Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.005
Myles C. Murphy , Molly Coventry , Janet L. Taylor , Ebonie K. Rio , Andrea B. Mosler , Jackie L. Whittaker , Christopher Latella
Aims
Compare quadriceps voluntary activation, corticospinal and intracortical excitability between people with and without hip osteoarthritis (OA). Exploratory objectives include quantifying the association of corticospinal/intracortical excitability with voluntary activation, corticospinal/intracortical excitability with hip related pain, and motor threshold with motor cortex inhibition and facilitation.
Methods
Case-control study including participants with clinically and radiologically confirmed hip OA and non-OA controls. Quadriceps voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation via femoral nerve stimulation. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex assessed resting motor threshold (RMT), active motor threshold (AMT), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and silent period. Generalized linear models assessed outcomes (p < 0.05).
Results
We included 17 hip OA (76% female) and 24 controls (92% female) with a mean (standard deviation) age of 58.7 (7.9) years. Compared to controls, people with hip OA had reduced quadriceps voluntary activation (β = -5.29, 95% confidence intervals [CI], -0.79–-9.79) and increased ICF (β = 0.22, 95%CI, 0.01–0.43). People with hip OA did not differ from controls in RMT (β = −4.76, 95%CI, −14.08–4.56), AMT (β = −2.13, 95%CI, −7.12-2.86), SICI (β = −0.02, 95%CI, −0.15-0.006) or silent period (β= 8.72, 95%CI, −24.75–42.20). More facilitation was associated with increased hip pain (β= 24.55, 95%CI, 6.93–42.18), and more inhibition was associated with less voluntary activation (β= 10.50, 95%CI, 2.00–18.99).
Conclusion
People with hip OA demonstrate reduced quadriceps voluntary activation and complex changes in motor cortex excitability compared to controls. These findings suggest that hip OA can alter quadriceps neuromuscular function (facilitation associated with pain, inhibition associated with activation), thus having implications for rehabilitation.
{"title":"People with hip osteoarthritis have reduced quadriceps voluntary activation and altered motor cortex function","authors":"Myles C. Murphy , Molly Coventry , Janet L. Taylor , Ebonie K. Rio , Andrea B. Mosler , Jackie L. Whittaker , Christopher Latella","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Compare quadriceps voluntary activation, corticospinal and intracortical excitability between people with and without hip osteoarthritis (OA). Exploratory objectives include quantifying the association of corticospinal/intracortical excitability with voluntary activation, corticospinal/intracortical excitability with hip related pain, and motor threshold with motor cortex inhibition and facilitation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Case-control study including participants with clinically and radiologically confirmed hip OA and non-OA controls. Quadriceps voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation via femoral nerve stimulation. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex assessed resting motor threshold (RMT), active motor threshold (AMT), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF) and silent period. Generalized linear models assessed outcomes (<em>p</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We included 17 hip OA (76% female) and 24 controls (92% female) with a mean (standard deviation) age of 58.7 (7.9) years. Compared to controls, people with hip OA had reduced quadriceps voluntary activation (<em>β</em> = -5.29, 95% confidence intervals [<em>CI</em>], -0.79–-9.79) and increased ICF (<em>β</em> = 0.22, 95%<em>CI</em>, 0.01–0.43). People with hip OA did not differ from controls in RMT (<em>β</em> = −4.76, 95%<em>CI</em>, −14.08–4.56), AMT (<em>β</em> = −2.13, 95%<em>CI</em>, −7.12-2.86), SICI (<em>β</em> = −0.02, 95%<em>CI</em>, −0.15-0.006) or silent period (<em>β</em> <em>=</em> 8.72, 95%<em>CI,</em> −24.75–42.20). More facilitation was associated with increased hip pain (<em>β</em> <em>=</em> 24.55, 95%<em>CI,</em> 6.93–42.18), and more inhibition was associated with less voluntary activation (<em>β</em> <em>=</em> 10.50, 95%<em>CI,</em> 2.00–18.99).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>People with hip OA demonstrate reduced quadriceps voluntary activation and complex changes in motor cortex excitability compared to controls. These findings suggest that hip OA can alter quadriceps neuromuscular function (facilitation associated with pain, inhibition associated with activation), thus having implications for rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 438-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.11.001
Jeffrey A. Woods , Noah T. Hutchinson , Scott K. Powers , Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera , Zsolt Radak , Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , Stefano Cacciatore , Emanuele Marzetti , Tianou Zhang , Ronaldo Garza , Corby Sidebottom , Elizabeth Anderson , J. Larry Durstine , Junzhi Sun , Li Li Ji
The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity (PA) during the 5-year pandemic. We aim to cover the immune system, the cardiopulmonary system, the musculoskeletal system, and the central nervous system (brain function), particularly among older adults, college students, and individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (Long-COVID). The COVID-19 pandemic has given us many lessons, learned from the death of six million lives and tremendous disturbance to human life. First, we need to continue to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate various organistic failures resulting from the viral infection. Such investigations are the only way to completely understand the etiology of the diseases and to develop new drugs and vaccines. The molecular pathways that transmit the signals of viral infection to each organ system are different requiring both basic and clinical research. Available evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced microcirculation and latent immune activation play a major role, eventually impairing cardiovascular tolerance and peripheral bioenergetics. Second, the COVID-19 pandemic has manifested major disturbances to human lifestyles with reduced PA and exercise standing out as a major factor. Conversely, physical inactivity due to social confinement and mental/psychological stresses has been clearly linked to intensified pathogenic symptoms and amplification of adverse effects on multiple physiological systems. If not intervened, this interaction can lead to Long-COVID, a dangerous futile circle to cause systemic failure. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted differential impacts on different populations. Thus, the strategy to develop and conduct to cope with the negativity of pandemic needs to be specific, flexible and tailored to fit different patient populations.
