Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3446914
Hamad M. Alkhoori;Mousa Hussein
The radiation of a structure comprising a spherical radome enclosing an antenna and made of an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic medium is treated semi analytically in this paper. Inside the radome, the radiation field phasors due to the antenna and reflected field phasors due to the radome are expanded into vector spherical wave functions of the radome’s medium. This yields two sets of unknown expansion coefficients: the radiation-field expansion coefficients, and the reflected-field expansion coefficients. The radiation-field expansion coefficients are obtained in terms of the current distribution in the antenna upon using the bilinear-form dyadic Green functions of the radome’s medium. Outside the radome, the exterior field phasors due to the radome and the antenna are expanded into the conventional vector spherical wave functions of free space, yielding unknown exterior-field coefficients. Application of standard boundary conditions across the radome’s surface yields the reflected and exterior-field coefficients in terms of the radiation-field coefficients, from which the radiation-field resistance and gain of the radome-antenna structure are calculated. For numerical illustration, as a nontrivial example, we considered a toroidal antenna carrying a uniform current distribution. The role of the anisotropy of the radome on the radiation resistance of the toroidal antenna is dictated by (i) the electrical size of the radome, (ii) the radome’s relative impedance, and (iii) the distinguished axis of the radome’s medium. Moreover, those factors can be used in shaping the gain pattern, as well as in raising or lowering the maximum gain.
{"title":"Radiation of an Antenna Enclosed by a Spherical Radome Made of an Orthorhombic Dielectric-Magnetic Medium","authors":"Hamad M. Alkhoori;Mousa Hussein","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3446914","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3446914","url":null,"abstract":"The radiation of a structure comprising a spherical radome enclosing an antenna and made of an orthorhombic dielectric-magnetic medium is treated semi analytically in this paper. Inside the radome, the radiation field phasors due to the antenna and reflected field phasors due to the radome are expanded into vector spherical wave functions of the radome’s medium. This yields two sets of unknown expansion coefficients: the radiation-field expansion coefficients, and the reflected-field expansion coefficients. The radiation-field expansion coefficients are obtained in terms of the current distribution in the antenna upon using the bilinear-form dyadic Green functions of the radome’s medium. Outside the radome, the exterior field phasors due to the radome and the antenna are expanded into the conventional vector spherical wave functions of free space, yielding unknown exterior-field coefficients. Application of standard boundary conditions across the radome’s surface yields the reflected and exterior-field coefficients in terms of the radiation-field coefficients, from which the radiation-field resistance and gain of the radome-antenna structure are calculated. For numerical illustration, as a nontrivial example, we considered a toroidal antenna carrying a uniform current distribution. The role of the anisotropy of the radome on the radiation resistance of the toroidal antenna is dictated by (i) the electrical size of the radome, (ii) the radome’s relative impedance, and (iii) the distinguished axis of the radome’s medium. Moreover, those factors can be used in shaping the gain pattern, as well as in raising or lowering the maximum gain.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1704-1713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1109/ojap.2024.3446595
Zixiang Han, Yujie Zhang, Jing Jin, Qixing Wang, Guangyi Liu
{"title":"A Novel Energy Efficient Single-RF MIMO Antenna Combining Load Modulated Array and ESPAR","authors":"Zixiang Han, Yujie Zhang, Jing Jin, Qixing Wang, Guangyi Liu","doi":"10.1109/ojap.2024.3446595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojap.2024.3446595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445270
Reza Masoumi;Robab Kazemi;Aly E. Fathy
