A dual-band circularly-polarized transparent antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is proposed. The antenna is designed with resonance frequencies centered at 1176 MHz and 1582 MHz, targeting the simultaneous coverage of the L5 and L1 bands. Aiming at integration into the glass sun-roof of a vehicle, the antenna is designed using an unperturbed single-substrate layer, i.e., without any via or probe feed. A fine metal mesh based on printed copper is used to achieve around 90% transparency while maintaining satisfactory antenna gain and radiation efficiency within both operation bands. The phenomenon of frequency shifting observed when converting a solid metal-layer antenna to a metal-mesh antenna is thoroughly analyzed and investigated, to assist in speeding up the antenna optimization. The proposed design is fabricated and measured to validate the design concepts.
{"title":"Dual-Band Circularly-Polarized Transparent GNSS Antenna for Vehicular Applications","authors":"Quoc Hung Dang;Nghia Nguyen-Trong;Thomas Kaufmann;Timo Saarnimo;Chris Hide;Christophe Fumeaux","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3487764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3487764","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-band circularly-polarized transparent antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is proposed. The antenna is designed with resonance frequencies centered at 1176 MHz and 1582 MHz, targeting the simultaneous coverage of the L5 and L1 bands. Aiming at integration into the glass sun-roof of a vehicle, the antenna is designed using an unperturbed single-substrate layer, i.e., without any via or probe feed. A fine metal mesh based on printed copper is used to achieve around 90% transparency while maintaining satisfactory antenna gain and radiation efficiency within both operation bands. The phenomenon of frequency shifting observed when converting a solid metal-layer antenna to a metal-mesh antenna is thoroughly analyzed and investigated, to assist in speeding up the antenna optimization. The proposed design is fabricated and measured to validate the design concepts.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"201-211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3487793
I. Marasco;C. Cantore;G. V. Bianco;G. Bruno;A. D'Orazio;G. Magno
In the quest for sixth-generation wireless communication technology (6G), Terahertz waves represent a key technology due to their distinct advantages over microwaves and infrared radiation. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) emerge as a critical technology within this context. This paper presents a numerical investigation and the optimized design of a transparent graphene-based RIS operating in the THz spectrum. The aim of the paper is twofold: the former is to demonstrate the reconfigurability of the proposed RIS by exploiting two methods, referred to as “digital” and “analogical”. The latter is to demonstrate the effects of the losses and of the mutual coupling among unit cells on the power flow pattern. This aspect is crucial in the design of the RIS and cannot be overlooked, differently from other papers reported in the literature which analyze the RIS as an “ideal” structure evaluating only an analytical estimation of the array factor and neglecting the interaction among the unit cells. Our results hold significant promise for improving the development of a new class of smart devices crucial for 6G wireless communication systems.
{"title":"Transparent Graphene-Based RIS for 6G Communications in the THz Spectrum","authors":"I. Marasco;C. Cantore;G. V. Bianco;G. Bruno;A. D'Orazio;G. Magno","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3487793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3487793","url":null,"abstract":"In the quest for sixth-generation wireless communication technology (6G), Terahertz waves represent a key technology due to their distinct advantages over microwaves and infrared radiation. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) emerge as a critical technology within this context. This paper presents a numerical investigation and the optimized design of a transparent graphene-based RIS operating in the THz spectrum. The aim of the paper is twofold: the former is to demonstrate the reconfigurability of the proposed RIS by exploiting two methods, referred to as “digital” and “analogical”. The latter is to demonstrate the effects of the losses and of the mutual coupling among unit cells on the power flow pattern. This aspect is crucial in the design of the RIS and cannot be overlooked, differently from other papers reported in the literature which analyze the RIS as an “ideal” structure evaluating only an analytical estimation of the array factor and neglecting the interaction among the unit cells. Our results hold significant promise for improving the development of a new class of smart devices crucial for 6G wireless communication systems.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"193-200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10737393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486621
Manushanker Balasubramanian;Douglas H. Werner
A previously proposed B-spline curvature-based synthesis technique is extended and applied to the design of rotationally symmetric reflector antennas with shaped beam patterns. The approach is based on representing a reflector as a single curve that can be modified to alter the reflector’s shape. The curvature is evaluated and represented using B-spline polynomials. First, the control points of the spline curve are defined as variables and then a new curvature profile is generated. Following this step, the corresponding curve is synthesized using the proposed iterative algorithm. This process of optimizing the curvature using B-spline polynomials offers the ability to better control the shape of a reflector with very few design variables. Furthermore, it significantly accelerates the convergence of the optimizer, making the approach very attractive compared to existing methods. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified by multiple single and dual reflector antenna examples.