{"title":"Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: A 5-year retrospect","authors":"Jeffrey A. Woods , Noah T. Hutchinson , Scott K. Powers , Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera , Zsolt Radak , Christiaan Leeuwenburgh , Stefano Cacciatore , Emanuele Marzetti , Tianou Zhang , Ronaldo Garza , Corby Sidebottom , Elizabeth Anderson , J. Larry Durstine , Junzhi Sun , Li Li Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity (PA) during the 5-year pandemic. We aim to cover the immune system, the cardiopulmonary system, the musculoskeletal system, and the central nervous system (brain function), particularly among older adults, college students, and individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (Long-COVID). The COVID-19 pandemic has given us many lessons, learned from the death of six million lives and tremendous disturbance to human life. First, we need to continue to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate various organistic failures resulting from the viral infection. Such investigations are the only way to completely understand the etiology of the diseases and to develop new drugs and vaccines. The molecular pathways that transmit the signals of viral infection to each organ system are different requiring both basic and clinical research. Available evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced microcirculation and latent immune activation play a major role, eventually impairing cardiovascular tolerance and peripheral bioenergetics. Second, the COVID-19 pandemic has manifested major disturbances to human lifestyles with reduced PA and exercise standing out as a major factor. Conversely, physical inactivity due to social confinement and mental/psychological stresses has been clearly linked to intensified pathogenic symptoms and amplification of adverse effects on multiple physiological systems. If not intervened, this interaction can lead to Long-COVID, a dangerous futile circle to cause systemic failure. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted differential impacts on different populations. Thus, the strategy to develop and conduct to cope with the negativity of pandemic needs to be specific, flexible and tailored to fit different patient populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 405-418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.011
Cooper Oborn , Maximillian J. Nelson , Kade Davison , James Murray , Kent Green , Jawaria Shahid , Hunter Bennett
Purpose
To consolidate and evaluate meta-analyses reporting the effects of blood flow restricted exercise (BFRE) on measures of health and physical fitness across all populations.
Methods
This preregistered umbrella review followed PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of five databases identified meta-analyses evaluating the effects of BFRE interventions (aerobic, resistance, combined) compared to exercising and non-exercising control conditions on measures of health and performance. A multilevel meta-analysis of standardised mean differences (SMDs) was conducted to examine the effects of BFRE. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the participant and intervention characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using the AMSTAR-2.
Results
47 meta-analyses comprised of 265 unique studies were included. All reviews were rated as low-moderate quality. BFRE had a small effect on hypertrophy (SMD = 0.39, p < 0.001) and a moderate effect on strength (SMD = 0.61, p < 0.001) when compared to low load, but not high load resistance training (hypertrophy, SMD = −0.13, p = 0.142; strength, SMD = -0.28, p < 0.001). BFRE had small-to-moderate effects on aerobic fitness (SMD = 0.50, p < 0.001), vascular health (SMD = 0.45, p < 0.001), blood pressure (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.001), and muscular power (SMD = 0.56, p < 0.001). BFRE had no effect on physical function (SMD = 0.16, p = 0.096), pain (SMD = 0.00, p = 0.996), and speed (SMD = 0.22, p = 0.213).
