This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a $2 times 32$ array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a $mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of $ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ . It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.
{"title":"Sub-THz Conformal Lens Integrated WR3.4 Antenna for High-Gain Beam-Steering","authors":"Akanksha Bhutani;Joel Dittmer;Luca Valenziano;Thomas Zwick","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1306-1319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609
Masoud Salmani Arani;Reza Shahidi;Lihong Zhang
Research on electromagnetic (EM) components is essential to enabling the design and optimization of such devices as antennas and filters, leading to improved functionality, reduced costs, and enhanced overall performance. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in optimization and design automation techniques for EM-component design and modeling. Limitations of conventional optimization methods are discussed, while the need for novel machine learning techniques capable of handling multiple objectives and large design spaces is highlighted. In this study, existing methods in the literature are reviewed from four viewpoints: structural view, algorithm view, component view, and application view. Different schemes in distinct design stages or applications are examined with advantages and drawbacks laid out for easier comprehension. Finally, to broaden the scope of optimization in the field of EM design and modeling, some prospective trends are pointed out to shed light on emerging research hotspots.
{"title":"A State-of-the-Art Survey on Advanced Electromagnetic Design: A Machine-Learning Perspective","authors":"Masoud Salmani Arani;Reza Shahidi;Lihong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609","url":null,"abstract":"Research on electromagnetic (EM) components is essential to enabling the design and optimization of such devices as antennas and filters, leading to improved functionality, reduced costs, and enhanced overall performance. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in optimization and design automation techniques for EM-component design and modeling. Limitations of conventional optimization methods are discussed, while the need for novel machine learning techniques capable of handling multiple objectives and large design spaces is highlighted. In this study, existing methods in the literature are reviewed from four viewpoints: structural view, algorithm view, component view, and application view. Different schemes in distinct design stages or applications are examined with advantages and drawbacks laid out for easier comprehension. Finally, to broaden the scope of optimization in the field of EM design and modeling, some prospective trends are pointed out to shed light on emerging research hotspots.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1077-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746
Alessandro de Oliveira Cabral Junior;Hamza Kaouach;André Barka
This paper presents a novel approach for linear to circular polarization (LP-CP) conversion in transmitarray antennas. The proposed conversion mechanism differs significantly from previous published realizations. The concept utilizes a transmission line modeling-based excitation technique, in which a centralized via excitation is split into two striplines carefully designed to balance excitations and guarantee a phase quadrature. The striplines are embedded at the center of the patch antenna allowing a compact footprint and a simple design structure. The applied true-time delay (TTD) technique assures the radiation of a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) field. To optimize bandwidth and transmission efficiency, a stacked patch configuration is also employed, allowing for simultaneous high polarization conversion and transmission efficiency. The unit-cell design methodology is detailed, and two transmitarray designs are realized in both X and Ka bands. Experimental results from a fabricated X-band $20 times 20$ cell array prototype demonstrate a peak aperture efficiency of 30%, accompanied by a simultaneous 16% -1 dB gain and 1 dB axial ratio bandwidths. Furthermore, the measured wideband and highly efficient Ka-band transmitarray with a $70 times 70$ cell array confirmed a remarkable gain of 39.8 dB and 55% aperture efficiency at 29 GHz, surpassing previous LP-CP transmitarray antennas, while maintaining axial ratio values below 1 dB in a bandwidth larger than 26%.
