A broadband modal analysis of a double-layer line-wave waveguide constituted by two center-symmetric pairs of inductive and capacitive metasurfaces is presented, with the aim of characterizing the dispersive and radiative properties of the relevant line-wave mode both inside and outside the metasurface homogenization limit. To this aim, a finite length of the waveguide, excited at both ports through suitable microstrip transitions, is first simulated with a commercial solver. Then, a numerical fitting of the field along the waveguide axis is performed using exponential functions, in order to retrieve the wavenumbers and excitation coefficients of the modal line wave and of its higher order space harmonics. The latter results are validated through an independent Bloch analysis of the unit-cell ABCD matrix, retrieved through simulations of truncated structures constituted by a finite number of unit cells. The proposed approach facilitates an original wideband reconstruction of the line-wave dispersion curves, including bound and peculiar surface and space leakage regimes, as well as stopbands both in bound and radiative regions. Radiation patterns associated with the latter are also reported, having the form of elliptically polarized fan beams with the expected frequency scan in elevation.
{"title":"Wideband Modal Analysis of a Double-Layer Line-Wave Waveguide: Dispersive Properties and Radiative Effects","authors":"Mikhail Madji;Paolo Baccarelli;Alessio Monti;Alessandro Toscano;Filiberto Bilotti;Paolo Burghignoli","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3610789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3610789","url":null,"abstract":"A broadband modal analysis of a double-layer line-wave waveguide constituted by two center-symmetric pairs of inductive and capacitive metasurfaces is presented, with the aim of characterizing the dispersive and radiative properties of the relevant line-wave mode both inside and outside the metasurface homogenization limit. To this aim, a finite length of the waveguide, excited at both ports through suitable microstrip transitions, is first simulated with a commercial solver. Then, a numerical fitting of the field along the waveguide axis is performed using exponential functions, in order to retrieve the wavenumbers and excitation coefficients of the modal line wave and of its higher order space harmonics. The latter results are validated through an independent Bloch analysis of the unit-cell ABCD matrix, retrieved through simulations of truncated structures constituted by a finite number of unit cells. The proposed approach facilitates an original wideband reconstruction of the line-wave dispersion curves, including bound and peculiar surface and space leakage regimes, as well as stopbands both in bound and radiative regions. Radiation patterns associated with the latter are also reported, having the form of elliptically polarized fan beams with the expected frequency scan in elevation.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 6","pages":"1957-1971"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11165104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3610611
Shiyuan Li;Jie Tian;Baojiang Yan;Weiren Zhu;Chong He
The electromagnetic wave manipulation capability of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) critically depends on the proper functioning of the unit cells. However, unit failures may occur during RIS fabrication, transportation, or deployment. This article specifically addresses the diagnosis of non-reconfigurable failed units - defined as those whose operating states cannot be changed through control signals (e.g., permanently stuck at 0° or 180° phase states). Existing RIS diagnostic approaches face significant challenges, including reliance on complex measurement systems and excessive measurement overhead. To address these limitations, this article proposes a novel over-the-air (OTA) diagnosis method that utilizes only the amplitude of generated harmonics, enabling fast and hardware-efficient fault detection. The method requires only N harmonic amplitude measurements for the diagnosis of a RIS consisting of N units. The implementation of this OTA diagnostic method exploits the fundamental distinction: under periodic modulation, reconfigurable units generate identifiable harmonics while non-reconfigurable failed units produce no harmonic response. By excluding the fundamental frequency while utilizing multiple harmonic components, the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is improved and direct wave interference is reduced. This amplitude-only approach requires only a frequency sweeper and programmable source, eliminating need for phase measurements. Experimental validation using a 1-bit phase reconfigurable transmissive RIS ($20{ times }20$ units, millimeter-wave band) demonstrates rapid, automated and accurate fault identification.