Conclusions
BFRE is a viable option to improve hypertrophy, strength, aerobic fitness, and vascular health across various populations, though its effects on hypertrophy and strength are smaller when compared to traditional high load resistance training. It doesn't appear to offer any additional benefits than other training methods for physical function, pain, or speed, although sub-analyses suggest further research is warranted in select areas of application.
目的巩固和评估报告血流量限制运动（BFRE）对所有人群健康和体质指标影响的荟萃分析。方法本预注册伞式综述遵循PRISMA指南。通过对五个数据库的综合搜索，确定了评估BFRE干预（有氧、阻力、综合）与运动和非运动控制条件对健康和表现的影响的荟萃分析。采用标准化平均差异（SMDs）的多水平荟萃分析来检验BFRE的效果。对参与者和干预特征进行亚组分析。使用AMSTAR-2评估偏倚风险。结果纳入47项荟萃分析，包括265项独特的研究。所有的评论都被评为中低质量。与低负荷阻力训练相比，BFRE对肥厚有较小的影响（SMD = 0.39, p < 0.001），对力量有中等影响（SMD = 0.61, p < 0.001），但对高负荷阻力训练没有影响（肥厚，SMD = - 0.13, p = 0.142；力量，SMD = -0.28, p < 0.001）。BFRE对有氧适能（SMD = 0.50, p < 0.001）、血管健康（SMD = 0.45, p < 0.001）、血压（SMD = 0.46, p < 0.001）和肌肉力量（SMD = 0.56, p < 0.001）有小到中度的影响。对身体功能（SMD = 0.16, p = 0.096）、疼痛（SMD = 0.00, p = 0.996）和速度（SMD = 0.22, p = 0.213）无影响。结论：与传统的高负荷阻力训练相比，bfre是一种可行的选择，可以改善不同人群的肥大、力量、有氧适能和血管健康，尽管它对肥大和力量的影响较小。在身体机能、疼痛或速度方面，它似乎没有比其他训练方法提供任何额外的好处，尽管子分析表明，在选择应用领域进行进一步的研究是有必要的。
{"title":"The effect of blood flow restricted exercise on measures of health and physical fitness across all populations: An umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis","authors":"Cooper Oborn , Maximillian J. Nelson , Kade Davison , James Murray , Kent Green , Jawaria Shahid , Hunter Bennett","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To consolidate and evaluate meta-analyses reporting the effects of blood flow restricted exercise (BFRE) on measures of health and physical fitness across all populations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This preregistered umbrella review followed PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of five databases identified meta-analyses evaluating the effects of BFRE interventions (aerobic, resistance, combined) compared to exercising and non-exercising control conditions on measures of health and performance. A multilevel meta-analysis of standardised mean differences (<em>SMD</em>s) was conducted to examine the effects of BFRE. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the participant and intervention characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using the AMSTAR-2.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>47 meta-analyses comprised of 265 unique studies were included. All reviews were rated as low-moderate quality. BFRE had a small effect on hypertrophy (<em>SMD</em> = 0.39, <em>p</em> < 0.001) and a moderate effect on strength (<em>SMD</em> = 0.61, <em>p</em> < 0.001) when compared to low load, but not high load resistance training (hypertrophy, <em>SMD =</em> −0.13, <em>p</em> = 0.142; strength, <em>SMD =</em> -0.28, <em>p</em> < 0.001). BFRE had small-to-moderate effects on aerobic fitness (<em>SMD =</em> 0.50, <em>p</em> < 0.001), vascular health (<em>SMD =</em> 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.001), blood pressure (<em>SMD =</em> 0.46, <em>p</em> < 0.001), and muscular power (<em>SMD =</em> 0.56, <em>p</em> < 0.001). BFRE had no effect on physical function (<em>SMD =</em> 0.16, <em>p</em> = 0.096), pain (<em>SMD =</em> 0.00, <em>p</em> = 0.996), and speed (<em>SMD =</em> 0.22, <em>p</em> = 0.213).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>BFRE is a viable option to improve hypertrophy, strength, aerobic fitness, and vascular health across various populations, though its effects on hypertrophy and strength are smaller when compared to traditional high load resistance training. It doesn't appear to offer any additional benefits than other training methods for physical function, pain, or speed, although sub-analyses suggest further research is warranted in select areas of application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 419-431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.005
Anna Siekierzycka , Adrianna Radulska , Marcin Woźniak , Iwona Pelikant-Małecka , Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka , Ewa Lewicka , Leszek Kalinowski , Robert A. Olek
Background
Habitual physical activity is known to support cardiovascular health. However, when intensive exercise is performed for long durations, it can negatively affect the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the exercise-induced physiological responses of cardiac markers in male marathon runners based on basal plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels, a metabolite related to major adverse cardiovascular events.
