Pub Date : 2022-06-09DOI: 10.1177/00225266221106385
J. J. Ward
At a time when the future of the internal combustion engine-powered motorcycle, if not the industry as a whole, seems clouded, it may be appropriate to reflect on the importance of the two-wheeled vehicle as a cultural artefact – that is, its importance in the creation of an identity and a self-image for its owner and rider. This article examines this subject through the examples of three figures for whom the motorcycle was crucial in the construction of their identity and the fame they achieved, in real life and in literary representation – the poet Thom Gunn, the psychologist Oliver Sacks, and the war hero T. E. Lawrence. For all three the motorcycle was a preferred mode of transport. But it was more than that. It was a marker of the identity they chose to create for themselves, something – as each said – that an automobile could never be.
当内燃机驱动的摩托车的未来，如果不是整个行业，似乎是阴云笼罩的时候，也许应该反思一下两轮汽车作为一种文化文物的重要性——也就是说，它在为车主和骑手创造身份和自我形象方面的重要性。这篇文章通过三个人物的例子来研究这个问题，在现实生活和文学表现中，摩托车对他们的身份和名声的构建至关重要——诗人Thom Gunn，心理学家Oliver Sacks和战争英雄T. E. Lawrence。对于这三个人来说，摩托车是首选的交通工具。但不止于此。这是他们选择为自己创造的身份的标志，正如每个人所说，汽车永远无法做到的。
{"title":"The motorcycle as identity construct and performance affect: Three real-life examples for whom transport alone was not enough","authors":"J. J. Ward","doi":"10.1177/00225266221106385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221106385","url":null,"abstract":"At a time when the future of the internal combustion engine-powered motorcycle, if not the industry as a whole, seems clouded, it may be appropriate to reflect on the importance of the two-wheeled vehicle as a cultural artefact – that is, its importance in the creation of an identity and a self-image for its owner and rider. This article examines this subject through the examples of three figures for whom the motorcycle was crucial in the construction of their identity and the fame they achieved, in real life and in literary representation – the poet Thom Gunn, the psychologist Oliver Sacks, and the war hero T. E. Lawrence. For all three the motorcycle was a preferred mode of transport. But it was more than that. It was a marker of the identity they chose to create for themselves, something – as each said – that an automobile could never be.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115368179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/00225266211045767
Waqar H. Zaidi
{"title":"Book Review: he Life and Death of a Treaty: Bermuda 2 by Handley Stevens","authors":"Waqar H. Zaidi","doi":"10.1177/00225266211045767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266211045767","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116257325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-29DOI: 10.1177/00225266221102804
Daniel Normark
Is mobility ontologically different than transport? This essay contributes to this contentious question by looking at the frictions and failures of merging intelligent transport systems (ITS) with mobile information and communication technologies (mobile-ICT). Adopting a methodological approach from science and technology studies (STS), which focus on (political) ontologies, enables us to follow the ordering practices and constituent elements participating in the enactment of multiple ontologies. The dissonance between ITS and mobile-ICT can thus be regarded as the enactment of two ontologies, one managerial and one collaborative. The tensions between these traditions enable us to articulate the differing institutions and sensibilities that characterise a managerial and a collaborative ontology. Thus, how we approach transport can be understood either as under the spell of managerial functionality or as collaboratively achieved pending on “what is” transport. By looking at frictions when defining ITS, we can identify two ontologies that have existed within the history of transport, traffic and mobility.