{"title":"Fast OTA Diagnosis of RIS Using Only Harmonic Amplitude Introduced by Time Modulation","authors":"Shiyuan Li;Jie Tian;Baojiang Yan;Weiren Zhu;Chong He","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3610611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3610611","url":null,"abstract":"The electromagnetic wave manipulation capability of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) critically depends on the proper functioning of the unit cells. However, unit failures may occur during RIS fabrication, transportation, or deployment. This article specifically addresses the diagnosis of non-reconfigurable failed units - defined as those whose operating states cannot be changed through control signals (e.g., permanently stuck at 0° or 180° phase states). Existing RIS diagnostic approaches face significant challenges, including reliance on complex measurement systems and excessive measurement overhead. To address these limitations, this article proposes a novel over-the-air (OTA) diagnosis method that utilizes only the amplitude of generated harmonics, enabling fast and hardware-efficient fault detection. The method requires only N harmonic amplitude measurements for the diagnosis of a RIS consisting of N units. The implementation of this OTA diagnostic method exploits the fundamental distinction: under periodic modulation, reconfigurable units generate identifiable harmonics while non-reconfigurable failed units produce no harmonic response. By excluding the fundamental frequency while utilizing multiple harmonic components, the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) is improved and direct wave interference is reduced. This amplitude-only approach requires only a frequency sweeper and programmable source, eliminating need for phase measurements. Experimental validation using a 1-bit phase reconfigurable transmissive RIS (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20{ times }20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> units, millimeter-wave band) demonstrates rapid, automated and accurate fault identification.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 6","pages":"1948-1956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11165107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576019
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Instructions for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11122684","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576023
{"title":"IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3576023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11122681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3597865
Le Hao;Sravan Kumar Reddy Vuyyuru;Sergei A. Tretyakov;Markus Rupp;Risto Valkonen
In this study, we elaborate on the concept of a scalable anomalous reflector to analyze the angular response, frequency response, and spatial scalability of a designed anomalous reflector across a broad range of angles and frequencies. We utilize theoretical models and ray tracing simulations to investigate the communication performance of two different-sized scalable finite anomalous reflectors, one smaller configuration with $48times 48$ array of unit cells and the other constructed by combining four smaller anomalous reflectors to form a larger array with $96times 96$ unit cells. To validate the theoretical approach developed, we conducted measurements in an auditorium to evaluate the received power through an anomalous reflector link at different angles and frequencies. In addition, models of scalable deflectors are implemented in the MATLAB ray tracer to simulate the measurement scenario. The results from theoretical calculations and ray tracing simulations show good agreement with the measurement results. The proposed models and parameter abstractions for electromagnetically modeled anomalous reflectors are generalizable and applicable to various types of anomalous reflectors and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, offering potential benefits for efficient cellular network planning in wireless communications.
{"title":"Analysis of Scalable Electromagnetically-Modeled Anomalous Reflectors Through Ray Tracing and Measurements","authors":"Le Hao;Sravan Kumar Reddy Vuyyuru;Sergei A. Tretyakov;Markus Rupp;Risto Valkonen","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3597865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3597865","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we elaborate on the concept of a scalable anomalous reflector to analyze the angular response, frequency response, and spatial scalability of a designed anomalous reflector across a broad range of angles and frequencies. We utilize theoretical models and ray tracing simulations to investigate the communication performance of two different-sized scalable finite anomalous reflectors, one smaller configuration with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$48times 48$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array of unit cells and the other constructed by combining four smaller anomalous reflectors to form a larger array with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$96times 96$ </tex-math></inline-formula> unit cells. To validate the theoretical approach developed, we conducted measurements in an auditorium to evaluate the received power through an anomalous reflector link at different angles and frequencies. In addition, models of scalable deflectors are implemented in the MATLAB ray tracer to simulate the measurement scenario. The results from theoretical calculations and ray tracing simulations show good agreement with the measurement results. The proposed models and parameter abstractions for electromagnetically modeled anomalous reflectors are generalizable and applicable to various types of anomalous reflectors and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, offering potential benefits for efficient cellular network planning in wireless communications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1609-1619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11122558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3593229
Takahiro Hayashi;Koichi Ichige
In Beyond 5G/6G, research is being conducted on wireless emulators that can enable low-cost, short-term evaluation and verification of wireless systems by emulating radio systems in cyberspace. To accurately simulate the behavior of wireless systems in various scenarios, radio propagation must be simulated with high accuracy according to the environment. We developed a site-specific path loss model by using machine learning in conjunction with spatial information data and environmental parameters related to propagation characteristics. However, when a learning model based on data obtained in a specific environment is applied to a new environment, the similarity of spatial information data is low because of differences in urban structures, and sufficient estimation accuracy cannot be obtained. In this paper, we propose a fine-tuning method that transfers a machine learning model constructed in a specific environment to a new environment and refines it through an effective data selection technique. Evaluating the measurement data at 2 GHz revealed that the proposed method achieves higher estimation accuracy than does the conventional method when a model pretrained in a specific environment in an urban area is applied to other urban and suburban areas, with only 1% of the test data required as additional training data.
