Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730
Chechia Kang;Xin Du;Jun-Ichi Takada
As one of the channels used by the wireless gigabit (WiGig) protocol, a 58 GHz band has been deployed to realize a data rate of up to 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). Systems at the 58 GHz band point the main beam of the base station toward the mobile stations but suffer from a deep fading due to human body shadowing (HBS). To precisely predict the HBS channel considering the short wavelength at 58 GHz, a simulation method considering the detailed human geometry is needed. This paper proposes screen models and an elliptic cylinder model based on the instantaneous point clouds (PC) of human geometry for the HBS channel simulation using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The proposals enable fair evaluation via a simultaneous measurement of the HBS channel and the PC. The HBS gains at the 58 GHz band in an indoor environment (6.5 m) between the measured and the simulated results based on the proposed models are compared. Compared with the conventional human model, the screen models are suitable for predicting the propagation channel cut-off by tracing the changing posture of the human body, and the elliptic cylinder model is suitable for predicting the shadowing distance by a 75% improvement.
{"title":"Point Cloud-Based Prediction Models of Dynamic Human Body Shadowing at 58 GHz","authors":"Chechia Kang;Xin Du;Jun-Ichi Takada","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3394730","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the channels used by the wireless gigabit (WiGig) protocol, a 58 GHz band has been deployed to realize a data rate of up to 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). Systems at the 58 GHz band point the main beam of the base station toward the mobile stations but suffer from a deep fading due to human body shadowing (HBS). To precisely predict the HBS channel considering the short wavelength at 58 GHz, a simulation method considering the detailed human geometry is needed. This paper proposes screen models and an elliptic cylinder model based on the instantaneous point clouds (PC) of human geometry for the HBS channel simulation using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The proposals enable fair evaluation via a simultaneous measurement of the HBS channel and the PC. The HBS gains at the 58 GHz band in an indoor environment (6.5 m) between the measured and the simulated results based on the proposed models are compared. Compared with the conventional human model, the screen models are suitable for predicting the propagation channel cut-off by tracing the changing posture of the human body, and the elliptic cylinder model is suitable for predicting the shadowing distance by a 75% improvement.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10509740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717
Matthew J. Burfeindt;Hatim F. Alqadah;Scott Ziegler
The phase-encoded linear sampling method (PE-LSM) is an inverse scattering technique for reconstructing the shape of a conducting target from scattered electric fields. It is a variant of the well-known linear sampling method (LSM), which solves the nonlinear shape reconstruction problem using linear optimization. The PE-LSM mitigates the primary obstacle to practical imaging via LSM-based processing – its need for copious multistatic-multiview transmit-receive channels. In this study, we evaluate the PE-LSM using experimental data. We collect synthetic aperture data in an anechoic chamber using only a single transmit-receive channel. With the aid of a monostatic-to-multistatic transform, we generate reconstructions of each target via the PE-LSM. The results evince significant improvements in fidelity to the true target geometries compared to imagery generated by both conventional LSM processing and a conventional backprojection-based radar approach.