Employing two closely spaced arrays operating at the same frequency with orthogonal polarizations and independent operations present significant potential for miniaturizing telecommunication systems. This paper presents two interleaved, tightly spaced circular patch array antennas that operate at the same frequency but with orthogonal polarizations. The arrays are arranged in the E-plane, with one array rotated 90 degrees to achieve orthogonal polarization—Array-I is x-polarized, while Array-II is y-polarized. This configuration provides both spatial and polarization diversity, which helps reduce signal degradation caused by multipath fading and enhances overall channel capacity. However, the inherent symmetry of the circular patches typically results in significant coupling between adjacent arrays when they are closely spaced, which can severely degrade antenna performance. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of conformal mantle cloaks and decoupling patches in isolating two interleaved co-frequency circular patch array antennas. Our designed mantle cloak, composed of a conformal substrate with parallel metallic strips, successfully eliminates cross-coupling between adjacent elements in the interleaved arrays, although it does not fully mitigate inter-element coupling within each array. To further address this issue, we employ small patches with shorting pins to minimize mutual coupling among the elements of each array. These isolating techniques enable minimal proximity between the arrays, achieving a center-to-center spacing of 28.88 mm ( $0.54lambda _{0}$ ) and an edge-to-edge gap of less than 1 mm ( $lambda _{0}$ /50), theoretically approaching zero at the resonant frequency of 5.6 GHz. The conformal substrate of the cloak, produced using 3D printing technology, simplifies the fabrication process by covering only the top surface of the patches. The proposed design has been successfully fabricated and evaluated using detailed comparison metrics, including return loss, mutual coupling, radiation patterns, gain, and efficiency across cloaked and uncloaked configurations. The simulation and experimental results closely match, confirming that the cloaked antennas exhibit similar radiation performance to isolated elements.
采用两个紧密间隔的阵列在同一频率下工作，具有正交的极化和独立的操作，为电信系统的小型化带来了巨大的潜力。本文介绍了两个交错、紧密间隔的圆形贴片阵列天线，它们工作在同一频率，但具有正交的极化。阵列排列在 E 平面上，其中一个阵列旋转 90 度以实现正交极化--阵列-I 为 x 极化，而阵列-II 为 y 极化。这种配置提供了空间和极化分集，有助于减少多径衰落造成的信号劣化，并提高整体信道容量。然而，圆形贴片固有的对称性通常会导致相邻阵列间距过近时产生明显的耦合，从而严重降低天线性能。在本研究中，我们研究了保形地幔斗篷和去耦贴片在隔离两个交错共频圆形贴片阵列天线方面的有效性。我们设计的地幔斗篷由带平行金属条的共形基板组成，它成功地消除了交错阵列中相邻元件之间的交叉耦合，但并不能完全缓解每个阵列内的元件间耦合。为了进一步解决这个问题，我们采用了带有短路引脚的小补丁，以最大限度地减少每个阵列中元件之间的相互耦合。这些隔离技术使阵列之间的距离达到最小，中心到中心的间距为 28.88 毫米（$0.54lambda _{0}$），边缘到边缘的间隙小于 1 毫米（$lambda _{0}$ /50），理论上在共振频率为 5.6 GHz 时接近零。斗篷的保形基底采用三维打印技术制作，只覆盖贴片的顶面，简化了制作过程。该设计方案已成功制作完成，并使用详细的比较指标进行了评估，包括隐身和非隐身配置的回波损耗、相互耦合、辐射模式、增益和效率。仿真和实验结果非常吻合，证实了隐形天线的辐射性能与孤立元件相似。
{"title":"Optimizing Isolation in Interleaved Co-Frequency Orthogonally Polarized Circular Patch Array Antennas Using Conformal Mantle Cloaks and Integrated Decoupling Patches","authors":"Reza Masoumi;Robab Kazemi;Aly E. Fathy","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445270","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445270","url":null,"abstract":"Employing two closely spaced arrays operating at the same frequency with orthogonal polarizations and independent operations present significant potential for miniaturizing telecommunication systems. This paper presents two interleaved, tightly spaced circular patch array antennas that operate at the same frequency but with orthogonal polarizations. The arrays are arranged in the E-plane, with one array rotated 90 degrees to achieve orthogonal polarization—Array-I is x-polarized, while Array-II is y-polarized. This configuration provides both spatial and polarization diversity, which helps reduce signal degradation caused by multipath fading and enhances overall channel capacity. However, the inherent symmetry of the circular patches typically results in significant coupling between adjacent arrays when they are closely spaced, which can severely degrade antenna performance. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of conformal mantle cloaks and decoupling patches in isolating two interleaved co-frequency circular patch array antennas. Our designed mantle cloak, composed of a conformal substrate with parallel metallic strips, successfully eliminates cross-coupling between adjacent elements in the interleaved arrays, although it does not fully mitigate inter-element coupling within each array. To further address this issue, we employ small patches with shorting pins to minimize mutual coupling among the elements of each array. These isolating techniques enable minimal proximity between the arrays, achieving a center-to-center spacing of 28.88 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.54lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) and an edge-to-edge gap of less than 1 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/50), theoretically approaching zero at the resonant frequency of 5.6 GHz. The conformal substrate of the cloak, produced using 3D printing technology, simplifies the fabrication process by covering only the top surface of the patches. The proposed design has been successfully fabricated and evaluated using detailed comparison metrics, including return loss, mutual coupling, radiation patterns, gain, and efficiency across cloaked and uncloaked configurations. The simulation and experimental results closely match, confirming that the cloaked antennas exhibit similar radiation performance to isolated elements.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1691-1703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445300
Jeff Frolik;Elsie Anthonio;Rye Fought;Tara Harte
Harmonic transponders are nonlinear, passive devices that typically receive an interrogation signal at one single frequency and reradiate harmonics. In this work, we propose leveraging the device’s nonlinearity by interrogating with two closely spaced signals and then measuring the second harmonics and nearby second and fourth intermodulation distortion products. Our results show that we are able to remotely determine the power incident at the device, over a 25 dB range and within ±1 dB, using only the relative ratios between these received components. This result has applications in characterizing the loss of unknown channels and in conducting over-the-air characterization of fully integrated transponders. We demonstrate this latter application.
谐波转发器是一种非线性、无源设备，通常接收单一频率的询问信号，并重新辐射谐波。在这项工作中，我们建议利用该设备的非线性特性，使用两个间隔很近的信号进行询问，然后测量二次谐波以及附近的二次和四次互调失真产物。我们的研究结果表明，只需利用这些接收分量之间的相对比率，我们就能在 25 dB 的范围内远程确定设备的入射功率，且误差不超过 ±1dB。这一结果可用于鉴定未知信道的损耗和对全集成转发器进行空中鉴定。我们演示了后一种应用。
{"title":"Ascertaining Operating Points of Harmonic Transponders Using Intermodulation Responses","authors":"Jeff Frolik;Elsie Anthonio;Rye Fought;Tara Harte","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445300","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445300","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic transponders are nonlinear, passive devices that typically receive an interrogation signal at one single frequency and reradiate harmonics. In this work, we propose leveraging the device’s nonlinearity by interrogating with two closely spaced signals and then measuring the second harmonics and nearby second and fourth intermodulation distortion products. Our results show that we are able to remotely determine the power incident at the device, over a 25 dB range and within ±1 dB, using only the relative ratios between these received components. This result has applications in characterizing the loss of unknown channels and in conducting over-the-air characterization of fully integrated transponders. We demonstrate this latter application.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1221-1228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434008
Shu-Lin Chen;Dongze Zheng;Geng-Bo Wu;Y. Jay Guo;Ke Wu;Chi Hou Chan
Beyond 5G and 6G technologies mark a pivotal evolution in the telecommunications landscape. They are not only anticipated to deliver unprecedented speed and capacity but also to serve as critical enablers for a host of emerging technologies and applications, including joint communications and sensing, autonomous driving, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the burgeoning Internet of Things (IoT) [1] , [2] , [3] . As we transition into this new era, the expectations for system performance, reliability, and versatility are higher than ever before.