{"title":"Fine-Tuning Approach to Configuration and Data Selection for Path Loss Prediction in Different Geographical Environments","authors":"Takahiro Hayashi;Koichi Ichige","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3593229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3593229","url":null,"abstract":"In Beyond 5G/6G, research is being conducted on wireless emulators that can enable low-cost, short-term evaluation and verification of wireless systems by emulating radio systems in cyberspace. To accurately simulate the behavior of wireless systems in various scenarios, radio propagation must be simulated with high accuracy according to the environment. We developed a site-specific path loss model by using machine learning in conjunction with spatial information data and environmental parameters related to propagation characteristics. However, when a learning model based on data obtained in a specific environment is applied to a new environment, the similarity of spatial information data is low because of differences in urban structures, and sufficient estimation accuracy cannot be obtained. In this paper, we propose a fine-tuning method that transfers a machine learning model constructed in a specific environment to a new environment and refines it through an effective data selection technique. Evaluating the measurement data at 2 GHz revealed that the proposed method achieves higher estimation accuracy than does the conventional method when a model pretrained in a specific environment in an urban area is applied to other urban and suburban areas, with only 1% of the test data required as additional training data.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1595-1608"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11098504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3592898
Omar Jebreil;Ruoke Liu;Gökhan Mumcu
This paper presents a fully 3D-printed wideband mm-wave beam-steering antenna concept capable of performing wide-angle electronic beam-steering by making use of zigzagged lens antenna subarrays (LASs) with curved focal surfaces. The concept is demonstrated through the design and realization of a 38 GHz antenna consisting of $L = 4$ dielectric slab waveguide (DSW) lenses each fed with structurally embedded $M = 6$ TEM horn antennas, which can effectively reduce the required number of phase shifters (PSs) from $N = M times L = 24$ to $L = 4$ . It is demonstrated that the joint utilization of zigzagged LAS and curved focal surfaces with structurally integrated TEM horn antennas, all enabled through the design flexibilities offered by the emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, improves the realized gain, side lobe level (SLL), and beam-steering range in comparison to the earlier versions realized with planar focal surfaces. Specifically, the antenna exhibits a simulated realized gain of 16.5 dBi with an H-plane beam-steering range exceeding ±45° and a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 4.5° while maintaining an SLL below –9.3 dB across the entirety of the scan range. Measurements taken with the manufactured antenna prototype show excellent agreement with the performance obtained from full-wave simulations.