Methods
Blood samples from 28 marathon runners were collected two weeks before the marathon run (baseline), after finishing the race (post-marathon), and two weeks after the race (2 weeks post-marathon). Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), endothelin-1 (ET-1), galectin-3, pentraxin-3, human growth differentiation factor 15, and neopterin were determined by the enzyme immunoassay method. Plasma trimethylamine (TMA) and TMAO were measured by the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method.
Results
Running a marathon increased levels of circulating biomarkers. A greater post-marathon elevation of cTnI and ET-1 was associated with baseline plasma TMAO levels (R = 0.400, p = 0.035 and R = 0.476, p = 0.012, respectively). Moreover, we observed an increase in post-marathon TMA levels.
Conclusion
Greater post-marathon elevation of cTnI and ET-1 was associated with higher baseline plasma TMAO levels. Therefore, TMAO could potentially serve as a new marker in assessing the response of cardiovascular stress biomarkers to marathon running.
众所周知，习惯性的体育活动有助于心血管健康。然而，当长时间进行高强度运动时，它会对心血管系统产生负面影响。我们基于基础血浆三甲胺- n -氧化物（TMAO）水平评估了男性马拉松运动员运动诱导的心脏标志物的生理反应，TMAO是一种与主要不良心血管事件相关的代谢物。方法采集28名马拉松运动员的血液样本，分别在马拉松比赛前2周（基线）、比赛结束后（马拉松后）和比赛后2周（马拉松后2周）。采用酶免疫分析法测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I （cTnI）、内皮素-1 （ET-1）、半乳糖凝集素-3、戊霉素-3、人生长分化因子15、新蝶呤。采用超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆三甲胺（TMA）和氧化三甲胺（TMAO）。结果跑马拉松会增加循环生物标志物的水平。马拉松后cTnI和ET-1升高与基线血浆TMAO水平相关（R = 0.400, p = 0.035和R = 0.476, p = 0.012）。此外，我们观察到马拉松后TMA水平的增加。结论马拉松后cTnI和ET-1升高与血浆TMAO基线水平升高相关。因此，TMAO有可能作为评估心血管应激生物标志物对马拉松运动反应的新标志物。
{"title":"Plasma cardiovascular stress biomarkers response to marathon running","authors":"Anna Siekierzycka , Adrianna Radulska , Marcin Woźniak , Iwona Pelikant-Małecka , Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka , Ewa Lewicka , Leszek Kalinowski , Robert A. Olek","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Habitual physical activity is known to support cardiovascular health. However, when intensive exercise is performed for long durations, it can negatively affect the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the exercise-induced physiological responses of cardiac markers in male marathon runners based on basal plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels, a metabolite related to major adverse cardiovascular events.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Blood samples from 28 marathon runners were collected two weeks before the marathon run (baseline), after finishing the race (post-marathon), and two weeks after the race (2 weeks post-marathon). Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), endothelin-1 (ET-1), galectin-3, pentraxin-3, human growth differentiation factor 15, and neopterin were determined by the enzyme immunoassay method. Plasma trimethylamine (TMA) and TMAO were measured by the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Running a marathon increased levels of circulating biomarkers. A greater post-marathon elevation of cTnI and ET-1 was associated with baseline plasma TMAO levels (<em>R</em> = 0.400, <em>p</em> = 0.035 and <em>R</em> = 0.476, <em>p</em> = 0.012, respectively). Moreover, we observed an increase in post-marathon TMA levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Greater post-marathon elevation of cTnI and ET-1 was associated with higher baseline plasma TMAO levels. Therefore, TMAO could potentially serve as a new marker in assessing the response of cardiovascular stress biomarkers to marathon running.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 481-486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.002
Peng Qiu , Junyu Wu , Min Li , Zhiguang Zhao , Qirong Wang
Chronic diseases are major causes of global death and disability, significantly impacting individual health and imposing economic burdens. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and the development of chronic diseases. Using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we incorporated average PA and its subtypes (more than 450 000 participants) as exposure measures and eight chronic diseases as outcome measures. Data were obtained from the European Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). The primary causal analysis technique employed was the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, with MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode used to validate the results. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. The IVW approach results show that vigorous physical activity (VPA) is associated with a modest reduction in the risk of major coronary heart disease (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99, p = 0.01). The causal directions of the other four MR methods are consistent with this result and validated by sensitivity analysis. No substantial associations were found between other levels of PA and chronic disease. Our findings underscore the importance of VPA in preventive cardiology and suggest its potential role in public health initiatives. Further research should explore the impact of PA on different demographic groups and the dose-response relationship of VPA on heart health.