本文提出了一种在发射天线阵中实现线性极化到圆极化（LP-CP）转换的新方法。所提出的转换机制与以往发表的实现方法有很大不同。这一概念利用了基于传输线建模的激励技术，其中，集中的通激被分成精心设计的两条带状线，以平衡激励并保证相位正交。条纹嵌入贴片天线的中心，从而实现了紧凑的占地面积和简单的设计结构。应用的真实时间延迟（TTD）技术确保了宽带和低轴向比圆极化（CP）场的辐射。为了优化带宽和传输效率，还采用了堆叠式贴片配置，可同时实现高极化转换和传输效率。详细介绍了单元单元设计方法，并在 X 和 Ka 波段实现了两种发射阵列设计。从制造的 X 波段 $20 times 20$ 单元阵列原型获得的实验结果表明，其峰值孔径效率为 30%，同时具有 16% -1 dB 增益和 1 dB 轴向比带宽。此外，使用 70 美元乘以 70 美元的单元阵列测量的宽带高效 Ka 波段发射阵列证实，在 29 GHz 频率下具有 39.8 dB 的显著增益和 55% 的孔径效率，超过了以前的 LP-CP 发射阵列天线，同时在大于 26% 的带宽内保持低于 1 dB 的轴向比值。
{"title":"Wideband and High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Unit-Cell for X and Ka-Band Transmitarrays","authors":"Alessandro de Oliveira Cabral Junior;Hamza Kaouach;André Barka","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel approach for linear to circular polarization (LP-CP) conversion in transmitarray antennas. The proposed conversion mechanism differs significantly from previous published realizations. The concept utilizes a transmission line modeling-based excitation technique, in which a centralized via excitation is split into two striplines carefully designed to balance excitations and guarantee a phase quadrature. The striplines are embedded at the center of the patch antenna allowing a compact footprint and a simple design structure. The applied true-time delay (TTD) technique assures the radiation of a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) field. To optimize bandwidth and transmission efficiency, a stacked patch configuration is also employed, allowing for simultaneous high polarization conversion and transmission efficiency. The unit-cell design methodology is detailed, and two transmitarray designs are realized in both X and Ka bands. Experimental results from a fabricated X-band \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20 times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cell array prototype demonstrate a peak aperture efficiency of 30%, accompanied by a simultaneous 16% -1 dB gain and 1 dB axial ratio bandwidths. Furthermore, the measured wideband and highly efficient Ka-band transmitarray with a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$70 times 70$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cell array confirmed a remarkable gain of 39.8 dB and 55% aperture efficiency at 29 GHz, surpassing previous LP-CP transmitarray antennas, while maintaining axial ratio values below 1 dB in a bandwidth larger than 26%.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1061-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678
Andrés Gómez-Álvarez;Álvaro F. Vaquero;Manuel Arrebola;Marcos Rodriguez Pino
In this article, two multibeam reflectarray antennas are presented for Ka-band in a multi-feed configuration. Both feature a wide-angle scanning range with very low scan losses. They are designed using an iterative optimization process based on a phase-only optimization (POO) which allows fine control over the gain for each beam. The phase responses of the lattice cells are selected taking into account the illumination levels and radiation requirements of all feeds in the system. Minimization of scanning losses and overall antenna compactness are prioritized in the design. The feeding elements are placed along a tilted arc with a low F/D of 0.58. Compared to other beam scanning reflectarray designs in the literature, inter-feed blockage is avoided and thus simultaneous multibeam operation is supported. The two reflectarray designs are implemented using a unit cell with low losses and high angular stability, and they operate in different orthogonal linear polarizations. They are manufactured and measured, showing very low scan losses of 0.5 dB and 1.4 dB across a ±45-degree scanning range, while having maximum gain levels of 28.2 dBi and 29.4 dBi respectively. Moreover, they present extremely low beam squint across the evaluated 3 GHz band, and a measured 1 dB fractional bandwidth over 6.8% and 10%.
本文介绍了两种多馈源配置的 Ka 波段多波束反射阵列天线。这两种天线都具有扫描损耗极低的广角扫描范围。它们的设计采用了基于纯相位优化（POO）的迭代优化过程，可对每个波束的增益进行精细控制。在选择晶格单元的相位响应时，会考虑到系统中所有馈电的照明水平和辐射要求。扫描损耗最小化和天线整体紧凑性是设计中的优先考虑因素。馈电元件沿倾斜弧线放置，F/D 值低至 0.58。与文献中的其他波束扫描反射阵列设计相比，该设计避免了馈电间的阻塞，因此可支持多波束同时运行。这两种反射阵列设计都采用了具有低损耗和高角度稳定性的单元单元，并在不同的正交线性极化下工作。经过制造和测量，它们在 ±45 度扫描范围内的扫描损耗分别为 0.5 dB 和 1.4 dB，而最大增益水平分别为 28.2 dBi 和 29.4 dBi。此外，它们在评估的 3 GHz 波段内波束斜视极低，测量的 1 dB 分数带宽超过 6.8% 和 10%。
{"title":"Multibeam Compact Reflectarray Antenna With Low Scan Loss and Wide-Angle Performance Using a Multi-Feed Configuration","authors":"Andrés Gómez-Álvarez;Álvaro F. Vaquero;Manuel Arrebola;Marcos Rodriguez Pino","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, two multibeam reflectarray antennas are presented for Ka-band in a multi-feed configuration. Both feature a wide-angle scanning range with very low scan losses. They are designed using an iterative optimization process based on a phase-only optimization (POO) which allows fine control over the gain for each beam. The phase responses of the lattice cells are selected taking into account the illumination levels and radiation requirements of all feeds in the system. Minimization of scanning losses and overall antenna compactness are prioritized in the design. The feeding elements are placed along a tilted arc with a low F/D of 0.58. Compared to other beam scanning reflectarray designs in the literature, inter-feed blockage is avoided and thus simultaneous multibeam operation is supported. The two reflectarray designs are implemented using a unit cell with low losses and high angular stability, and they operate in different orthogonal linear polarizations. They are manufactured and measured, showing very low scan losses of 0.5 dB and 1.4 dB across a ±45-degree scanning range, while having maximum gain levels of 28.2 dBi and 29.4 dBi respectively. Moreover, they present extremely low beam squint across the evaluated 3 GHz band, and a measured 1 dB fractional bandwidth over 6.8% and 10%.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1095-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10550926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827