{"title":"An Efficient Curvature-Based Synthesis Methodology for Rotationally Symmetric Shaped Reflector Antennas","authors":"Manushanker Balasubramanian;Douglas H. Werner","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486621","url":null,"abstract":"A previously proposed B-spline curvature-based synthesis technique is extended and applied to the design of rotationally symmetric reflector antennas with shaped beam patterns. The approach is based on representing a reflector as a single curve that can be modified to alter the reflector’s shape. The curvature is evaluated and represented using B-spline polynomials. First, the control points of the spline curve are defined as variables and then a new curvature profile is generated. Following this step, the corresponding curve is synthesized using the proposed iterative algorithm. This process of optimizing the curvature using B-spline polynomials offers the ability to better control the shape of a reflector with very few design variables. Furthermore, it significantly accelerates the convergence of the optimizer, making the approach very attractive compared to existing methods. The accuracy and validity of the proposed method are verified by multiple single and dual reflector antenna examples.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"181-192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10735340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486248
Josef Pokorny;Premysl Dohnal;Petr Marcon
This article discusses the basic principles of concentrating the radiated near non-radiant magnetic field by changing the angle of the winding sector of the spiral coils designed on a substrate for a standard PCB (printed circuit board). The relevant principles include: 1) Changing the shape and design of the movable inner part of the coil winding; together with the static part, the moving item can form a concentrated magnetic field in space, thus creating a magnetic vector. 2) The $2times 2$ matrix of these coils comprises individual resonators changing the shape of the magnetic field according to the shape, distance, and position of the receiver. Thus, the concentrated individual vectors of the field are formed by the current amplitude, azimuth, and elevation of the individual coils. Using a spare electrical circuit, we implemented the entire concept relying on the shape of the coils. This method is materialized on a hardware prototype.
{"title":"Wireless Multi-Coil Transmission With a Rotating Part of the Internal Winding","authors":"Josef Pokorny;Premysl Dohnal;Petr Marcon","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3486248","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the basic principles of concentrating the radiated near non-radiant magnetic field by changing the angle of the winding sector of the spiral coils designed on a substrate for a standard PCB (printed circuit board). The relevant principles include: 1) Changing the shape and design of the movable inner part of the coil winding; together with the static part, the moving item can form a concentrated magnetic field in space, thus creating a magnetic vector. 2) The <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> matrix of these coils comprises individual resonators changing the shape of the magnetic field according to the shape, distance, and position of the receiver. Thus, the concentrated individual vectors of the field are formed by the current amplitude, azimuth, and elevation of the individual coils. Using a spare electrical circuit, we implemented the entire concept relying on the shape of the coils. This method is materialized on a hardware prototype.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"163-170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10734347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3485817
Jin Hu;Emrah Sever;Omid Babazadeh;Ian Jeffrey;Vladimir Okhmatovski;Constantine Sideris
An H-matrix accelerated direct solver employing the high-order Chebyshev-based Boundary Integral Equation (CBIE) method has been formulated, tested, and profiled for performance on high contrast dielectric materials and electrically large perfect electric conductor objects. The matrix fill performance of the CBIE proves to be fast for small to moderately sized problems compared to its counterparts, e.g., the locally corrected Nyström (LCN) method, due to the way it handles the singularities by means of a global change of variable method. However, in the case of electrically large scattering problems, the matrix fill and factorization still dominate the solution time when using a direct solution approach. To address this issue, an H-Matrix framework is employed, effectively resolving the challenge and establishing the CBIE as a competitive high-order method for solving scattering problems with poorly conditioned matrix equations. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through extensive numerical results, showcasing its robustness to problems that are electrically large, near physical resonances, or that have large dielectric permittivities. The capability of the proposed solver for handling arbitrary geometries is also demonstrated by considering various scattering examples from complex CAD models.
