Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.007
Johan Y.Y. Ng, Shan Jiang, Cecilia H.S. Chan, Amy S. Ha
Proficiency in fundamental movement skills in children is linked to numerous positive physical, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes. The Test of Gross Motor Development is a widely used tool in research to measure this outcome. However, its application faces several limitations and challenges, such as subjectivity in rater judgements, limitation in data precision, and inconsistencies in score aggregations. In this commentary, we discuss these issues and explore how new technology might help address some of the challenges. Nonetheless, a consensus to how scores should be aggregated is still needed, and this could only be achieved through further discussions among researchers in the field.
{"title":"Assessing fundamental movement skills using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD): Challenges and solutions to comparability and standardization","authors":"Johan Y.Y. Ng, Shan Jiang, Cecilia H.S. Chan, Amy S. Ha","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proficiency in fundamental movement skills in children is linked to numerous positive physical, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes. The Test of Gross Motor Development is a widely used tool in research to measure this outcome. However, its application faces several limitations and challenges, such as subjectivity in rater judgements, limitation in data precision, and inconsistencies in score aggregations. In this commentary, we discuss these issues and explore how new technology might help address some of the challenges. Nonetheless, a consensus to how scores should be aggregated is still needed, and this could only be achieved through further discussions among researchers in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 299-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008
Lucy-Joy Wachira , Nils Swindell , Noora Kanerva , Muhoro Munuhe , Timo Vuorimaa , Tiina Laiho , Sophie Ochola , Maijaliisa Erkkola , George Owino , Gareth Stratton , Mikael Fogelholm , Vincent Onywera
Background
The decreasing prevalence of physical activity (PA) among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern. More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns. We explored associations of 24 hour (h) accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County, Kenya.
Methods
This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9–14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status (SES) (Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County), in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph (GT3X+ and ActiSleep+) accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time (SED). Association between guardians' and children’s PA was examined using linear regression, adjusting for guardians' educational attainment and household wealth.
Results
Of the children, 42 (52.5%) and 76 (96.2%) of the guardians were women. Children in low SES areas spent more time (p < 0.001) in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area. The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA (p = 0.036) while their counterparts had higher daily SED (p = 0.049). Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED (p = 0.033) even after adjusting for guardians' educational attainment (p = 0.032) and wealth (p = 0.05). There was no association between guardians' and children’s MVPA.
Conclusion
Considered alongside the extant literature, these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.
{"title":"Objectively measured 24-h movement behaviours of child-guardian pairs in low-to-middle income households in Nairobi City County, Kenya","authors":"Lucy-Joy Wachira , Nils Swindell , Noora Kanerva , Muhoro Munuhe , Timo Vuorimaa , Tiina Laiho , Sophie Ochola , Maijaliisa Erkkola , George Owino , Gareth Stratton , Mikael Fogelholm , Vincent Onywera","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The decreasing prevalence of physical activity (PA) among urban children in Sub-Saharan Africa is a growing public health concern. More emphasis should focus on examining the influence of parental PA behaviour on the children’s PA patterns. We explored associations of 24 hour (h) accelerometer-measured movement behaviours of guardian-child pairs in Nairobi City County, Kenya.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study assessed 80 pairs consisting of children aged 9–14 years and their guardians in one area of low and one area of middle socioeconomic status (SES) (Embakasi Sub-County and Lang’ata Sub-County), in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used waist worn Tri-axial Actigraph (GT3X+ and ActiSleep+) accelerometers to quantify PA and sedentary time (SED). Association between guardians' and children’s PA was examined using linear regression, adjusting for guardians' educational attainment and household wealth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the children, 42 (52.5%) and 76 (96.2%) of the guardians were women. Children in low SES areas spent more time (<em>p</em> < 0.001) in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to children from middle SES area. The guardians in low SES area were younger and spent more time in light PA (<em>p</em> = 0.036) while their counterparts had higher daily SED (<em>p</em> = 0.049). Guardian’s SED associated with higher children’s SED (<em>p</em> = 0.033) even after adjusting for guardians' educational attainment (<em>p</em> = 0.032) and wealth (<em>p</em> = 0.05). There was no association between guardians' and children’s MVPA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Considered alongside the extant literature, these results suggest that health promotion strategies should aim to reduce parental SED time while also planning to increase children’s PA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.006
Ondrej Fiala, Michaela Hanzlova, Lenka Borska, Zdenek Fiala, Drahomira Holmannova
Background
Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is a condition resulting from excessive physical activity without adequate recovery, predominantly affecting elite athletes and military personnel. While overreaching can be a temporary state, non-functional overreaching may progress to chronic OTS. This review explores various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of OTS, including glycogen depletion, dysregulated cytokine response, oxidative stress, and alterations in the autonomic nervous system function. It also highlights the systemic impact of OTS on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, linking the condition to chronic inflammation and an increased disease susceptibility. Additionally, it addresses the role of the gut microbiome in health modulation through physical activity.