{"title":"Ontologies on collision course: Collaborative mobility v. managerial transport in the contemporary history of intelligent transport systems","authors":"Daniel Normark","doi":"10.1177/00225266221102804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221102804","url":null,"abstract":"Is mobility ontologically different than transport? This essay contributes to this contentious question by looking at the frictions and failures of merging intelligent transport systems (ITS) with mobile information and communication technologies (mobile-ICT). Adopting a methodological approach from science and technology studies (STS), which focus on (political) ontologies, enables us to follow the ordering practices and constituent elements participating in the enactment of multiple ontologies. The dissonance between ITS and mobile-ICT can thus be regarded as the enactment of two ontologies, one managerial and one collaborative. The tensions between these traditions enable us to articulate the differing institutions and sensibilities that characterise a managerial and a collaborative ontology. Thus, how we approach transport can be understood either as under the spell of managerial functionality or as collaboratively achieved pending on “what is” transport. By looking at frictions when defining ITS, we can identify two ontologies that have existed within the history of transport, traffic and mobility.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128918442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.1177/00225266221078357
James Cohen
This Special Issue fills significant gaps in both historiography and the social sciences concerning high-speed ground transport in the United States, specifically with regard to the political, economic, and corporate origins of the High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 (hereafter, HSGT Act). This important legislation aimed to develop America’s first very high-speed trains on the Northeast Corridor (hereafter, NEC), thereby to attenuate congestion from excessive use of highways and at airports; and, second, to develop
{"title":"Contributions to the post-World War II History of High-Speed Ground Transport in the United States","authors":"James Cohen","doi":"10.1177/00225266221078357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221078357","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue fills significant gaps in both historiography and the social sciences concerning high-speed ground transport in the United States, specifically with regard to the political, economic, and corporate origins of the High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 (hereafter, HSGT Act). This important legislation aimed to develop America’s first very high-speed trains on the Northeast Corridor (hereafter, NEC), thereby to attenuate congestion from excessive use of highways and at airports; and, second, to develop","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129556115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-13DOI: 10.1177/00225266221077159
Aparajita Mukhopadhyay
sion in the main text. This is where we’re treated to Wheatley’s complaint that Bachmann refused his request to modify the 00 gauge tooling of one of their wagons to accurately replicate the hearse van that carried Edith Cavell as “not worthwhile”. To be honest, I can see where Bachmann were coming from here. While a section on modelling is always welcome (writing as a railway modeller myself), this is a chapter that really belongs in an appendix. I’ll add, though, that the recent news that Hornby have produced an accurate model of Winston Churchill’s hearse van will probably be well received by those with an interest in modelling an accurate funeral train. We then have a chapter on “quirks and curiosities” followed by an overview of the end of funeral trains on the mainline railways and their use on the preserved railways. The latter suffers from feeling like a large number of obituaries that don’t really add too much to the main narrative and got somewhat dispiriting to read at points. Ultimately, Final Journey is something I would recommend. It’s a fascinating book packed with content that you’ll struggle to find elsewhere at a very reasonable price. It describes itself as not an academic book, but the depth of research here is very impressive, with good reference to a wide range of primary and secondary sources. However, it is also a book that could have benefitted from some stronger editing and a shorter length. While I can’t fault Wheatley’s enthusiasm, at points the book loses focus on funeral trains themselves by providing a lot of tangential detail. Despite this, it’s a book that’s well worth a spot on your bookshelf; you won’t find something like it anywhere else.
{"title":"Book Review: Empire’s Tracks: Indigenous Nations, Chinese Workers, and the Transcontinental Railroads by Manu Karuka","authors":"Aparajita Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1177/00225266221077159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221077159","url":null,"abstract":"sion in the main text. This is where we’re treated to Wheatley’s complaint that Bachmann refused his request to modify the 00 gauge tooling of one of their wagons to accurately replicate the hearse van that carried Edith Cavell as “not worthwhile”. To be honest, I can see where Bachmann were coming from here. While a section on modelling is always welcome (writing as a railway modeller myself), this is a chapter that really belongs in an appendix. I’ll add, though, that the recent news that Hornby have produced an accurate model of Winston Churchill’s hearse van will probably be well received by those with an interest in modelling an accurate funeral train. We then have a chapter on “quirks and curiosities” followed by an overview of the end of funeral trains on the mainline railways and their use on the preserved railways. The latter suffers from feeling like a large number of obituaries that don’t really add too much to the main narrative and got somewhat dispiriting to read at points. Ultimately, Final Journey is something I would recommend. It’s a fascinating book packed with content that you’ll struggle to find elsewhere at a very reasonable price. It describes itself as not an academic book, but the depth of research here is very impressive, with good reference to a wide range of primary and secondary sources. However, it is also a book that could have benefitted from some stronger editing and a shorter length. While I can’t fault Wheatley’s enthusiasm, at points the book loses focus on funeral trains themselves by providing a lot of tangential detail. Despite this, it’s a book that’s well worth a spot on your bookshelf; you won’t find something like it anywhere else.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122830556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1177/00225266221083259
Thomas Spain, D. Turner
Recently Hayden and Zunino Singh wrote in the Journal of Transport History of the greater need to study food movement. Whilst accepting their general premise, we argue that they downplay the fact that the evolution of logistics and supply chains has received sparse attention in the historical literature. Using case studies of the domestic British milk trade (1919–c.1945) and international quail trade (c.1850–1914), we demonstrate how a concept originating in the study of modern supply chains – supply chain governance – can be illuminating. As a conceptual framework, this can facilitate the identification of key agents, institutions and goods movements within supply chains, and the nature of the relationships between them, whilst illuminating how change and development is shaped by regulation, economic cycles, consumer demand, and, of course, transport. The concept's application therefore presents a robust way to better understand the movement of goods in history.