{"title":"Fully 3D-Printed mm-Wave Wide-Angle 1D Beam-Steering Antenna Using Zigzagged Lens Antenna Subarrays With Curved Focal Surfaces","authors":"Omar Jebreil;Ruoke Liu;Gökhan Mumcu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3592898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3592898","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fully 3D-printed wideband mm-wave beam-steering antenna concept capable of performing wide-angle electronic beam-steering by making use of zigzagged lens antenna subarrays (LASs) with curved focal surfaces. The concept is demonstrated through the design and realization of a 38 GHz antenna consisting of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$L = 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dielectric slab waveguide (DSW) lenses each fed with structurally embedded <inline-formula> <tex-math>$M = 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> TEM horn antennas, which can effectively reduce the required number of phase shifters (PSs) from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$N = M times L = 24$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$L = 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. It is demonstrated that the joint utilization of zigzagged LAS and curved focal surfaces with structurally integrated TEM horn antennas, all enabled through the design flexibilities offered by the emerging additive manufacturing (AM) technology, improves the realized gain, side lobe level (SLL), and beam-steering range in comparison to the earlier versions realized with planar focal surfaces. Specifically, the antenna exhibits a simulated realized gain of 16.5 dBi with an H-plane beam-steering range exceeding ±45° and a half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of 4.5° while maintaining an SLL below –9.3 dB across the entirety of the scan range. Measurements taken with the manufactured antenna prototype show excellent agreement with the performance obtained from full-wave simulations.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1582-1594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11098474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3590873
Ming-An Chung;Chia-Wei Lin;Yu-Hsun Chen
This paper proposes an antenna consisting of polyimide and fluoride synthesized multilayer thinfilm materials on a flexible substrate. The antenna is suitable for millimeter-wave applications at 28 GHz and can be applied to wearable devices by utilizing the flexible characteristics of the thin film. The application bandwidth is 26-30.5 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 15.95%. At 28.9 GHz, it exhibits a maximum gain value of 11 dBi. This paper also analyzes the effect of antenna bending characteristics on antenna performance. It is verified that antenna bending does not affect the application frequency band and bandwidth, and it can generate beam shift. The antenna is made of a soft and extremely thin material, and through the antenna design and parameter optimization in this paper, the antenna has the ability to be comfortable to wear and maintain the performance of the antenna in daily applications. The antenna is very suitable to be combined with close-fitting clothing and does not affect human health as verified by the power density.
{"title":"Design and Optimization of a High Gain Thin-Film Flexible Antenna for 28 GHz Wireless Wearables","authors":"Ming-An Chung;Chia-Wei Lin;Yu-Hsun Chen","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3590873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3590873","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an antenna consisting of polyimide and fluoride synthesized multilayer thinfilm materials on a flexible substrate. The antenna is suitable for millimeter-wave applications at 28 GHz and can be applied to wearable devices by utilizing the flexible characteristics of the thin film. The application bandwidth is 26-30.5 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 15.95%. At 28.9 GHz, it exhibits a maximum gain value of 11 dBi. This paper also analyzes the effect of antenna bending characteristics on antenna performance. It is verified that antenna bending does not affect the application frequency band and bandwidth, and it can generate beam shift. The antenna is made of a soft and extremely thin material, and through the antenna design and parameter optimization in this paper, the antenna has the ability to be comfortable to wear and maintain the performance of the antenna in daily applications. The antenna is very suitable to be combined with close-fitting clothing and does not affect human health as verified by the power density.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1573-1581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11087211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589501
Evandro Cesar Vilas Boas;Youssef Amraoui;Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo
Antennas are fundamental components in wireless communication systems, enabling the transfer of signals between the transmitter and receiver. Cutting-edge wireless technologies (e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) and fifth- and sixth-generation (5/6G) mobile networks) enable various applications with different antenna requirements. Antennas are engineered based on physics research, with performance influenced by the material’s constitutive parameters: permittivity $(varepsilon)$ and permeability $(mu)$ . Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials $(varepsilon approx 0)$ have garnered significant interest in antenna design for their ability to decouple spatial and temporal field variations. This property leads to diverging phase velocities, wavelength expansion, low wavenumber propagation, and enhanced electric fields. ENZ media can be realized through metamaterials and rectangular waveguide dispersion, enhancing antenna performance and enabling novel designs. ENZ-based metamaterials improve antenna gain, size, isolation, bandwidth, and radiation patterns. These benefits arise from the interactions of electromagnetic wavefronts with ENZ media. On the other hand, ENZ-based rectangular waveguide radiators exhibit plasmonic behavior below their fundamental mode’s cutoff frequency due to waveguide dispersion, enabling the design of geometry-independent 1D and 2D antennas and lenses. This review examines ENZ materials in antenna design, synthesizing current research, highlighting recent advancements, and evaluating the benefits and challenges of implementing ENZ-inspired antennas.