{"title":"Experimental Phase-Encoded Linear Sampling Method Imaging With a Single Transmitter and Receiver","authors":"Matthew J. Burfeindt;Hatim F. Alqadah;Scott Ziegler","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393717","url":null,"abstract":"The phase-encoded linear sampling method (PE-LSM) is an inverse scattering technique for reconstructing the shape of a conducting target from scattered electric fields. It is a variant of the well-known linear sampling method (LSM), which solves the nonlinear shape reconstruction problem using linear optimization. The PE-LSM mitigates the primary obstacle to practical imaging via LSM-based processing – its need for copious multistatic-multiview transmit-receive channels. In this study, we evaluate the PE-LSM using experimental data. We collect synthetic aperture data in an anechoic chamber using only a single transmit-receive channel. With the aid of a monostatic-to-multistatic transform, we generate reconstructions of each target via the PE-LSM. The results evince significant improvements in fidelity to the true target geometries compared to imagery generated by both conventional LSM processing and a conventional backprojection-based radar approach.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10508577","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117
Shih-Yuan Chen;Chi-Lun Lin
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with significant fluctuations throughout the day, making accurate drug treatment difficult. A home-based long-term monitoring system is essential to address this challenge. Contemporary approaches to activity monitoring have focused on wearable devices and computer vision systems. Wearable devices are often uncomfortable and not ideal for long-term monitoring, while computer vision is plagued with significant privacy concerns. In this context, Wi-Fi sensing presents itself as an advantageous alternative due to its non-invasive and privacy-preserving properties. However, current human activity recognition methodologies lack the specificity to identify disease-related symptoms within everyday activities. Furthermore, the efficiency of human activity recognition methods in processing continuous data streams in real time is a crucial aspect that needs thorough assessment. This study proposes a novel approach for human activity recognition using Wi-Fi signals. Traditional methods for signal processing are avoided by converting the ratio of channel state information from antenna pairs into images. These images are then processed using a convolutional neural network to detect movements related to diseases in a large dataset. The experiments utilize a laptop PC with Intel Wi-Fi Link 5300 and a receiver equipped with three external 12 dB omnidirectional antennas in the 2.4 GHz band and cover various daily activities. The proposed method has demonstrated remarkable accuracy, with an average recognition rate of 93.8% in validation. It also showcased a consistent accuracy range of 91.9% to 95.2% in generalization tests, proving its effectiveness in different environments, with various individuals, and under assorted Wi-Fi configurations. A performance test of our method revealed that it processes raw CSI to recognition results in just 0.65 seconds per second of data, highlighting its potential for real-time applications.
{"title":"Wi-Fi-Based Human Activity Recognition for Continuous, Whole-Room Monitoring of Motor Functions in Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Shih-Yuan Chen;Chi-Lun Lin","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3393117","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with significant fluctuations throughout the day, making accurate drug treatment difficult. A home-based long-term monitoring system is essential to address this challenge. Contemporary approaches to activity monitoring have focused on wearable devices and computer vision systems. Wearable devices are often uncomfortable and not ideal for long-term monitoring, while computer vision is plagued with significant privacy concerns. In this context, Wi-Fi sensing presents itself as an advantageous alternative due to its non-invasive and privacy-preserving properties. However, current human activity recognition methodologies lack the specificity to identify disease-related symptoms within everyday activities. Furthermore, the efficiency of human activity recognition methods in processing continuous data streams in real time is a crucial aspect that needs thorough assessment. This study proposes a novel approach for human activity recognition using Wi-Fi signals. Traditional methods for signal processing are avoided by converting the ratio of channel state information from antenna pairs into images. These images are then processed using a convolutional neural network to detect movements related to diseases in a large dataset. The experiments utilize a laptop PC with Intel Wi-Fi Link 5300 and a receiver equipped with three external 12 dB omnidirectional antennas in the 2.4 GHz band and cover various daily activities. The proposed method has demonstrated remarkable accuracy, with an average recognition rate of 93.8% in validation. It also showcased a consistent accuracy range of 91.9% to 95.2% in generalization tests, proving its effectiveness in different environments, with various individuals, and under assorted Wi-Fi configurations. A performance test of our method revealed that it processes raw CSI to recognition results in just 0.65 seconds per second of data, highlighting its potential for real-time applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10508196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432
Yuri Álvarez López, María García Fernández, Jaime Laviada Martínez, Fernando Las-Heras Andrés
{"title":"Improving the Performance of the Phaseless Sources Reconstruction Method for Antenna Diagnostics and Characterization","authors":"Yuri Álvarez López, María García Fernández, Jaime Laviada Martínez, Fernando Las-Heras Andrés","doi":"10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojap.2024.3393432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628
Ehsan Rahmati;Pascal Burasa;Elham Baladi;Mohammad S. Sharawi
A completely embedded, planar, dual-element dielectric based antenna directly fed by a substrate integrated insulated guide within the same layer in Sub-THz band is presented in this paper. A dielectric layer is employed to make the structure stable. The proposed structure is compatible with the standard planar millimeter-wave and terahertz manufacturing technologies. To minimize the reflection loss, matching air holes inside the guiding channel of the waveguide and air holes with a smaller perforation radius surrounding the antenna are created. The proposed compact antenna, which has been successfully tested, covers the frequency range of 234.5-278.1 GHz with a measured impedance bandwidth of 17.01%, a proper simulated average radiation efficiency of 93.6%, and a maximum gain as well as average gain of 16.08 dBi and 12.56 dBi from measurement results, respectively. Because of these features, the suggested antenna would be a great candidate for short-range wireless applications in Sub-THz frequency bands.