Sara Fontana;Simona D’Agostino;Alessandra Paffi;Paolo Marracino;Marco Balucani;Giancarlo Ruocco;Salvatore Maria Aglioti;Francesca Apollonio;Micaela Liberti
In the last decades an innovative technique has emerged in clinical gastroenterology as a compelling alternative to the traditional wired endoscopy, known as Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). Such cutting-edge application is able to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through a miniaturized, swallowable and biocompatible capsule, equipped with electronic components. This allows for the noninvasive measurement of biological data, that is then sent to an external receiving unit through a wireless link. This systematic review prepared according to PRISMA guidelines focuses on the main technological advances of data transmission from the in-body ingestible capsule to an external receiver. A total of 142 studies were screened from a comprehensive literature search, performed in Scopus, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore database. A final number of 47 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results highlight innovative technologies to optimize the wireless link efficacy and safety to an external receiver. High gain, wideband, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and low levels of specific absorption rate (SAR) are of crucial importance. Despite the capsule telemetry design being rather advanced, the bulk of the existing studies focus on the transmission unit design, rather than the receiving one. Moreover, comprehensive numerical studies on realistic human body models are lacking.
{"title":"State of the Art on Advancements in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Telemetry: A Systematic Approach","authors":"Sara Fontana;Simona D’Agostino;Alessandra Paffi;Paolo Marracino;Marco Balucani;Giancarlo Ruocco;Salvatore Maria Aglioti;Francesca Apollonio;Micaela Liberti","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades an innovative technique has emerged in clinical gastroenterology as a compelling alternative to the traditional wired endoscopy, known as Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). Such cutting-edge application is able to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through a miniaturized, swallowable and biocompatible capsule, equipped with electronic components. This allows for the noninvasive measurement of biological data, that is then sent to an external receiving unit through a wireless link. This systematic review prepared according to PRISMA guidelines focuses on the main technological advances of data transmission from the in-body ingestible capsule to an external receiver. A total of 142 studies were screened from a comprehensive literature search, performed in Scopus, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore database. A final number of 47 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results highlight innovative technologies to optimize the wireless link efficacy and safety to an external receiver. High gain, wideband, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and low levels of specific absorption rate (SAR) are of crucial importance. Despite the capsule telemetry design being rather advanced, the bulk of the existing studies focus on the transmission unit design, rather than the receiving one. Moreover, comprehensive numerical studies on realistic human body models are lacking.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1282-1294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10549967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730
Chechia Kang;Xin Du;Jun-Ichi Takada
As one of the channels used by the wireless gigabit (WiGig) protocol, a 58 GHz band has been deployed to realize a data rate of up to 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). Systems at the 58 GHz band point the main beam of the base station toward the mobile stations but suffer from a deep fading due to human body shadowing (HBS). To precisely predict the HBS channel considering the short wavelength at 58 GHz, a simulation method considering the detailed human geometry is needed. This paper proposes screen models and an elliptic cylinder model based on the instantaneous point clouds (PC) of human geometry for the HBS channel simulation using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The proposals enable fair evaluation via a simultaneous measurement of the HBS channel and the PC. The HBS gains at the 58 GHz band in an indoor environment (6.5 m) between the measured and the simulated results based on the proposed models are compared. Compared with the conventional human model, the screen models are suitable for predicting the propagation channel cut-off by tracing the changing posture of the human body, and the elliptic cylinder model is suitable for predicting the shadowing distance by a 75% improvement.