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Section on Advanced Beam-Forming Antennas for Beyond 5G and 6G","authors":"Shu-Lin Chen;Dongze Zheng;Geng-Bo Wu;Y. Jay Guo;Ke Wu;Chi Hou Chan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434008","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434008","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond 5G and 6G technologies mark a pivotal evolution in the telecommunications landscape. They are not only anticipated to deliver unprecedented speed and capacity but also to serve as critical enablers for a host of emerging technologies and applications, including joint communications and sensing, autonomous driving, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the burgeoning Internet of Things (IoT) \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000. As we transition into this new era, the expectations for system performance, reliability, and versatility are higher than ever before.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"803-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434028
Peng Mei;Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar;Bo Li;Shuai Zhang;Wonbin Hong
Four articles have been accepted for publication in this special section on “Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC”. These articles cover four distinct topics: microwave absorbers, radar cross-section reduction through phase distribution across metasurfaces, the design of miniaturized rasobers, and the 3D microwave absorber with wide angular stability. In the first article, Ning et al. [A1] provide a design methodology based on characteristic mode analysis to design reconfigurable microwave metasurface absorbers. A broadband absorber design was reported with a step-bystep process, which was verified by a full-wave simulation and measurement of a fabricated prototype. A bandwidth of 105% from 3.6 to 11.6 GHz was accomplished with less than -10 dB reflection coefficient. In the second article, Al-Nuaimi et al. [A2] utilize a novel cusp phase distribution across metasurface to achieve radar cross-section reduction. Without the need for lengthy optimization, it was found that the cusp phase mask was able to achieve radar crosssection reduction of more than 10 dB over a bandwidth of 81.8%. A stable performance was accomplished under both the normal and oblique incidence up to 75°. In the third article, Zargar et al. [A3] propose a miniaturized rasorber design with dual transmission bands within a wide absorption band. A design flow of the proposed rasorber was presented to give an overview of the design process. The final design exhibits a wide absorption band from 3.7 to 14.6 GHz and two transmission bands were generated within that band at 10.7 GHz and 16 GHz with insertion losses of 1 and 0.7 dB, respectively. The simulated results were confirmed by a fabricated prototype and measurements. In the last article, Feng et al. [A4] propose universal equivalent transmission line (TL) model and design method for efficient absorption under large angles to synthesis the absorptive performance of an absorber. A prototype with 70° angular stability is designed as an example to validate the proposed methods, where the measurements agree well with the synthesized and simulated results. Specifically speaking, the measured average absorption ratios (ARs) under normal incidence, 45° incidence, and 70° incidence are 94.2%, 94.0%, and 92.3%, respectively.
{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special section on Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC","authors":"Peng Mei;Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar;Bo Li;Shuai Zhang;Wonbin Hong","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434028","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434028","url":null,"abstract":"Four articles have been accepted for publication in this special section on “Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC”. These articles cover four distinct topics: microwave absorbers, radar cross-section reduction through phase distribution across metasurfaces, the design of miniaturized rasobers, and the 3D microwave absorber with wide angular stability. In the first article, Ning et al. [A1] provide a design methodology based on characteristic mode analysis to design reconfigurable microwave metasurface absorbers. A broadband absorber design was reported with a step-bystep process, which was verified by a full-wave simulation and measurement of a fabricated prototype. A bandwidth of 105% from 3.6 to 11.6 GHz was accomplished with less than -10 dB reflection coefficient. In the second article, Al-Nuaimi et al. [A2] utilize a novel cusp phase distribution across metasurface to achieve radar cross-section reduction. Without the need for lengthy optimization, it was found that the cusp phase mask was able to achieve radar crosssection reduction of more than 10 dB over a bandwidth of 81.8%. A stable performance was accomplished under both the normal and oblique incidence up to 75°. In the third article, Zargar et al. [A3] propose a miniaturized rasorber design with dual transmission bands within a wide absorption band. A design flow of the proposed rasorber was presented to give an overview of the design process. The final design exhibits a wide absorption band from 3.7 to 14.6 GHz and two transmission bands were generated within that band at 10.7 GHz and 16 GHz with insertion losses of 1 and 0.7 dB, respectively. The simulated results were confirmed by a fabricated prototype and measurements. In the last article, Feng et al. [A4] propose universal equivalent transmission line (TL) model and design method for efficient absorption under large angles to synthesis the absorptive performance of an absorber. A prototype with 70° angular stability is designed as an example to validate the proposed methods, where the measurements agree well with the synthesized and simulated results. Specifically speaking, the measured average absorption ratios (ARs) under normal incidence, 45° incidence, and 70° incidence are 94.2%, 94.0%, and 92.3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"895-898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426021
