Oil Crop Science最新文献

Peanut seeds are ideal bioreactors for the production of foreign recombinant proteins or secondary metabolites. Seed-specific promoters (SSPs) can direct the expression of genes specifically in seeds to avoid undesirable effects associated with constitutive expression. However, few SSPs have been identified in peanut. Previous studies have shown that some allergen-encoding genes encode seed storage proteins or exhibit seed-specific/preferential expression. In this study, we characterized allergen-encoding genes from across the genomes of Arachis species to explore seed-specific genes. We found that at least 9 out of 16 identified peanut allergen-encoding genes were expressed specifically in the seeds or were preferentially expressed. A 1493-bp promoter fragment of allergen gene Ara h 1 (we named it AHSSP6) was isolated from cultivated peanut genome. cis-element analysis showed that three RY repeat elements which usually exsisted in seed or embryo specific promoter sequence were also present in AHSSP6 sequence. Histochemical analysis showed AHSSP6 could drive the expression of a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene specifically in the seeds or cotyledon tissue of transgenic Arabidopsis, while not in other tissues. These findings indicated that these promoters of allergen genes were candidate SSPs, and AHSSP6 was a novel SSP which could be potentially utilized in peanut improvement.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and cash crop in the world. Peanut germplasm collected in China are abundant, which provides important material guarantee for peanut breeding and industrial development. Here, the safe conservation technology and indicators of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China were expounded from three processes of storage, monitoring, reproduction and renewal. We summarized and reviewed the situation of conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Middle-term Genebank in the past 20 years. The future research direction of peanut resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China is prospected.

The International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health (ISLSH), which was organized annually by Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (OCRI-CAAS) since 2016, has gained a strong reputation and attracted hundreds of delegates from around the world for discussion of lipid research trends and advances every year, to promote research and academic exchanges in the fields of lipid science and health. The 5th International Symposium on lipid Science and Health was successfully held in Wuhan, China, from October 23rd to 25th, 2020, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of OCRI-CAAS. The two-day symposium gathered well-known experts specialized in lipid science to share the current state of lipid research with emphasis on aspects covering: (1) lipid profiling and characterization, (2) lipid preparation and modification, (3) lipid improvement and regulation, and (4) lipid nutrition and health. The symposium was conducted by a combination of on-site and network meeting. More than 250 distinguished delegates from academia and industry participated in the on-site multidisciplinary meeting, and thousands of scholars attended the virtual event. This paper is as a record of the symposium proceedings and a brief summary of the advances and trends in 4 aspects of lipid science and health.

Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens, and are harmful to both humans and animals. As many as 30 genes are involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Among them, aflM (ver-1) gene was predicted to encode a 28-kDa NADPH-dependent ketoreductase (AFLM), which catalyzed middle enzymatic steps in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. AFLM (Ver-1) was proved to be necessary for conversion of versicolorin A (VERA) to demethylsterigmatocystin (DMST) in aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) biosynthesis. For these reasons, aflM gene was cloned and specific monoclonal antibodies for AFLM was developed to better define potential pathways of AFLM involved in AFB₁ biosynthesis. Monoclonal antibodies 11B2-1D7 and 3G5-4E7 were successfully screened out by immunizing mouse. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both had high sensitivity and specificity to identify native AFLM protein in A. flavus with detection limit of 11 ​ng/mL and 8 ​ng/mL respectively. These results showed that it was suitable for quantitative detection of AFLM in A. flavus isolate. Further investigation revealed that aflatoxin accumulations of various A. flavus were not dependent on AFLM biosynthesis. Overall, this is the first report for development for AFLM monoclonal antibody development and application in A. flavus quantitative detection.

Low temperature coupled with high soil moisture during sowing to emergence generally results in poor peanut stand, thereby posing a non-negligible threat to peanut production in north and northeast China. Five high-oleic (HO) peanut cultivars and 4 seed dressing treatments capable of controlling several diseases and insect pests along with untreated checks were used to find the best combinations to cope with the dual stresses during sowing to emergence period. High broad-sense hereditability estimates of seedling emergence indicated great potential for genetic improvement of this trait. Analysis of variance in the split-plot experiment showed that the main effects of variety and seed dressing and their interaction on seedling emergence were significant. Seed dressing treatments increased seedling emergence percentage by 2.09–35.00 percent points. Four of the 5 HO peanut cultivars yielded satisfactory results. For Huayu 665, Huayu 668 and Huayu 965, Huweisanbao may be the best option; for Huayu 962, Weilidan was highly acceptable. These combinations will be evaluated further in multiple environments before large-scale extension.