慢性疾病是全球死亡和残疾的主要原因，严重影响个人健康并造成经济负担。本研究旨在探讨体育活动与慢性疾病发展的因果关系。使用孟德尔随机化（MR）方法，我们将平均PA及其亚型（超过45万名参与者）纳入暴露测量，并将8种慢性疾病作为结果测量。数据来自欧洲全基因组关联研究（GWAS）。主要因果分析方法为方差反加权法（IVW），采用MR-Egger法、加权中位数法、加权众数法和简单众数法对结果进行验证。进行敏感性分析以评估异质性和多效性。IVW方法结果显示，剧烈体育活动（VPA）与严重冠心病风险的适度降低相关（OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99, p = 0.01）。其他4种MR方法的因果方向与此结果一致，并通过敏感性分析得到了验证。其他水平的PA与慢性疾病之间没有实质性的联系。我们的研究结果强调了VPA在预防心脏病学中的重要性，并提示其在公共卫生倡议中的潜在作用。进一步的研究应探讨VPA对不同人群的影响以及VPA对心脏健康的量效关系。
{"title":"Causal inference between physical activity and chronic diseases: Insights from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","authors":"Peng Qiu , Junyu Wu , Min Li , Zhiguang Zhao , Qirong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic diseases are major causes of global death and disability, significantly impacting individual health and imposing economic burdens. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between physical activity (PA) and the development of chronic diseases. Using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we incorporated average PA and its subtypes (more than 450 000 participants) as exposure measures and eight chronic diseases as outcome measures. Data were obtained from the European Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). The primary causal analysis technique employed was the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, with MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and simple mode used to validate the results. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. The IVW approach results show that vigorous physical activity (VPA) is associated with a modest reduction in the risk of major coronary heart disease (<em>OR</em> = 0.95, 95% <em>CI</em>: 0.91–0.99, <em>p</em> = 0.01). The causal directions of the other four MR methods are consistent with this result and validated by sensitivity analysis. No substantial associations were found between other levels of PA and chronic disease. Our findings underscore the importance of VPA in preventive cardiology and suggest its potential role in public health initiatives. Further research should explore the impact of PA on different demographic groups and the dose-response relationship of VPA on heart health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 446-452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.003
Victoria Zaborova , Irina Lazareva , Kira Kryuchkova , Christina Popova , Vitaly Rybakov , Dmitry Shestakov , Valerio Bonavolontà , Laura Guidetti , Giovanna Zimatore
This study aimed to investigate the energy supply of athletes, who had a mild form of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) under cycling ergometric load (CEL) to substantiate the timing of recovery, as well as to determine the volume and intensity of physical activity. Eighty-seven athletes aged from 18 to 28 years old, involved in cyclic sports, were examined. Group I consisted of 52 athletes with COVID-19, and group II consisted of 37 healthy self-isolating athletes. In addition to the comprehensive examination, the tested athletes underwent special examinations: the study of diagnostic material using methods of nucleic acid amplification, spirography and spiroergometry, electrocardiography (ECG), and CEL. The results of athletes from both groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.5) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd examinations. The second examination revealed a discrepancy between functional reserves and the load performed, as evidenced by the difference in the recovery rate of most indicators, the results of the third examination in the long-term period (6 months) showed that the athletes of the first group did not have any violations of the parameters of the respiratory function (RF) and cardiovascular system at rest, after performing CEL, as well as in the recovery period. The results suggest that the full resumption of training loads and participation in competitions are possible only with the complete normalization of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. The most informative indicators are: minute ventilation (), heart rate (HR), oxygen pulse (OP), and coefficient of oxygen utilization (COU).