{"title":"Fully Embedded Dual-Element Dielectric-Based Antenna for Sub- and Terahertz Applications","authors":"Ehsan Rahmati;Pascal Burasa;Elham Baladi;Mohammad S. Sharawi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392628","url":null,"abstract":"A completely embedded, planar, dual-element dielectric based antenna directly fed by a substrate integrated insulated guide within the same layer in Sub-THz band is presented in this paper. A dielectric layer is employed to make the structure stable. The proposed structure is compatible with the standard planar millimeter-wave and terahertz manufacturing technologies. To minimize the reflection loss, matching air holes inside the guiding channel of the waveguide and air holes with a smaller perforation radius surrounding the antenna are created. The proposed compact antenna, which has been successfully tested, covers the frequency range of 234.5-278.1 GHz with a measured impedance bandwidth of 17.01%, a proper simulated average radiation efficiency of 93.6%, and a maximum gain as well as average gain of 16.08 dBi and 12.56 dBi from measurement results, respectively. Because of these features, the suggested antenna would be a great candidate for short-range wireless applications in Sub-THz frequency bands.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10507206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391799
Tian-Xi Feng;Lei Zhu;Hui Li
This article presents the synthesis and design of 3-D microwave absorber with 70° angular stability for C-band and X-band. The operating principle is firstly investigated, where the absorber is considered as an energy convertor. With the help of our proposed universal equivalent transmission line (TL) model, the absorptive performance can be accordingly synthesized. Then, a design method for efficient absorption under large angles is presented. By selecting a proper synthesized angle (SA), the angular stability can be effectively improved. After that, the prototype with 70° angular stability is designed as an example with structural realization and practical implementation. Measurements agree well with synthesized and simulated results, successfully verifying the proposed design method. For specific C-band and X-band applications, the measured average absorption ratios (ARs) under normal incidence, 45° incidence, and 70° incidence are 94.2%, 94.0%, and 92.3%. Minimum measured ARs within the operating bandwidth are 88.4%, 81.5%, and 82.0% for normal, 45°, and 70° incidences. Besides, the proposed absorber element owns the advantage of simple structure with only one resistor. Such a class of microwave absorber is a potential candidate for wide coverage electromagnetic absorption.
本文介绍了具有 70° 角稳定性的 C 波段和 X 波段三维微波吸收器的合成和设计。首先研究了吸收器的工作原理，吸收器被视为一个能量转换器。在我们提出的通用等效传输线（TL）模型的帮助下，吸收性能可以得到相应的综合。然后，介绍了大角度下高效吸收的设计方法。通过选择适当的合成角度（SA），可以有效提高角度稳定性。随后，以 70° 角稳定性原型为例，设计了结构实现和实际应用。测量结果与合成和模拟结果完全吻合，成功验证了所提出的设计方法。在特定的 C 波段和 X 波段应用中，正常入射角、45° 入射角和 70° 入射角下测得的平均吸收比（AR）分别为 94.2%、94.0% 和 92.3%。在正常入射角、45° 入射角和 70° 入射角下，工作带宽内的最小测量吸收比分别为 88.4%、81.5% 和 82.0%。此外，所提出的吸收元件结构简单，只有一个电阻器。这类微波吸收器是广覆盖电磁吸收的潜在候选器件。
{"title":"Synthesis and Design of 3-D Microwave Absorber With 70° Angular Stability for C-Band and X-Band","authors":"Tian-Xi Feng;Lei Zhu;Hui Li","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391799","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391799","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the synthesis and design of 3-D microwave absorber with 70° angular stability for C-band and X-band. The operating principle is firstly investigated, where the absorber is considered as an energy convertor. With the help of our proposed universal equivalent transmission line (TL) model, the absorptive performance can be accordingly synthesized. Then, a design method for efficient absorption under large angles is presented. By selecting a proper synthesized angle (SA), the angular stability can be effectively improved. After that, the prototype with 70° angular stability is designed as an example with structural realization and practical implementation. Measurements agree well with synthesized and simulated results, successfully verifying the proposed design method. For specific C-band and X-band applications, the measured average absorption ratios (ARs) under normal incidence, 45° incidence, and 70° incidence are 94.2%, 94.0%, and 92.3%. Minimum measured ARs within the operating bandwidth are 88.4%, 81.5%, and 82.0% for normal, 45°, and 70° incidences. Besides, the proposed absorber element owns the advantage of simple structure with only one resistor. Such a class of microwave absorber is a potential candidate for wide coverage electromagnetic absorption.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391798