{"title":"Point Cloud-Based Prediction Models of Dynamic Human Body Shadowing at 58 GHz","authors":"Chechia Kang;Xin Du;Jun-Ichi Takada","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the channels used by the wireless gigabit (WiGig) protocol, a 58 GHz band has been deployed to realize a data rate of up to 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). Systems at the 58 GHz band point the main beam of the base station toward the mobile stations but suffer from a deep fading due to human body shadowing (HBS). To precisely predict the HBS channel considering the short wavelength at 58 GHz, a simulation method considering the detailed human geometry is needed. This paper proposes screen models and an elliptic cylinder model based on the instantaneous point clouds (PC) of human geometry for the HBS channel simulation using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The proposals enable fair evaluation via a simultaneous measurement of the HBS channel and the PC. The HBS gains at the 58 GHz band in an indoor environment (6.5 m) between the measured and the simulated results based on the proposed models are compared. Compared with the conventional human model, the screen models are suitable for predicting the propagation channel cut-off by tracing the changing posture of the human body, and the elliptic cylinder model is suitable for predicting the shadowing distance by a 75% improvement.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1013-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10509740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717
Matthew J. Burfeindt;Hatim F. Alqadah;Scott Ziegler
The phase-encoded linear sampling method (PE-LSM) is an inverse scattering technique for reconstructing the shape of a conducting target from scattered electric fields. It is a variant of the well-known linear sampling method (LSM), which solves the nonlinear shape reconstruction problem using linear optimization. The PE-LSM mitigates the primary obstacle to practical imaging via LSM-based processing – its need for copious multistatic-multiview transmit-receive channels. In this study, we evaluate the PE-LSM using experimental data. We collect synthetic aperture data in an anechoic chamber using only a single transmit-receive channel. With the aid of a monostatic-to-multistatic transform, we generate reconstructions of each target via the PE-LSM. The results evince significant improvements in fidelity to the true target geometries compared to imagery generated by both conventional LSM processing and a conventional backprojection-based radar approach.
{"title":"Experimental Phase-Encoded Linear Sampling Method Imaging With a Single Transmitter and Receiver","authors":"Matthew J. Burfeindt;Hatim F. Alqadah;Scott Ziegler","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717","url":null,"abstract":"The phase-encoded linear sampling method (PE-LSM) is an inverse scattering technique for reconstructing the shape of a conducting target from scattered electric fields. It is a variant of the well-known linear sampling method (LSM), which solves the nonlinear shape reconstruction problem using linear optimization. The PE-LSM mitigates the primary obstacle to practical imaging via LSM-based processing – its need for copious multistatic-multiview transmit-receive channels. In this study, we evaluate the PE-LSM using experimental data. We collect synthetic aperture data in an anechoic chamber using only a single transmit-receive channel. With the aid of a monostatic-to-multistatic transform, we generate reconstructions of each target via the PE-LSM. The results evince significant improvements in fidelity to the true target geometries compared to imagery generated by both conventional LSM processing and a conventional backprojection-based radar approach.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"942-957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10508577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117
Shih-Yuan Chen;Chi-Lun Lin
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with significant fluctuations throughout the day, making accurate drug treatment difficult. A home-based long-term monitoring system is essential to address this challenge. Contemporary approaches to activity monitoring have focused on wearable devices and computer vision systems. Wearable devices are often uncomfortable and not ideal for long-term monitoring, while computer vision is plagued with significant privacy concerns. In this context, Wi-Fi sensing presents itself as an advantageous alternative due to its non-invasive and privacy-preserving properties. However, current human activity recognition methodologies lack the specificity to identify disease-related symptoms within everyday activities. Furthermore, the efficiency of human activity recognition methods in processing continuous data streams in real time is a crucial aspect that needs thorough assessment. This study proposes a novel approach for human activity recognition using Wi-Fi signals. Traditional methods for signal processing are avoided by converting the ratio of channel state information from antenna pairs into images. These images are then processed using a convolutional neural network to detect movements related to diseases in a large dataset. The experiments utilize a laptop PC with Intel Wi-Fi Link 5300 and a receiver equipped with three external 12 dB omnidirectional antennas in the 2.4 GHz band and cover various daily activities. The proposed method has demonstrated remarkable accuracy, with an average recognition rate of 93.8% in validation. It also showcased a consistent accuracy range of 91.9% to 95.2% in generalization tests, proving its effectiveness in different environments, with various individuals, and under assorted Wi-Fi configurations. A performance test of our method revealed that it processes raw CSI to recognition results in just 0.65 seconds per second of data, highlighting its potential for real-time applications.