{"title":"H-Matrix Accelerated Direct Matrix Solver for Maxwell’s Equations Using the Chebyshev-Based Nyström Boundary Integral Equation Method","authors":"Jin Hu;Emrah Sever;Omid Babazadeh;Ian Jeffrey;Vladimir Okhmatovski;Constantine Sideris","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3485817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3485817","url":null,"abstract":"An H-matrix accelerated direct solver employing the high-order Chebyshev-based Boundary Integral Equation (CBIE) method has been formulated, tested, and profiled for performance on high contrast dielectric materials and electrically large perfect electric conductor objects. The matrix fill performance of the CBIE proves to be fast for small to moderately sized problems compared to its counterparts, e.g., the locally corrected Nyström (LCN) method, due to the way it handles the singularities by means of a global change of variable method. However, in the case of electrically large scattering problems, the matrix fill and factorization still dominate the solution time when using a direct solution approach. To address this issue, an H-Matrix framework is employed, effectively resolving the challenge and establishing the CBIE as a competitive high-order method for solving scattering problems with poorly conditioned matrix equations. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated through extensive numerical results, showcasing its robustness to problems that are electrically large, near physical resonances, or that have large dielectric permittivities. The capability of the proposed solver for handling arbitrary geometries is also demonstrated by considering various scattering examples from complex CAD models.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10734393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3483277
Ala Alemaryeen;Sima Noghanian
Implanted wireless biomedical devices represent a significant advancement in medical technology, offering continuous monitoring and targeted therapy. Antenna design for these devices requires careful modeling to ensure efficiency and safety, addressing challenges such as tissue heating and compliance with safety regulations. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, commonly used to ensure safety, often overlooks factors that influence tissue temperature and heat transfer. Understanding heat generation within tissues due to factors like location, orientation, and radiation power is crucial for optimizing device performance. Simulation-driven design and additional computational and experimental studies are essential for patient safety and effective device evaluation. This article focuses on examining tissue temperature elevation near implanted antennas, specifically a simple dipole antenna, to identify design parameters that significantly impact thermal performance. Key parameters include body phantom type and size, thermal boundary conditions, bioheat model parameters, implantation depth, antenna orientation, and input power. The study aims to provide guidelines for designers on optimizing antenna parameters to accurately predict and manage biological tissue heating. It was found that the size of the phantom, blood perfusion, volume thermal losses, antenna orientation, and input power constitute the major effects on tissue heating. An experimental setup was used to help understand the effect of the antenna’s input power on the temperature distribution in the surrounding high dielectric constant material. A dipole antenna was inserted inside a distilled water tank, and the temperature was measured at three reference points surrounding the antenna. Simulation and measurement results were in good agreement supporting the proposed methodology.
{"title":"Electromagnetic and Thermal Co-Analysis of an Implanted Dipole Antenna","authors":"Ala Alemaryeen;Sima Noghanian","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3483277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3483277","url":null,"abstract":"Implanted wireless biomedical devices represent a significant advancement in medical technology, offering continuous monitoring and targeted therapy. Antenna design for these devices requires careful modeling to ensure efficiency and safety, addressing challenges such as tissue heating and compliance with safety regulations. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, commonly used to ensure safety, often overlooks factors that influence tissue temperature and heat transfer. Understanding heat generation within tissues due to factors like location, orientation, and radiation power is crucial for optimizing device performance. Simulation-driven design and additional computational and experimental studies are essential for patient safety and effective device evaluation. This article focuses on examining tissue temperature elevation near implanted antennas, specifically a simple dipole antenna, to identify design parameters that significantly impact thermal performance. Key parameters include body phantom type and size, thermal boundary conditions, bioheat model parameters, implantation depth, antenna orientation, and input power. The study aims to provide guidelines for designers on optimizing antenna parameters to accurately predict and manage biological tissue heating. It was found that the size of the phantom, blood perfusion, volume thermal losses, antenna orientation, and input power constitute the major effects on tissue heating. An experimental setup was used to help understand the effect of the antenna’s input power on the temperature distribution in the surrounding high dielectric constant material. A dipole antenna was inserted inside a distilled water tank, and the temperature was measured at three reference points surrounding the antenna. Simulation and measurement results were in good agreement supporting the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1539-1550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10722868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3481991
Edward A. Ball;Sumin David Joseph
The prototype design and testing of an E band mmWave Time Modulated Array (TMA) is presented. The PCB based array has a 3 dB RF bandwidth of 71-73 GHz and a peak gain of −2 dBi on the first harmonic steered beam. The TMA second harmonic beam gain is within 0.9 dB of a conventional phase-shifter based array, in a like-for-like theoretical comparison. An array gain of +11.5 dBi is predicted for a full on-chip implementation. Good agreement between theoretical and prototype measured gains and array patterns are reported. Beam steering and phase correction are implemented using an FPGA, requiring only 2 digital lines per array element. A dedicated, bespoke GaAs mmWave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MMIC) to realize the TMA is presented. A key feature of the MMIC is a sub 400 ps phase inversion switch. The MMICs provide a measured average gain of 4.4 dB and draw 61.2 mW. The TMA is demonstrated steering the first harmonic beam to +/−12 degrees and the second harmonic beam to +/−30 degrees. The maxim steer possible is +/−16 degrees for the first and +/−35 degrees for the second harmonic beams. The full hardware demonstrator platform is presented and laboratory measurements provided, confirming good operation of the array compared to theory. Our work is the first demonstration of a steerable TX TMA operating in E band.