Johannes M. Eckhardt;Tobias Doeker;Thomas Kürner
This article presents comprehensive double-directional channel measurements with time-domain channel sounding at 300 GHz that characterize the channel of wireless links in a data center. The channels are classified into three scenario-dependent use cases and are individually analyzed providing channel parameters as a function of the required signal-to-noise ratio of the prospective communication system. The spatial and temporal analysis of the channel reveals relevant propagation effects such as the influence of scattering and derives relations between the channel parameters of the propagation and the radio channel. The analysis shows that multipath propagation becomes relevant for systems with high signal-to-noise ratio requirements despite high-gain directional antennas. A first order approximation of relevant propagation effects complements the analysis. The measurement data of the whole measurement campaign with 18250 calibrated impulse responses including all meta data is published so that the research community has a collective benefit.
{"title":"Channel Measurements at 300 GHz for Low Terahertz Links in a Data Center","authors":"Johannes M. Eckhardt;Tobias Doeker;Thomas Kürner","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391798","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391798","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents comprehensive double-directional channel measurements with time-domain channel sounding at 300 GHz that characterize the channel of wireless links in a data center. The channels are classified into three scenario-dependent use cases and are individually analyzed providing channel parameters as a function of the required signal-to-noise ratio of the prospective communication system. The spatial and temporal analysis of the channel reveals relevant propagation effects such as the influence of scattering and derives relations between the channel parameters of the propagation and the radio channel. The analysis shows that multipath propagation becomes relevant for systems with high signal-to-noise ratio requirements despite high-gain directional antennas. A first order approximation of relevant propagation effects complements the analysis. The measurement data of the whole measurement campaign with 18250 calibrated impulse responses including all meta data is published so that the research community has a collective benefit.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391835
Mohammad Hossein Zadeh;Marina Barbiroli;Franco Fuschini
Wireless channel properties in industrial environments can differ from residential or office settings due to the considerable impact of heavy machinery that triggers intricate multipath propagation effects and strong blockage effects. Previous investigations on wireless propagation in factories often consisted of empirical models, that is simple analytical formulas based on measurement data. Unfortunately, they usually lack in flexibility, since they seldom include geometrical parameters describing the industrial scenario and therefore turn out reliable only in industrial scenarios sharing the same propagation characteristics as those where the measurements were performed. In response to this limitation, this article harnesses the power of Machine Learning to model propagation markers like path loss, shadowing, and delay spread in the industrial environment. By employing Machine Learning techniques, the objective is to achieve flexibility and adaptability in modeling, enabling the system to effectively generalize across diverse industrial scenarios. The proposed model relies on a combination of predictive algorithms, including a linear regression model and a Multi-Layer Perceptron, working collaboratively to model the relationship between the considered propagation markers and input features like frequency and machine size, spacing, and density. Results are in fair overall agreement with previous studies and highlight some trends about the sensitivity of the propagation parameters to the considered input features.