{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Instructions for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426021","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426017
{"title":"IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426017","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3426017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, radio frequency detection or ambient spectrum sensing has required high-performance spectrum analyzers and RF signal analyzers, leading to relatively high costs due to the need for a local oscillator and signal mixer. To overcome this challenge, we propose a low-cost, substantially simplified solution utilizing a stretchable rectenna, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and feedback control systems. By exploiting the dynamic correlation between the resonant frequency and the tensile ratio of the stretchable antenna, the incoming frequency can be determined by recording the maximum rectifier DC power output as a function of the electromechanically controlled tension ratio of the stretchable antenna. Our measured results indicate that a frequency measurement range of 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz can be achieved through careful design of the stretchable antenna and broadband rectifier. We have experimentally demonstrated an over-the-air far-field frequency sensing system based on this concept, showcasing significant advantages in power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity when compared to state-of-the-art RF spectrum analyzers.
{"title":"Adaptive Radio Frequency Sensor Enabled by Electromechanically Controlled Stretchable Rectifying Antenna Systems","authors":"Zebin Zhu;Bingyang Li;Yajiao Ke;Yuchao Wang;Zequn Wang;Shihao Sun;Ping Lu;Furong Yang;Chaoyun Song;Hongxing Dong;Long Zhang;Cheng Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3438766","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3438766","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, radio frequency detection or ambient spectrum sensing has required high-performance spectrum analyzers and RF signal analyzers, leading to relatively high costs due to the need for a local oscillator and signal mixer. To overcome this challenge, we propose a low-cost, substantially simplified solution utilizing a stretchable rectenna, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and feedback control systems. By exploiting the dynamic correlation between the resonant frequency and the tensile ratio of the stretchable antenna, the incoming frequency can be determined by recording the maximum rectifier DC power output as a function of the electromechanically controlled tension ratio of the stretchable antenna. Our measured results indicate that a frequency measurement range of 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz can be achieved through careful design of the stretchable antenna and broadband rectifier. We have experimentally demonstrated an over-the-air far-field frequency sensing system based on this concept, showcasing significant advantages in power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity when compared to state-of-the-art RF spectrum analyzers.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1229-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10623704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel methodology for designing Chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags realized using the Additive Manufacturing technologies and exhibiting a high number of identification states is proposed and investigated. An encoding scheme based on the resonances and anti-resonances of the input impedance of the resonator is employed for identifying the tag, which is achieved by exploiting the set of zero-crossing points of the tag reactance. A tolerance analysis is also performed to avoid any ambiguity in the reading process and to minimize the redundancy, thus providing unique electromagnetic signatures which are also suitable for anti-counterfeiting applications. Several prototypes have been fabricated and tested to assess the practical implementation of the proposed encoding scheme.
{"title":"3-D Chipless RFID Tag for Anti-Counterfeiting Applications","authors":"Suvadeep Choudhury;Filippo Costa;Giuliano Manara;Simone Genovesi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3437687","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3437687","url":null,"abstract":"A novel methodology for designing Chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags realized using the Additive Manufacturing technologies and exhibiting a high number of identification states is proposed and investigated. An encoding scheme based on the resonances and anti-resonances of the input impedance of the resonator is employed for identifying the tag, which is achieved by exploiting the set of zero-crossing points of the tag reactance. A tolerance analysis is also performed to avoid any ambiguity in the reading process and to minimize the redundancy, thus providing unique electromagnetic signatures which are also suitable for anti-counterfeiting applications. Several prototypes have been fabricated and tested to assess the practical implementation of the proposed encoding scheme.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1681-1690"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10621069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141886514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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