High-oleic peanuts has been recognized by processing sectors, seed sellers and consumers for their longer shelf life, longer seed life and mutiple healthe benefits. High oleate is becoming a requisite ​for varietal releases in many peanut breeding programs at present. To select desirable parents for high-oleic peanut breeding, the study was conducted to evaluate the combining ability of 5 high-oleic donors from our research team, based on quality of individual single seeds. General combining ability was significant for oleic, linoleic, stearic and palmitic acid, oil and protein, while specific combining ability was significant for the traits except oil. Among them, oil content was found to be conditioned solely by additive gene actions, and for other quality traits, additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects. High-oleic CTW and normal-oleic Xiaojingsheng were selected as the best general combiners for peanut oleic acid improvement. Narrow-sense heritability was high for quality traits other than protein, suggesting that there was high potential for genetic improvement in these traits.

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health. Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%. Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content (up to 21%) ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing. They were used as the maternal parent (P₁) when crossed with a low ALA parent SW (P₂) to produce the seeds of the F₁ hybrid, F₂, and backcrosses to P₁ (BCP₁) and P₂ (BCP₂). A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene ​+ ​polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and ALA. The results showed that, although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005, all the inheritances of OA, LA and ALA in YH25005 ​× ​SW and R8Q10 ​× ​SW followed a genetic model of ‘two pairs of additive major genes ​+ ​additive-dominant polygenes’. It is suggested that the contents of OA, LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA. However, total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes, especial on ALA content. It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F₂ population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content. The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.

Jatropha is a non-edible, important bioenergy plant, which can grow in marginalized land. The seeds possess about 36% oil and this would be converted into biodiesel or biojet-fuel. Jatropha provides an option for sustainable feed and fuel production due to its inherent qualities including hardy nature, drought tolerance and surviving with limited amount of water, tolerance to unfavorable conditions and excessive moisture. However, heterozygosity, low productivity and poor understanding of its genome are the major impediments to elite line development. Further, classical breeding and advanced technological investments remain limited owing to long juvenile phase and breeding cycles. Scientific technologies that lead to identification of elite genotypes and development of high yielding elite Jatropha lines and effective methods of detoxification of seeds needs immediate priority. Efficient tissue culture system, doubled haploids (DH) and genomic tools are increasingly made available to improve the seed yield and its oil quantity through the development of geminivirus disease resistant lines. The application of advanced, sequencing technologies has presented a repertoire of genomic information for this important yet orphan crop. In the present investigation, we highlight the achievements made in Jatropha towards development of high yielding, virus resistant elite lines and hybrids with yield potential ranging from 3 to 5 tons per hectare in a year, which is a first ever report in the world. We also developed potential biotechnological tools such as genetic transformation, genome editing and next generation genomics tools including linkage maps and QTLs for accelerating breeding efforts through marker assisted selection. Because of our concerted and continuous efforts during the past 15 years, we have overcome all the obstacles and developed high yielding, disease resistant hybrids/lines, advanced cultivation technologies with thorough knowledge on Agronomy of the Jatropha crop. The Jatropha cultivation technology developed for the first time in the world, could open up new avenues for higher yield productivity of commercial viability.

High-fat diet (HFD) could induce obese and microbial dysbiosis, the latter of which has great impact on host health. Dietary polysaccharides are well known to have a wide range of biological benefits for bowel health. In this study, we investigated the effects of rapeseed polysaccharide (RSP) on overweight and gut microbiota in high-fat-diet (HFD) fed rats. RSP effectively alleviated the hyperglycemia and lipid metabolic disorder in serum, which was found closely related to the modulation of intestinal microbiota. Supplementation of RSP regulated the intestinal microbiome by increasing the proportion of butyrate acid producer Blautia (P < ​0.05), Dorea (P ​< ​0.01) and Akkermansia genus and inhibiting the growth of bacterial species associated with inflammation such as unclassified Ruminococcaceae (P ​< ​0.05). Moreover, the restoration of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially propionate and butyrate might be an important strategy for mitigating HFD induced metabolic disorders. Our results suggested that RSP is a potential prebiotic for preventing obese induced HFD through regulating the gut microbiota.