{"title":"Food for thought: Transport within the food supply chain","authors":"Thomas Spain, D. Turner","doi":"10.1177/00225266221083259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221083259","url":null,"abstract":"Recently Hayden and Zunino Singh wrote in the Journal of Transport History of the greater need to study food movement. Whilst accepting their general premise, we argue that they downplay the fact that the evolution of logistics and supply chains has received sparse attention in the historical literature. Using case studies of the domestic British milk trade (1919–c.1945) and international quail trade (c.1850–1914), we demonstrate how a concept originating in the study of modern supply chains – supply chain governance – can be illuminating. As a conceptual framework, this can facilitate the identification of key agents, institutions and goods movements within supply chains, and the nature of the relationships between them, whilst illuminating how change and development is shaped by regulation, economic cycles, consumer demand, and, of course, transport. The concept's application therefore presents a robust way to better understand the movement of goods in history.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126974399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1177/00225266221083450
J. English
The Northeast Corridor Improvement Project aimed to upgrade the most important passenger route in the country so that it could support high-speed trains. By the early 1970s, North America's rail network had been in decline for decades. However, the energy crisis and strong congressional support prompted a policy of reinvestment. Execution of the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project was plagued with problems owing to both lack of experience delivering major rail projects and a counter-productive, complex administrative structure resulting from conflicts between Congress and the White House. The project's original scope, which was necessary to achieve high-speed operations, was reduced over time as budgetary limits were exceeded. Compared to the coeval Paris–Lyon high-speed rail project, Northeast Corridor Improvement Project history demonstrates the importance of continuous infrastructure investment to maintain the expertise necessary to effectively deliver major capital projects.
{"title":"Getting Off Track: the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project in an International Context","authors":"J. English","doi":"10.1177/00225266221083450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221083450","url":null,"abstract":"The Northeast Corridor Improvement Project aimed to upgrade the most important passenger route in the country so that it could support high-speed trains. By the early 1970s, North America's rail network had been in decline for decades. However, the energy crisis and strong congressional support prompted a policy of reinvestment. Execution of the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project was plagued with problems owing to both lack of experience delivering major rail projects and a counter-productive, complex administrative structure resulting from conflicts between Congress and the White House. The project's original scope, which was necessary to achieve high-speed operations, was reduced over time as budgetary limits were exceeded. Compared to the coeval Paris–Lyon high-speed rail project, Northeast Corridor Improvement Project history demonstrates the importance of continuous infrastructure investment to maintain the expertise necessary to effectively deliver major capital projects.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127606401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.1177/00225266221091050
H. Pereira
Photography has been recording different aspects of human activity since the early nineteenth century. Additional innovations since then have rendered it less expensive, less cumbersome and more accessible to users. Today, the universe of photographs is immense. In this paper, I offer a theoretical approach to the use of photography in mobility and transport history. I argue that photography is much more than a mere illustrative resource and that it can be used as a primary source that provides visual materiality to aspects of transportation in the past (subjects, objects and landscapes), which can complement information found in written sources. Moreover, I speculate that photography may have a double role: as a vehicle that transports observers to faraway locations and ideas and landscapes back to observers; and as a tool for territorial appropriation of peripheral territories by core regions.