Methods
This narrative review was conducted through a structured search of peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies involving human participants and published in English.
Results
OTS has systemic effects on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, leading to chronic inflammation and increased disease susceptibility. Athletes with OTS exhibit higher morbidity rates, influenced by factors such as sleep deprivation and stress. The review also emphasizes the role of the gut microbiome as a significant modulator of health through physical activity.
Conclusion
Balanced training and recovery are crucial for preventing OTS and maintaining optimal health and quality of life in physically active individuals. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of OTS is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
{"title":"Beyond physical exhaustion: Understanding overtraining syndrome through the lens of molecular mechanisms and clinical manifestation","authors":"Ondrej Fiala, Michaela Hanzlova, Lenka Borska, Zdenek Fiala, Drahomira Holmannova","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) is a condition resulting from excessive physical activity without adequate recovery, predominantly affecting elite athletes and military personnel. While overreaching can be a temporary state, non-functional overreaching may progress to chronic OTS. This review explores various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of OTS, including glycogen depletion, dysregulated cytokine response, oxidative stress, and alterations in the autonomic nervous system function. It also highlights the systemic impact of OTS on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, linking the condition to chronic inflammation and an increased disease susceptibility. Additionally, it addresses the role of the gut microbiome in health modulation through physical activity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This narrative review was conducted through a structured search of peer-reviewed journal articles in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies involving human participants and published in English.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>OTS has systemic effects on multiple organ systems, immune function, and overall health, leading to chronic inflammation and increased disease susceptibility. Athletes with OTS exhibit higher morbidity rates, influenced by factors such as sleep deprivation and stress. The review also emphasizes the role of the gut microbiome as a significant modulator of health through physical activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Balanced training and recovery are crucial for preventing OTS and maintaining optimal health and quality of life in physically active individuals. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of OTS is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 237-248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-28DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.003
Jean Carlos Parmigiani De Marco , Tiago Rodrigues de Lima , André de Araújo Pinto , Javier Brazo-Sayavera , Andreia Pelegrini
Purpose
To examine the link between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines (isolated and combined) and muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity indicators in Brazilian adolescents.
Methods
Data from 980 adolescents (14–19 years) in Florianópolis, Brazil, were analyzed. The dependent variables were body mass index (BMI), body fat, handgrip strength (HGS), maximal oxygen consumption (O2max). The independent variables were physical activity (PA, IPAQ), screen time (ST), sleep (bedtime, wake-up time). Compliance was calculated for each behavior and combinations. Multiple linear regression models were employed.
Results
Overall compliance: 4.1% (boys), 4.9% (girls). Positive associations were found between PA adherence and HGS/ O2max in both sexes, ST adherence and O2max, and adherence to all three guidelines and O2max. Girls showed positive associations between combined PA + sleep adherence and HGS, ST + sleep and O2max, and negative associations between adherence to two guidelines and BMI. Boys exhibited a negative association between PA and body fat, positive between ST and HGS, and positive/negative between combined PA + ST adherence and HGS/body fat. Moreover, adherence to all three guidelines associated positively with HGS.
Conclusion
Adhering to 24-h movement guidelines, alone or in combination, benefits muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in Brazilian adolescents. However, simultaneous adherence did not correlate with obesity indicators.