{"title":"A mmWave Transmitting Time Modulated Array Using Bespoke GaAs Integrated Circuits—Prototype Design and Laboratory Trials at 73 GHz","authors":"Edward A. Ball;Sumin David Joseph","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3481991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3481991","url":null,"abstract":"The prototype design and testing of an E band mmWave Time Modulated Array (TMA) is presented. The PCB based array has a 3 dB RF bandwidth of 71-73 GHz and a peak gain of −2 dBi on the first harmonic steered beam. The TMA second harmonic beam gain is within 0.9 dB of a conventional phase-shifter based array, in a like-for-like theoretical comparison. An array gain of +11.5 dBi is predicted for a full on-chip implementation. Good agreement between theoretical and prototype measured gains and array patterns are reported. Beam steering and phase correction are implemented using an FPGA, requiring only 2 digital lines per array element. A dedicated, bespoke GaAs mmWave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MMIC) to realize the TMA is presented. A key feature of the MMIC is a sub 400 ps phase inversion switch. The MMICs provide a measured average gain of 4.4 dB and draw 61.2 mW. The TMA is demonstrated steering the first harmonic beam to +/−12 degrees and the second harmonic beam to +/−30 degrees. The maxim steer possible is +/−16 degrees for the first and +/−35 degrees for the second harmonic beams. The full hardware demonstrator platform is presented and laboratory measurements provided, confirming good operation of the array compared to theory. Our work is the first demonstration of a steerable TX TMA operating in E band.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"144-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10720082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3477318
Marzieh Mehri Dehnavi;Jean-Jacques Laurin
This work proposes a phase-only synthesis technique for shaping the beam of a circularly polarized dual-reflector antenna with a subreflector consisting of a reflectarray and a main parabolic reflector. The proposed technique exploits the element patterns of each reflectarray unit cell embedded in the whole system, including a feed horn, a reflectarray, and a main reflector. By using a penalty function that forces only the fitting of the desired and obtained patterns, the algorithm leads to a quasi-random phase distribution on the reflectarray and a poor radiation pattern. A term for minimizing the Laplacian of the phase distribution is added to the penalty function to force a smoothly varying phase distribution on the reflectarray. This modification provides more stable results and yields patterns with desired shapes and regular contours. The beam shaping capability of the algorithm is demonstrated with simulations of a 100-element reconfigurable circularly polarized reflectarray, by controlling independently the 10 dB beamwidth of the antenna in two orthogonal planes The algorithm is also validated experimentally. Beamwidth accuracies vary from 0 to 2.15 degrees.
{"title":"Beam Shaping of a Dual-Reflector Antenna Using a Reflectarray as Subreflector and Embedded Unit Cell Patterns","authors":"Marzieh Mehri Dehnavi;Jean-Jacques Laurin","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3477318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3477318","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a phase-only synthesis technique for shaping the beam of a circularly polarized dual-reflector antenna with a subreflector consisting of a reflectarray and a main parabolic reflector. The proposed technique exploits the element patterns of each reflectarray unit cell embedded in the whole system, including a feed horn, a reflectarray, and a main reflector. By using a penalty function that forces only the fitting of the desired and obtained patterns, the algorithm leads to a quasi-random phase distribution on the reflectarray and a poor radiation pattern. A term for minimizing the Laplacian of the phase distribution is added to the penalty function to force a smoothly varying phase distribution on the reflectarray. This modification provides more stable results and yields patterns with desired shapes and regular contours. The beam shaping capability of the algorithm is demonstrated with simulations of a 100-element reconfigurable circularly polarized reflectarray, by controlling independently the 10 dB beamwidth of the antenna in two orthogonal planes The algorithm is also validated experimentally. Beamwidth accuracies vary from 0 to 2.15 degrees.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"133-143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10711861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3474770
Ahmed Hosameldin Khadrawy;Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar
This paper proposes a transparent wideband microwave absorber by integrating Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) with glass in order to achieve both high microwave absorption and optical transparency. The design is constructed from three layers of glass substrate with etched ITO with different sheet resistance on each layer. The absorber features a combination of high dielectric constant material to accomplish the low-profile design and matching layer to achieve wide absorption bandwidth. The absorber demonstrates 115.64% fractional bandwidth from 3.48 GHz to 13.02 GHz with a structure thickness of 0.077 $lambda_{min}$ , where $lambda_{min}$ is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency. The proposed absorber design shows wide absorption bandwidth with a low profile, which outperforms the reported designs in the literature. The development process of the absorber is detailed, showcasing the evolution from a single-layer to a triple-layer design, addressing challenges in fabrication and enhancing performance. The absorber’s effectiveness is validated through simulations and measurements of a fabricated prototype, highlighting its potential in applications requiring both microwave absorption and optical transparency.