{"title":"The functional state of athletes who have undergone coronavirus infection (COVID-19)","authors":"Victoria Zaborova , Irina Lazareva , Kira Kryuchkova , Christina Popova , Vitaly Rybakov , Dmitry Shestakov , Valerio Bonavolontà , Laura Guidetti , Giovanna Zimatore","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the energy supply of athletes, who had a mild form of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) under cycling ergometric load (CEL) to substantiate the timing of recovery, as well as to determine the volume and intensity of physical activity. Eighty-seven athletes aged from 18 to 28 years old, involved in cyclic sports, were examined. Group I consisted of 52 athletes with COVID-19, and group II consisted of 37 healthy self-isolating athletes. In addition to the comprehensive examination, the tested athletes underwent special examinations: the study of diagnostic material using methods of nucleic acid amplification, spirography and spiroergometry, electrocardiography (ECG), and CEL. The results of athletes from both groups did not differ significantly (<em>p</em> > 0.5) in the 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, and 3<sup>rd</sup> examinations. The second examination revealed a discrepancy between functional reserves and the load performed, as evidenced by the difference in the recovery rate of most indicators, the results of the third examination in the long-term period (6 months) showed that the athletes of the first group did not have any violations of the parameters of the respiratory function (RF) and cardiovascular system at rest, after performing CEL, as well as in the recovery period. The results suggest that the full resumption of training loads and participation in competitions are possible only with the complete normalization of the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system. The most informative indicators are: minute ventilation (<span><math><msub><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow><mi>E</mi></msub></math></span>), heart rate (HR), oxygen pulse (OP), and coefficient of oxygen utilization (COU).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 453-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.005
Diego Fortes de Souza Salgueiro , Tiago Rezende Figueira , Orival Andries Júnior
The study aimed to evaluate body mass changes and urine biomarker responses during a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) military exercise performed in a tropical region. Ten urinary biomarkers were analyzed via dipstick urinalysis to assess the physiological strain and the potential health risks associated with this exercise. Body mass and urine samples were obtained from 151 male cadets ([21.3 ± 1.6] year-old; height [177.2 ± 4.1] cm) before and after completing the efforts of a CSAR exercise that lasted approximately 10 hour (h). Body mass significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by more than 3% immediately post-exercise (from [75.0 ± 9.85] kg to [72.6 ± 9.6] kg), returning to pre-exercise levels within 14 and 38 h after the complen. Interestingly, urine specific gravity (USG) paralleled the changes in body mass and exhibited a significant increase immediately after the exercise. Similar patterns of significant alterations were observed in urine acidity, ketonuria, bilirubinuria, and hematuria, mirroring the time course of changes in USG. The other evaluated urine variables did not show significant changes. The reduction in body mass was significantly correlated with changes in USG, ketonuria, bilirubinuria and proteinuria after the military exercise. In summary, cadets engaged in the CSAR military exercise experienced physiologically meaningful dehydration and exhibited indirect markers of cell damage immediately after the exercise. However, these changes were spontaneously resolved within 14 h post-task. Monitoring selected non-invasive biomarkers could aid in managing performance and health risks during arduous military training.
{"title":"Changes in body mass and urinary biomarkers after a long-lasting combat search and rescue military exercise performed in a tropical region","authors":"Diego Fortes de Souza Salgueiro , Tiago Rezende Figueira , Orival Andries Júnior","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to evaluate body mass changes and urine biomarker responses during a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) military exercise performed in a tropical region. Ten urinary biomarkers were analyzed via dipstick urinalysis to assess the physiological strain and the potential health risks associated with this exercise. Body mass and urine samples were obtained from 151 male cadets ([21.3 ± 1.6] year-old; height [177.2 ± 4.1] cm) before and after completing the efforts of a CSAR exercise that lasted approximately 10 hour (h). Body mass significantly decreased (<em>p</em> < 0.05) by more than 3% immediately post-exercise (from [75.0 ± 9.85] kg to [72.6 ± 9.6] kg), returning to pre-exercise levels within 14 and 38 h after the complen. Interestingly, urine specific gravity (USG) paralleled the changes in body mass and exhibited a significant increase immediately after the exercise. Similar patterns of significant alterations were observed in urine acidity, ketonuria, bilirubinuria, and hematuria, mirroring the time course of changes in USG. The other evaluated urine variables did not show significant changes. The reduction in body mass was significantly correlated with changes in USG, ketonuria, bilirubinuria and proteinuria after the military exercise. In summary, cadets engaged in the CSAR military exercise experienced physiologically meaningful dehydration and exhibited indirect markers of cell damage immediately after the exercise. However, these changes were spontaneously resolved within 14 h post-task. Monitoring selected non-invasive biomarkers could aid in managing performance and health risks during arduous military training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 474-480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001
Patrick M. Ryan , Garret Schuchart , Luke Villamaria , Brett Robin
While traumatic rupture of the pectoralis major is increasingly recognized, simultaneous bilateral pectoralis major tears remain exceedingly rare, with only five previously reported cases. Of these cases, only two were treated in a simultaneous fashion, both relatively acutely after injury. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of chronic bilateral pectoralis major myotendinous junctional tears treated with simultaneous repair. Additionally, given the occupational functional demands of our patient, we provide additional insight into the expected recovery of similar cases, with unrestricted activity at six months post-operatively and fully recovered strength at ten months postoperatively maintained at a three-year follow-up.