{"title":"24-h movement guidelines and its association with health-related physical fitness in Brazilian adolescents","authors":"Jean Carlos Parmigiani De Marco , Tiago Rodrigues de Lima , André de Araújo Pinto , Javier Brazo-Sayavera , Andreia Pelegrini","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To examine the link between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines (isolated and combined) and muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity indicators in Brazilian adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from 980 adolescents (14–19 years) in Florianópolis, Brazil, were analyzed. The dependent variables were body mass index (BMI), body fat, handgrip strength (HGS), maximal oxygen consumption (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2max</sub>). The independent variables were physical activity (PA, IPAQ), screen time (ST), sleep (bedtime, wake-up time). Compliance was calculated for each behavior and combinations. Multiple linear regression models were employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall compliance: 4.1% (boys), 4.9% (girls). Positive associations were found between PA adherence and HGS/ <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2max</sub> in both sexes, ST adherence and <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2max</sub>, and adherence to all three guidelines and <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2max</sub>. Girls showed positive associations between combined PA + sleep adherence and HGS, ST + sleep and <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2max</sub>, and negative associations between adherence to two guidelines and BMI. Boys exhibited a negative association between PA and body fat, positive between ST and HGS, and positive/negative between combined PA + ST adherence and HGS/body fat. Moreover, adherence to all three guidelines associated positively with HGS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Adhering to 24-h movement guidelines, alone or in combination, benefits muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in Brazilian adolescents. However, simultaneous adherence did not correlate with obesity indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 256-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training (HIICT) on maximal oxygen uptake (O2max). The HIICT consisted of alternating intermittent 20-s treadmill running (1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th bouts) and 20-s bicycle exercise (2nd, 4th, and 6th bouts) with a 10-s rest period. Each intensity for running and bicycling of the HIICT corresponded to an oxygen demand of ∼160% and ∼170% of the O2max, respectively. Fifteen healthy young males (aged [24 ± 1] yrs) were randomly assigned to training (TG, n = 8) and non-training control (CG, n = 7) groups. The TG completed this HIICT daily 4 days/week for 6 weeks. Significant group × time interactions were observed for both the running and bicycling O2max (p < 0.001 each). After the training, the O2max for both running ([57.4 ± 4.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) and bicycling ([50.6 ± 3.7] mL·kg−1·min−1) in the TG were significantly higher than those for running ([50.1 ± 3.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) and bicycling ([43.7 ± 3.6] mL·kg−1·min−1) in the CG, respectively (p < 0.01 each). Post-hoc tests revealed a significant increase in O2max for running and bicycling in the TG after the HIICT (p < 0.001 each) but no significant difference in the CG. These results demonstrated that the newly developed HIICT increases the O2max for both running and bicycling.
{"title":"Effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training on maximal oxygen uptake","authors":"Xin Liu, Katsunori Tsuji, Yuzhong Xu, Motoyuki Iemitsu, Izumi Tabata","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training (HIICT) on maximal oxygen uptake (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max). The HIICT consisted of alternating intermittent 20-s treadmill running (1<sup>st</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, and 7<sup>th</sup> bouts) and 20-s bicycle exercise (2<sup>nd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, and 6<sup>th</sup> bouts) with a 10-s rest period. Each intensity for running and bicycling of the HIICT corresponded to an oxygen demand of ∼160% and ∼170% of the <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max, respectively. Fifteen healthy young males (aged [24 ± 1] yrs) were randomly assigned to training (TG, <em>n</em> = 8) and non-training control (CG, <em>n</em> = 7) groups. The TG completed this HIICT daily 4 days/week for 6 weeks. Significant group × time interactions were observed for both the running and bicycling <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max (<em>p</em> < 0.001 each). After the training, the <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max for both running ([57.4 ± 4.8] mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) and bicycling ([50.6 ± 3.7] mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) in the TG were significantly higher than those for running ([50.1 ± 3.1] mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) and bicycling ([43.7 ± 3.6] mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>) in the CG, respectively (<em>p</em> < 0.01 each). Post-hoc tests revealed a significant increase in <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max for running and bicycling in the TG after the HIICT (<em>p</em> < 0.001 each) but no significant difference in the CG. These results demonstrated that the newly developed HIICT increases the <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>O<sub>2</sub>max for both running and bicycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 185-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.003
Eva Ruiz-Ranz , Iván Asín-Izquierdo
The mental health of adolescents is a priority for successful development. Physical activity (PA) and exercise can have effects on the mental health of adolescents. This review analysed the effect that physical exercise interventions can have on the mental health of healthy adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age. The search was carried out in four databases. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscuss, were searched up to December 31, 2022, following the general model. Eleven studies were selected, with a total sample of 23 681 participants in 2 435 studies published in the last 5 years involving healthy adolescents. The search process and review of the articles was performed by independent expert investigators. The risk-of-bias and the methodological quality were analysed using the Cochrane scale. The limited and heterogeneous studies conducted so far do not clearly establish the benefits of PA on adolescents’ mental health. However, some PA interventions seem to improve subjective well-being, self-esteem, physical and mental well-being, anxiety, lifestyle, emotional intelligence, depressive mood, and perceived benefit and confidence in healthy adolescents. It is important to design an effective and appropriate physical exercise programme that can be implemented for adolescents to achieve significant effects on their mental health. Studies that did not implement an appropriate exercise program with improvements in adolescent physical fitness showed no changes in psychological variables. Further research is needed to clearly establish that exercise programmes have positive effects on mental health in healthy adolescents.