{"title":"A Machine Learning Approach to Wireless Propagation Modeling in Industrial Environment","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Zadeh;Marina Barbiroli;Franco Fuschini","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391835","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3391835","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless channel properties in industrial environments can differ from residential or office settings due to the considerable impact of heavy machinery that triggers intricate multipath propagation effects and strong blockage effects. Previous investigations on wireless propagation in factories often consisted of empirical models, that is simple analytical formulas based on measurement data. Unfortunately, they usually lack in flexibility, since they seldom include geometrical parameters describing the industrial scenario and therefore turn out reliable only in industrial scenarios sharing the same propagation characteristics as those where the measurements were performed. In response to this limitation, this article harnesses the power of Machine Learning to model propagation markers like path loss, shadowing, and delay spread in the industrial environment. By employing Machine Learning techniques, the objective is to achieve flexibility and adaptability in modeling, enabling the system to effectively generalize across diverse industrial scenarios. The proposed model relies on a combination of predictive algorithms, including a linear regression model and a Multi-Layer Perceptron, working collaboratively to model the relationship between the considered propagation markers and input features like frequency and machine size, spacing, and density. Results are in fair overall agreement with previous studies and highlight some trends about the sensitivity of the propagation parameters to the considered input features.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392160
Amine Essa;Eqab Almajali;Soliman Mahmoud;Rony E. Amaya;Saqer S. Alja’Afreh;Muhammad Ikram
This paper presents a thorough review of the main techniques used for wireless power transfer (WPT) in implantable medical devices (IMDs) with a specific focus on the techniques that employ implantable antennas for energy harvesting (electromagnetic (EM) WPT techniques). The techniques are first analysed and compared based on the IMD application, power transfer efficiency (PTE), transfer distance, implantation depth, implant size, operating frequency, and specific absorption rate (SAR). The study provides a critical analysis of the main WPT system’s as well as implantable antennas’ design parameters that control the PTE and hence the charging rate of the IMD. The investigated design parameters include the WPT TX-RX antennas’ gain, WPT-RX size, transfer distance, and the WPT TX-RX antennas’ alignment. Tutorial simulation examples are included to showcase the impact of these design parameters on the amount of power coupled to the IMD. The paper also discusses recent techniques used for improving the amount of power received by implantable antennas, and hence higher PTE and IMDs charging rate, namely, the use of implantable MIMO WPT-RX antennas to mitigate antennas misalignment and the use of metamaterial surfaces to focus the power emitted from WPT-TX antennas towards the implantable WPT-RX antennas. The findings and observations reported in this study serve as a valuable resource for designers and researchers to comprehend the effect of various WPT TX-RX antennas design parameters on PTE. The analysis and full-wave simulation examples, included in the paper, are shown very useful in understanding the challenges associated with WPT in IMDs and in proposing potential solutions.
{"title":"Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable Medical Devices: Impact of Implantable Antennas on Energy Harvesting","authors":"Amine Essa;Eqab Almajali;Soliman Mahmoud;Rony E. Amaya;Saqer S. Alja’Afreh;Muhammad Ikram","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392160","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3392160","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a thorough review of the main techniques used for wireless power transfer (WPT) in implantable medical devices (IMDs) with a specific focus on the techniques that employ implantable antennas for energy harvesting (electromagnetic (EM) WPT techniques). The techniques are first analysed and compared based on the IMD application, power transfer efficiency (PTE), transfer distance, implantation depth, implant size, operating frequency, and specific absorption rate (SAR). The study provides a critical analysis of the main WPT system’s as well as implantable antennas’ design parameters that control the PTE and hence the charging rate of the IMD. The investigated design parameters include the WPT TX-RX antennas’ gain, WPT-RX size, transfer distance, and the WPT TX-RX antennas’ alignment. Tutorial simulation examples are included to showcase the impact of these design parameters on the amount of power coupled to the IMD. The paper also discusses recent techniques used for improving the amount of power received by implantable antennas, and hence higher PTE and IMDs charging rate, namely, the use of implantable MIMO WPT-RX antennas to mitigate antennas misalignment and the use of metamaterial surfaces to focus the power emitted from WPT-TX antennas towards the implantable WPT-RX antennas. The findings and observations reported in this study serve as a valuable resource for designers and researchers to comprehend the effect of various WPT TX-RX antennas design parameters on PTE. The analysis and full-wave simulation examples, included in the paper, are shown very useful in understanding the challenges associated with WPT in IMDs and in proposing potential solutions.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10506213","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140634504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1109/ojap.2024.3388327
Sara Willhammar, Liesbet Van Der Perre, Fredrik Tufvesson
{"title":"Fading in Reflective and Heavily Shadowed Industrial Environments With Large Antenna Arrays","authors":"Sara Willhammar, Liesbet Van Der Perre, Fredrik Tufvesson","doi":"10.1109/ojap.2024.3388327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojap.2024.3388327","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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