{"title":"Simultaneous repair of chronic bilateral myotendinous junctional pectoralis major tendon tears: A case report and review of the literature","authors":"Patrick M. Ryan , Garret Schuchart , Luke Villamaria , Brett Robin","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While traumatic rupture of the pectoralis major is increasingly recognized, simultaneous bilateral pectoralis major tears remain exceedingly rare, with only five previously reported cases. Of these cases, only two were treated in a simultaneous fashion, both relatively acutely after injury. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of chronic bilateral pectoralis major myotendinous junctional tears treated with simultaneous repair. Additionally, given the occupational functional demands of our patient, we provide additional insight into the expected recovery of similar cases, with unrestricted activity at six months post-operatively and fully recovered strength at ten months postoperatively maintained at a three-year follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 487-490"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001
Adam Nebel , Abigail Schmitt , Kevin Giordano , Gretchen Oliver
Purpose
The purpose of the current study is to investigate the within-pitcher differences in time series angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow for high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers.
Methods
In-game data were retrospectively analyzed from 82 NCAA Division 1 pitchers ([1.89 ± 0.06] m, [92.8 ± 9.5] kg). Kinematic data were collected using an in-game markerless motion capture system. Time series data of pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow angular velocities for each pitcher's fastest and slowest fastball were extracted for the pitch cycle (foot contact to ball release) and used for analysis. Within-subject time series comparisons were conducted using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) paired samples t-tests (α = 0.012 5).
Results
Each of the tested segments were significantly faster in the fastest fastball trial compared to the slowest fastball trial. The duration of significance in reference to the pitch cycle, test statistic, and p-value, for each segment are as follows: Pelvis: 0%–4%, t = 3.54, p = 0.012; Trunk: 30%–67%, t = 5.62, p < 0.001; Shoulder External Rotation: 3%–50%, t = −6.03, p < 0.001; Shoulder Internal Rotation: 96%–100%, t = 4.11, p = 0.008; Elbow: 75%–86%, t = 4.13, p < 0.001.
Discussion
Within-subjects differences exist in time series angular velocities when comparing the fastest and slowest fastball. These time series differences provide additional information to distinguish fastball velocity beyond what discrete metrics can provide. Pitchers should look to rotate each segment faster, and optimize the sequencing of these movements, to increase pitch velocity.
目的本研究旨在探讨大学棒球投手高、低速快球在投手内骨盆、躯干、肩部、肘部时间序列角速度的差异。方法回顾性分析82名NCAA一级联赛投手（[1.89±0.06]m,[92.8±9.5]kg）的比赛数据。运动学数据是使用游戏内无标记运动捕捉系统收集的。每个投手最快和最慢快球的骨盆、躯干、肩膀和肘部角速度的时间序列数据被提取出来用于投球周期（脚接触到球释放）并用于分析。受试者内时间序列比较采用统计参数映射（SPM）配对样本t检验（α = 0.012 5）。结果最快快球组的各测试片段明显快于最慢快球组。各段相对于音高周期的显著性持续时间、检验统计量和p值分别为：骨盆：0%-4%，t = 3.54, p = 0.012；主干：30%-67%，t = 5.62, p < 0.001；肩关节外旋：3%-50%，t = - 6.03, p < 0.001；肩关节内旋：96% ~ 100%，t = 4.11, p = 0.008；弯头：75%-86%，t = 4.13, p < 0.001。讨论当比较最快和最慢的快球时，受试者内部的时间序列角速度存在差异。这些时间序列差异提供了额外的信息来区分快速球的速度，而不是离散指标所能提供的。投手应该更快地旋转每个部分，并优化这些动作的顺序，以增加投球速度。
{"title":"Within-subject time series angular velocity differences between in-game high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers","authors":"Adam Nebel , Abigail Schmitt , Kevin Giordano , Gretchen Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of the current study is to investigate the within-pitcher differences in time series angular velocities of the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow for high and low velocity fastballs in college baseball pitchers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In-game data were retrospectively analyzed from 82 NCAA Division 1 pitchers ([1.89 ± 0.06] m, [92.8 ± 9.5] kg). Kinematic data were collected using an in-game markerless motion capture system. Time series data of pelvis, trunk, shoulder, and elbow angular velocities for each pitcher's fastest and slowest fastball were extracted for the pitch cycle (foot contact to ball release) and used for analysis. Within-subject time series comparisons were conducted using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) paired samples <em>t</em>-tests (<em>α</em> = 0.012 5).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Each of the tested segments were significantly faster in the fastest fastball trial compared to the slowest fastball trial. The duration of significance in reference to the pitch cycle, test statistic, and <em>p</em>-value, for each segment are as follows: Pelvis: 0%–4%, <em>t</em> = 3.54, <em>p</em> = 0.012; Trunk: 30%–67%, <em>t</em> = 5.62, <em>p</em> < 0.001; Shoulder External Rotation: 3%–50%, <em>t</em> = −6.03, <em>p</em> < 0.001; Shoulder Internal Rotation: 96%–100%, <em>t</em> = 4.11, <em>p</em> = 0.008; Elbow: 75%–86%, <em>t</em> = 4.13, <em>p</em> < 0.001.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Within-subjects differences exist in time series angular velocities when comparing the fastest and slowest fastball. These time series differences provide additional information to distinguish fastball velocity beyond what discrete metrics can provide. Pitchers should look to rotate each segment faster, and optimize the sequencing of these movements, to increase pitch velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 460-465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004
Sangarun Kaewcham , Wannaporn Tongtako
Background
Surf skateboards have grown in popularity among young people in recent years. However, no research studies have analyzed the effect of surf skateboarding on physical fitness.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week surf skateboard training on physical fitness in young adults.