{"title":"Transparent Low-Profile and Wideband ITO-Glass Microwave Absorber","authors":"Ahmed Hosameldin Khadrawy;Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3474770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3474770","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a transparent wideband microwave absorber by integrating Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) with glass in order to achieve both high microwave absorption and optical transparency. The design is constructed from three layers of glass substrate with etched ITO with different sheet resistance on each layer. The absorber features a combination of high dielectric constant material to accomplish the low-profile design and matching layer to achieve wide absorption bandwidth. The absorber demonstrates 115.64% fractional bandwidth from 3.48 GHz to 13.02 GHz with a structure thickness of 0.077 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda_{min}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda_{min}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency. The proposed absorber design shows wide absorption bandwidth with a low profile, which outperforms the reported designs in the literature. The development process of the absorber is detailed, showcasing the evolution from a single-layer to a triple-layer design, addressing challenges in fabrication and enhancing performance. The absorber’s effectiveness is validated through simulations and measurements of a fabricated prototype, highlighting its potential in applications requiring both microwave absorption and optical transparency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"127-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10706111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3470843
Jun Ma;Fuchang Chen;Kairan Xiang
In this paper, a waveguide reflectionless filtering antenna array with high selectivity is proposed. Instead of reflecting the out-of-band signal back to the source, the proposed antenna array dissipates the energy through a lossy network, which can reduce the interference to the former stage. The prototype circuit of the reflectionless filtering antenna array based on the complementary duplex theory is established, consisting of a bandpass network and a bandstop network, whose responses are completely complementary. High selectivity is achieved by introducing non-resonating nodes (NRNs) and configuring the transmission zeros (TZs) of the bandpass network and the reflection zeros (RZs) of the bandstop network to be set at the same frequency. The synthesis of the prototype circuit is given and a fourth-order reflectionless filtering antenna array is designed and fabricated to verify the design method. Two TZs are generated at 9.62 GHz and 10.4 GHz, leading to an out-of-band suppression of more than 23 dB. The measured $|S_{11}|$ is less than −10 dB from 8.3 GHz to 12 GHz, providing a wideband reflectionless filtering response with high selectivity and high gain.
{"title":"X-Band Waveguide Reflectionless Filtering Antenna Array With High Selectivity","authors":"Jun Ma;Fuchang Chen;Kairan Xiang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3470843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2024.3470843","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a waveguide reflectionless filtering antenna array with high selectivity is proposed. Instead of reflecting the out-of-band signal back to the source, the proposed antenna array dissipates the energy through a lossy network, which can reduce the interference to the former stage. The prototype circuit of the reflectionless filtering antenna array based on the complementary duplex theory is established, consisting of a bandpass network and a bandstop network, whose responses are completely complementary. High selectivity is achieved by introducing non-resonating nodes (NRNs) and configuring the transmission zeros (TZs) of the bandpass network and the reflection zeros (RZs) of the bandstop network to be set at the same frequency. The synthesis of the prototype circuit is given and a fourth-order reflectionless filtering antenna array is designed and fabricated to verify the design method. Two TZs are generated at 9.62 GHz and 10.4 GHz, leading to an out-of-band suppression of more than 23 dB. The measured <inline-formula> <tex-math>$|S_{11}|$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is less than −10 dB from 8.3 GHz to 12 GHz, providing a wideband reflectionless filtering response with high selectivity and high gain.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 1","pages":"120-126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10700742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：