{"title":"Physical activity, exercise, and mental health of healthy adolescents: A review of the last 5 years","authors":"Eva Ruiz-Ranz , Iván Asín-Izquierdo","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mental health of adolescents is a priority for successful development. Physical activity (PA) and exercise can have effects on the mental health of adolescents. This review analysed the effect that physical exercise interventions can have on the mental health of healthy adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age. The search was carried out in four databases. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscuss, were searched up to December 31, 2022, following the general model. Eleven studies were selected, with a total sample of 23 681 participants in 2 435 studies published in the last 5 years involving healthy adolescents. The search process and review of the articles was performed by independent expert investigators. The risk-of-bias and the methodological quality were analysed using the Cochrane scale. The limited and heterogeneous studies conducted so far do not clearly establish the benefits of PA on adolescents’ mental health. However, some PA interventions seem to improve subjective well-being, self-esteem, physical and mental well-being, anxiety, lifestyle, emotional intelligence, depressive mood, and perceived benefit and confidence in healthy adolescents. It is important to design an effective and appropriate physical exercise programme that can be implemented for adolescents to achieve significant effects on their mental health. Studies that did not implement an appropriate exercise program with improvements in adolescent physical fitness showed no changes in psychological variables. Further research is needed to clearly establish that exercise programmes have positive effects on mental health in healthy adolescents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 161-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.002
Xiaolei Chu , Jiaojiao Sun , Jiajia Liang , Wenjie Liu , Zheng Xing , Qi Li , Qingwen Li
This review elucidates the impact of electrical stimulation (ES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) training on muscle function. ES induces a transformation in muscle fibers type by rearranging myosin heavy chain isoform patterns. Additionally, it influences muscle protein synthesis and degradation through specific signaling pathways such as protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), as well as via autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, thereby effectively maintaining muscle mass. BFR, on the other hand, restricts muscle blood flow, leading to metabolic products accumulation and localized hypoxia, which not only promotes the recruitment of fast-twitch fibers but also activates the mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing muscle protein synthesis. The combination of ES and BFR synergistically facilitates muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway, thereby accelerating the recovery of muscle function following peripheral nerve injury.