{"title":"Photography and transport history: a speculative approach to a theoretical framework","authors":"H. Pereira","doi":"10.1177/00225266221091050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221091050","url":null,"abstract":"Photography has been recording different aspects of human activity since the early nineteenth century. Additional innovations since then have rendered it less expensive, less cumbersome and more accessible to users. Today, the universe of photographs is immense. In this paper, I offer a theoretical approach to the use of photography in mobility and transport history. I argue that photography is much more than a mere illustrative resource and that it can be used as a primary source that provides visual materiality to aspects of transportation in the past (subjects, objects and landscapes), which can complement information found in written sources. Moreover, I speculate that photography may have a double role: as a vehicle that transports observers to faraway locations and ideas and landscapes back to observers; and as a tool for territorial appropriation of peripheral territories by core regions.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126595811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/00225266221091022
Thomas C. Cornillie
to their community of settlement, and to incarcerate any who refused to travel or who illegally returned. One of the many strengths of the book is the way in which it stresses the diversity of the transient population in early America, and chapter four provides a valuable account of the ways in which both fugitive slaves and transient freed slaves were dealt with by the authorities, set within the context of debates about race and slavery at the time. Many transients were imprisoned under the vagrancy laws, and chapter six describes the penal policies of the period and compares the treatment of transients with other criminals that were dealt with by the judicial system. Unsurprisingly, disease was rife among those who lived much of their life on the road, and transients were frequently blamed for spreading infectious disease within the communities they passed through. They were especially targeted during cholera epidemics with the homeless and other transients suffering disproportionately. A final concluding chapter briefly raises some broader issues, including comparison of the management of transients in America with systems in other countries, and discussion of the role of the state within society. It is a shame that some of these issues were not more fully developed. This is a good book that is very well researched (there are some 46 pages of footnotes at the end of the volume), and which tackles a difficult and often neglected topic and time period. It will provide an important text on transiency and the ways in which it was managed by authorities in the years after American independence. Of course, the population discussed in this volume were not the only people who travelled frequently in America. Rates of mobility would have been high for much of the population. What the book does do is to explain how and why one particular subset of those who travelled were singled out and, in many cases, criminalised by the authorities of the time.
{"title":"Book Review: Pere Marquette: A Michigan Railroad System before 1900 by Graydon M. Meints","authors":"Thomas C. Cornillie","doi":"10.1177/00225266221091022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221091022","url":null,"abstract":"to their community of settlement, and to incarcerate any who refused to travel or who illegally returned. One of the many strengths of the book is the way in which it stresses the diversity of the transient population in early America, and chapter four provides a valuable account of the ways in which both fugitive slaves and transient freed slaves were dealt with by the authorities, set within the context of debates about race and slavery at the time. Many transients were imprisoned under the vagrancy laws, and chapter six describes the penal policies of the period and compares the treatment of transients with other criminals that were dealt with by the judicial system. Unsurprisingly, disease was rife among those who lived much of their life on the road, and transients were frequently blamed for spreading infectious disease within the communities they passed through. They were especially targeted during cholera epidemics with the homeless and other transients suffering disproportionately. A final concluding chapter briefly raises some broader issues, including comparison of the management of transients in America with systems in other countries, and discussion of the role of the state within society. It is a shame that some of these issues were not more fully developed. This is a good book that is very well researched (there are some 46 pages of footnotes at the end of the volume), and which tackles a difficult and often neglected topic and time period. It will provide an important text on transiency and the ways in which it was managed by authorities in the years after American independence. Of course, the population discussed in this volume were not the only people who travelled frequently in America. Rates of mobility would have been high for much of the population. What the book does do is to explain how and why one particular subset of those who travelled were singled out and, in many cases, criminalised by the authorities of the time.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121275487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-24DOI: 10.1177/00225266221080407
Jonathan Michael Feldman
This study examines the Metroliner passenger rail trains manufactured by the Budd Company in the 1960s and 1970s. I show that while transportation companies and the government facilitated the development of a high(er) speed rail line and trains, this procurement process was not sufficient for sustaining Budd as a national rail producer. This case study is based on government documents, interviews, news reports, published studies and archival work. The limits to the Metroliner program as industrial policy were based on: (a) company innovative lags; (b) weakness in Budd's industrial profile and endogenous capacities; (c) failures in systems integration and (d) the contradictions of an indirect industrial policy, where companies gain capacities from the state indirectly or insufficiently.
{"title":"High-speed rail and barriers to innovation: The Budd Company and the limits of US indirect industrial policy in the 1960s and 1970s","authors":"Jonathan Michael Feldman","doi":"10.1177/00225266221080407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00225266221080407","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the Metroliner passenger rail trains manufactured by the Budd Company in the 1960s and 1970s. I show that while transportation companies and the government facilitated the development of a high(er) speed rail line and trains, this procurement process was not sufficient for sustaining Budd as a national rail producer. This case study is based on government documents, interviews, news reports, published studies and archival work. The limits to the Metroliner program as industrial policy were based on: (a) company innovative lags; (b) weakness in Budd's industrial profile and endogenous capacities; (c) failures in systems integration and (d) the contradictions of an indirect industrial policy, where companies gain capacities from the state indirectly or insufficiently.","PeriodicalId":336494,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Transport History","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121360906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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