrical stimulation combined with blood flow restriction training 电刺激联合限血训练对周围神经损伤后肌肉修复的机制

IF 2.3 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports Medicine and Health Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.002

Xiaolei Chu , Jiaojiao Sun , Jiajia Liang , Wenjie Liu , Zheng Xing , Qi Li , Qingwen Li

This review elucidates the impact of electrical stimulation (ES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) training on muscle function. ES induces a transformation in muscle fibers type by rearranging myosin heavy chain isoform patterns. Additionally, it influences muscle protein synthesis and degradation through specific signaling pathways such as protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), as well as via autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, thereby effectively maintaining muscle mass. BFR, on the other hand, restricts muscle blood flow, leading to metabolic products accumulation and localized hypoxia, which not only promotes the recruitment of fast-twitch fibers but also activates the mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing muscle protein synthesis. The combination of ES and BFR synergistically facilitates muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway, thereby accelerating the recovery of muscle function following peripheral nerve injury.

本文综述了电刺激（ES）和血流限制（BFR）训练对肌肉功能的影响。ES通过重新排列肌球蛋白重链异构体模式诱导肌纤维类型的转变。此外，它还通过蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素机制靶点（Akt/mTOR）等特定信号通路，以及自噬和泛素-蛋白酶体系统影响肌肉蛋白的合成和降解，从而有效地维持肌肉质量。另一方面，BFR限制肌肉血流，导致代谢产物积累和局部缺氧，这不仅促进了快肌纤维的募集，还激活了mTOR信号通路，增强了肌肉蛋白质的合成。ES与BFR联合作用，通过mTOR通路协同促进肌肉蛋白合成，从而加速周围神经损伤后肌肉功能的恢复。

引用次数: 0