{"title":"Mechanisms of muscle repair after peripheral nerve injury by electrical stimulation combined with blood flow restriction training","authors":"Xiaolei Chu , Jiaojiao Sun , Jiajia Liang , Wenjie Liu , Zheng Xing , Qi Li , Qingwen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review elucidates the impact of electrical stimulation (ES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) training on muscle function. ES induces a transformation in muscle fibers type by rearranging myosin heavy chain isoform patterns. Additionally, it influences muscle protein synthesis and degradation through specific signaling pathways such as protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), as well as via autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, thereby effectively maintaining muscle mass. BFR, on the other hand, restricts muscle blood flow, leading to metabolic products accumulation and localized hypoxia, which not only promotes the recruitment of fast-twitch fibers but also activates the mTOR signaling pathway, enhancing muscle protein synthesis. The combination of ES and BFR synergistically facilitates muscle protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway, thereby accelerating the recovery of muscle function following peripheral nerve injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143139738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.004
Christopher J. Cleary , Krisha Crane , Lisa M. Vopat , Bryan G. Vopat , Ashley A. Herda
This study retrospectively evaluated data from an athlete management system on the impact of a 6-week, 12-session risk-reduction athletic development training program on maximal isometric strength in post-rehabilitative and healthy men and women. Maximal isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength were evaluated bilaterally before and after the training program. Out of 55 athletes that had participated in the program, a total of 37 athletes' (13–28 years old) recorded outcomes were utilized in analyses. Thirty-one athletes had undergone rehabilitation (post-rehabilitative athletes) after orthopedic knee surgeries. Six athletes with no previous surgeries performed (healthy athletes) also completed the 6-week program. Repeated measures analyses of variance (leg × time) assessed changes in quadriceps and hamstrings strength at an alpha of p ≤ 0.05. There was a main effect for time where the post-rehabilitative athletes’ quadriceps and hamstrings strength increased by (mean difference ± standard error) (4.2 ± 0.7) kg (p < 0.01) and (4.5 ± 0.9) kg (p < 0.01) respectively, with legs (operative [OP]) and non-operative [NOP]) combined. With time points combined, the OP limb was weaker than the NOP limb for quadriceps strength by (2.9 ± 0.7) kg (p < 0.01) with no differences in hamstrings strength. For the healthy athletes, there were no changes for quadriceps strength and hamstring strength improved across time by (5.3 ± 1.4) kg (p = 0.01) with legs combined.
In conclusion, there were improvements in post-rehabilitative and healthy athletes’ isometric strength after the training program. However, between-limb strength asymmetries were still apparent in the post-rehabilitation cohort.
{"title":"Strength development following a six-week risk reduction athletic development training program in men and women","authors":"Christopher J. Cleary , Krisha Crane , Lisa M. Vopat , Bryan G. Vopat , Ashley A. Herda","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study retrospectively evaluated data from an athlete management system on the impact of a 6-week, 12-session risk-reduction athletic development training program on maximal isometric strength in post-rehabilitative and healthy men and women. Maximal isometric quadriceps and hamstrings strength were evaluated bilaterally before and after the training program. Out of 55 athletes that had participated in the program, a total of 37 athletes' (13–28 years old) recorded outcomes were utilized in analyses. Thirty-one athletes had undergone rehabilitation (post-rehabilitative athletes) after orthopedic knee surgeries. Six athletes with no previous surgeries performed (healthy athletes) also completed the 6-week program. Repeated measures analyses of variance (leg × time) assessed changes in quadriceps and hamstrings strength at an alpha of <em>p</em> ≤ 0.05. There was a main effect for time where the post-rehabilitative athletes’ quadriceps and hamstrings strength increased by (mean difference ± standard error) (4.2 ± 0.7) kg (<em>p</em> < 0.01) and (4.5 ± 0.9) kg (<em>p</em> < 0.01) respectively, with legs (operative [OP]) and non-operative [NOP]) combined. With time points combined, the OP limb was weaker than the NOP limb for quadriceps strength by (2.9 ± 0.7) kg (<em>p</em> < 0.01) with no differences in hamstrings strength. For the healthy athletes, there were no changes for quadriceps strength and hamstring strength improved across time by (5.3 ± 1.4) kg (<em>p</em> = 0.01) with legs combined.</div><div>In conclusion, there were improvements in post-rehabilitative and healthy athletes’ isometric strength after the training program. However, between-limb strength asymmetries were still apparent in the post-rehabilitation cohort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 280-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.001
Mingming Cui , Xiaojuan Wang , Zhaoxu Lu , Anthony D. Okely , Katharina Kariippanon , Ellie K. Taylor , Ting Zhang , Hongyan Guan
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected health, economies, and lifestyles, but little is known about its impact on children. We aimed to investigate changes in 24-hour (h) movement behaviours of pre-school children before and during COVID-19, and factors that influenced these. Children aged 3–6 years were recruited in Beijing in 2019, and their movement behaviours over 24 h assessed by questionnaire, as part of the International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years (SUNRISE) study. We conducted the survey again during COVID-19, and compared the children’s movement behaviours before and during COVID-19 and associated factors. Overall, 196 parents completed the survey at both time points. The percentage of children meeting movement guidelines decreased during the pandemic (p < 0.01). Total physical activity decreased less among children getting good quality sleep or with more adults in the household (p < 0.01). Children who were not cared for primarily by their mother had a greater decrease in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (p = 0.02), but the decrease was smaller among children whose parents used the internet to support their physical activity and/or screen time (p < 0.05). Children who used electronic screen devices in the 2 h before bedtime or whose parents reported body temperature in webchats had a greater increase in sedentary screen time (p < 0.05). Children spending more time outdoors showed a smaller decrease in sleep (p < 0.01). Overall, children’s movement behaviours changed significantly during the pandemic.