{"title":"Wi-Fi-Based Human Activity Recognition for Continuous, Whole-Room Monitoring of Motor Functions in Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Shih-Yuan Chen;Chi-Lun Lin","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with significant fluctuations throughout the day, making accurate drug treatment difficult. A home-based long-term monitoring system is essential to address this challenge. Contemporary approaches to activity monitoring have focused on wearable devices and computer vision systems. Wearable devices are often uncomfortable and not ideal for long-term monitoring, while computer vision is plagued with significant privacy concerns. In this context, Wi-Fi sensing presents itself as an advantageous alternative due to its non-invasive and privacy-preserving properties. However, current human activity recognition methodologies lack the specificity to identify disease-related symptoms within everyday activities. Furthermore, the efficiency of human activity recognition methods in processing continuous data streams in real time is a crucial aspect that needs thorough assessment. This study proposes a novel approach for human activity recognition using Wi-Fi signals. Traditional methods for signal processing are avoided by converting the ratio of channel state information from antenna pairs into images. These images are then processed using a convolutional neural network to detect movements related to diseases in a large dataset. The experiments utilize a laptop PC with Intel Wi-Fi Link 5300 and a receiver equipped with three external 12 dB omnidirectional antennas in the 2.4 GHz band and cover various daily activities. The proposed method has demonstrated remarkable accuracy, with an average recognition rate of 93.8% in validation. It also showcased a consistent accuracy range of 91.9% to 95.2% in generalization tests, proving its effectiveness in different environments, with various individuals, and under assorted Wi-Fi configurations. A performance test of our method revealed that it processes raw CSI to recognition results in just 0.65 seconds per second of data, highlighting its potential for real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 3","pages":"788-799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10508196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432
Yuri Álvarez López, María García Fernández, Jaime Laviada Martínez, Fernando Las-Heras Andrés
{"title":"Improving the Performance of the Phaseless Sources Reconstruction Method for Antenna Diagnostics and Characterization","authors":"Yuri Álvarez López, María García Fernández, Jaime Laviada Martínez, Fernando Las-Heras Andrés","doi":"10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628
Ehsan Rahmati;Pascal Burasa;Elham Baladi;Mohammad S. Sharawi
A completely embedded, planar, dual-element dielectric based antenna directly fed by a substrate integrated insulated guide within the same layer in Sub-THz band is presented in this paper. A dielectric layer is employed to make the structure stable. The proposed structure is compatible with the standard planar millimeter-wave and terahertz manufacturing technologies. To minimize the reflection loss, matching air holes inside the guiding channel of the waveguide and air holes with a smaller perforation radius surrounding the antenna are created. The proposed compact antenna, which has been successfully tested, covers the frequency range of 234.5-278.1 GHz with a measured impedance bandwidth of 17.01%, a proper simulated average radiation efficiency of 93.6%, and a maximum gain as well as average gain of 16.08 dBi and 12.56 dBi from measurement results, respectively. Because of these features, the suggested antenna would be a great candidate for short-range wireless applications in Sub-THz frequency bands.
{"title":"Fully Embedded Dual-Element Dielectric-Based Antenna for Sub- and Terahertz Applications","authors":"Ehsan Rahmati;Pascal Burasa;Elham Baladi;Mohammad S. Sharawi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628","url":null,"abstract":"A completely embedded, planar, dual-element dielectric based antenna directly fed by a substrate integrated insulated guide within the same layer in Sub-THz band is presented in this paper. A dielectric layer is employed to make the structure stable. The proposed structure is compatible with the standard planar millimeter-wave and terahertz manufacturing technologies. To minimize the reflection loss, matching air holes inside the guiding channel of the waveguide and air holes with a smaller perforation radius surrounding the antenna are created. The proposed compact antenna, which has been successfully tested, covers the frequency range of 234.5-278.1 GHz with a measured impedance bandwidth of 17.01%, a proper simulated average radiation efficiency of 93.6%, and a maximum gain as well as average gain of 16.08 dBi and 12.56 dBi from measurement results, respectively. Because of these features, the suggested antenna would be a great candidate for short-range wireless applications in Sub-THz frequency bands.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 3","pages":"778-787"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10507206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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