Methods
Twenty-two young people, ages 18–24 years were randomly assigned into two groups: a control (CON; n = 11) and surf skateboarding (SSK; n = 11) group. The surf skateboard training group received an eight-week intervention consisting of three 60-minute (min) sessions per week, while the control group continued with their normal daily lives. Physical fitness was assessed before and after the intervention through a battery of tests that included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance.
Results
The results showed that the SSK group demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) improvements in maximum voluntary ventilation, back and leg strength, lower body muscular endurance by the sit-to-stand tests, and balance in all direction compared with the pre-test and the CON group. In addition, the SSK group showed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weight, body mass index, percent body fat, and resting heart rate, while increased maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, upper body muscular endurance by the sit-up test and flexibility compared with the pre-test.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that surf skateboard training have an effective physical activity intervention to improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance in young people.
近年来，冲浪滑板在年轻人中越来越受欢迎。然而，目前还没有研究分析冲浪滑板对身体健康的影响。目的探讨8周冲浪滑板训练对青少年体能的影响。方法将22名18 ~ 24岁的青少年随机分为对照组（CON, n = 11）和冲浪滑板组（SSK, n = 11）。冲浪滑板训练组接受为期八周的干预，包括每周三次60分钟的训练，而对照组继续他们的日常生活。在干预前后，通过一系列测试评估身体健康，包括身体成分、心肺健康、肌肉力量和耐力、柔韧性和平衡。结果结果显示，SSK组在最大自主通气、背部和腿部力量、坐立测试下肢肌肉耐力和各方向平衡能力方面均较前测组和CON组有显著改善（p < 0.05）。SSK组体重、体质量指数、体脂率、静息心率均显著（p < 0.05）降低，最大耗氧量、肺功能、呼吸肌力量、仰卧起坐肌肉耐力和柔韧性均显著高于前测组。结论冲浪滑板训练对改善青少年身体组成、心肺健康、肌肉力量和耐力、柔韧性和平衡性具有有效的身体活动干预作用。
{"title":"Effects of 8-weeks Surf Skateboard training on physical fitness in young people","authors":"Sangarun Kaewcham , Wannaporn Tongtako","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Surf skateboards have grown in popularity among young people in recent years. However, no research studies have analyzed the effect of surf skateboarding on physical fitness.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8-week surf skateboard training on physical fitness in young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-two young people, ages 18–24 years were randomly assigned into two groups: a control (CON; <em>n</em> = 11) and surf skateboarding (SSK; <em>n</em> = 11) group. The surf skateboard training group received an eight-week intervention consisting of three 60-minute (min) sessions per week, while the control group continued with their normal daily lives. Physical fitness was assessed before and after the intervention through a battery of tests that included body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results showed that the SSK group demonstrated significant (<em>p</em> < 0.05) improvements in maximum voluntary ventilation, back and leg strength, lower body muscular endurance by the sit-to-stand tests, and balance in all direction compared with the pre-test and the CON group. In addition, the SSK group showed significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) decreased body weight, body mass index, percent body fat, and resting heart rate, while increased maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, upper body muscular endurance by the sit-up test and flexibility compared with the pre-test.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that surf skateboard training have an effective physical activity intervention to improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and balance in young people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 6","pages":"Pages 466-473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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