{"title":"Epsilon-Near-Zero-Inspired Antennas: Fundamentals, Design Approaches, Applications and Opportunities","authors":"Evandro Cesar Vilas Boas;Youssef Amraoui;Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589501","url":null,"abstract":"Antennas are fundamental components in wireless communication systems, enabling the transfer of signals between the transmitter and receiver. Cutting-edge wireless technologies (e.g., Internet of Things (IoT) and fifth- and sixth-generation (5/6G) mobile networks) enable various applications with different antenna requirements. Antennas are engineered based on physics research, with performance influenced by the material’s constitutive parameters: permittivity <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(varepsilon)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and permeability <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(mu)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(varepsilon approx 0)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> have garnered significant interest in antenna design for their ability to decouple spatial and temporal field variations. This property leads to diverging phase velocities, wavelength expansion, low wavenumber propagation, and enhanced electric fields. ENZ media can be realized through metamaterials and rectangular waveguide dispersion, enhancing antenna performance and enabling novel designs. ENZ-based metamaterials improve antenna gain, size, isolation, bandwidth, and radiation patterns. These benefits arise from the interactions of electromagnetic wavefronts with ENZ media. On the other hand, ENZ-based rectangular waveguide radiators exhibit plasmonic behavior below their fundamental mode’s cutoff frequency due to waveguide dispersion, enabling the design of geometry-independent 1D and 2D antennas and lenses. This review examines ENZ materials in antenna design, synthesizing current research, highlighting recent advancements, and evaluating the benefits and challenges of implementing ENZ-inspired antennas.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1549-1572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11080315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589448
José Luis Gómez-Tornero;Alejandro Rabadán-Parra;Alejandro Gil-Martínez;David Cañete-Rebenaque;Javier Bussons-Gordo;Christian Monstein;Manuel Prieto-Mateo
This paper proposes a frequency-scanning antenna designed to operate in the 400 MHz to 800 MHz band for solar radio astronomy applications. It is constructed with perforated metallic walls and cylinders, that form a rectangular leaky waveguide. By adjusting the metallic cylinders in the appropriate subwavelength holes, the scanning angle of the directive beams and directivity can be effectively controlled while assuring high radiation efficiency and gain. Unlike previous leaky waveguides, the proposed design allows manual tuning of both the leaky-mode phase and the leakage factors. A 2-meter-long antenna prototype has been fabricated, and the measurement results show an angular scanning range from 70° to 30° above the horizon, with a peak gain of 14 dBi and radiation efficiency exceeding 70% over the entire scanning band. The application of this antenna to detect solar radio bursts without the need for Sun tracking is demonstrated.
{"title":"Frequency-Scanning Waveguide Antenna for Solar Radio Bursts Detection in the UHF Band","authors":"José Luis Gómez-Tornero;Alejandro Rabadán-Parra;Alejandro Gil-Martínez;David Cañete-Rebenaque;Javier Bussons-Gordo;Christian Monstein;Manuel Prieto-Mateo","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3589448","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a frequency-scanning antenna designed to operate in the 400 MHz to 800 MHz band for solar radio astronomy applications. It is constructed with perforated metallic walls and cylinders, that form a rectangular leaky waveguide. By adjusting the metallic cylinders in the appropriate subwavelength holes, the scanning angle of the directive beams and directivity can be effectively controlled while assuring high radiation efficiency and gain. Unlike previous leaky waveguides, the proposed design allows manual tuning of both the leaky-mode phase and the leakage factors. A 2-meter-long antenna prototype has been fabricated, and the measurement results show an angular scanning range from 70° to 30° above the horizon, with a peak gain of 14 dBi and radiation efficiency exceeding 70% over the entire scanning band. The application of this antenna to detect solar radio bursts without the need for Sun tracking is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1535-1548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11080449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：