{"title":"Preschool-aged children 24-hour movement behaviours before and during COVID-19","authors":"Mingming Cui , Xiaojuan Wang , Zhaoxu Lu , Anthony D. Okely , Katharina Kariippanon , Ellie K. Taylor , Ting Zhang , Hongyan Guan","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected health, economies, and lifestyles, but little is known about its impact on children. We aimed to investigate changes in 24-hour (h) movement behaviours of pre-school children before and during COVID-19, and factors that influenced these. Children aged 3–6 years were recruited in Beijing in 2019, and their movement behaviours over 24 h assessed by questionnaire, as part of the International Study of Movement Behaviors in the Early Years (SUNRISE) study. We conducted the survey again during COVID-19, and compared the children’s movement behaviours before and during COVID-19 and associated factors. Overall, 196 parents completed the survey at both time points. The percentage of children meeting movement guidelines decreased during the pandemic (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Total physical activity decreased less among children getting good quality sleep or with more adults in the household (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Children who were not cared for primarily by their mother had a greater decrease in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (<em>p</em> = 0.02), but the decrease was smaller among children whose parents used the internet to support their physical activity and/or screen time (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Children who used electronic screen devices in the 2 h before bedtime or whose parents reported body temperature in webchats had a greater increase in sedentary screen time (<em>p</em> < 0.05). Children spending more time outdoors showed a smaller decrease in sleep (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Overall, children’s movement behaviours changed significantly during the pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 4","pages":"Pages 249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.08.002
Massimo Coretti , Nathalia Nahas Donatello , Gianluca Bianco , Francisco J. Cidral-Filho
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has gained prominence as a time-efficient and effective exercise modality to improve cardiovascular (CV) fitness, metabolic health, and physical performance. Therefore, our aim was to synthesize current clinical research on the effects of HIIT on the Autonomic Nervous System. We conducted the search for studies in the Directory of Open Access Journals, Embase, Virtual Health Library, Pubmed, and Scielo databases, in January of 2024. We included a total of 20 studies in our review. This literature review highlights the potential of HIIT to modulate the Autonomic Nervous System, enhancing CV function and overall health. Despite the promising findings, the interpretation of the results is tempered by the variability in study designs, populations, and methodologies. Future research should address these limitations, aiming for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between HIIT and Autonomic Nervous System function. The review indicates that standardized protocols need to consider individual characteristics and baseline autonomic states for clinical application. As the body of evidence grows, HIIT may emerge as a cornerstone of exercise prescriptions aimed at optimizing autonomic function and promoting CV health.
{"title":"An integrative review of the effects of high-intensity interval training on the autonomic nervous system","authors":"Massimo Coretti , Nathalia Nahas Donatello , Gianluca Bianco , Francisco J. Cidral-Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.smhs.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has gained prominence as a time-efficient and effective exercise modality to improve cardiovascular (CV) fitness, metabolic health, and physical performance. Therefore, our aim was to synthesize current clinical research on the effects of HIIT on the Autonomic Nervous System. We conducted the search for studies in the Directory of Open Access Journals, Embase, Virtual Health Library, Pubmed, and Scielo databases, in January of 2024. We included a total of 20 studies in our review. This literature review highlights the potential of HIIT to modulate the Autonomic Nervous System, enhancing CV function and overall health. Despite the promising findings, the interpretation of the results is tempered by the variability in study designs, populations, and methodologies. Future research should address these limitations, aiming for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between HIIT and Autonomic Nervous System function. The review indicates that standardized protocols need to consider individual characteristics and baseline autonomic states for clinical application. As the body of evidence grows, HIIT may emerge as a cornerstone of exercise prescriptions aimed at optimizing autonomic function and promoting CV health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33620,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine and Health Science","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 77-84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11726037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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