Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554722
Hanguang Liao;Atif Shamim
Multi-band Electrically Small (ES) antennas are promising candidates for wireless sensing nodes and wearable devices, where multiple protocols are required along with a compact size. However, designing ES antennas for multi-band operation is challenging. While various methods for multi-band ES antenna designs have been explored, none have successfully achieved fully ES performance (ka < 1 for all bands) for a quad-band design, as the increasing number of bands often leads to significantly reduced or even vanished bandwidths. Herein, a novel method to design a quad-band fully ES antenna is presented. The proposed method is based on the even and odd modes of a split-ring antenna and uses radio frequency trap loading to achieve dual-band operation for each mode. The proposed antenna is ES for all bands. At each band, the radiating structure uses almost the whole available volume, so a good bandwidth is obtained for all four bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated, and the performance at each band is measured in a proper setup designed for multi-band ES antennas. The measured results validate the proposed method, with Q values only roughly 3–8 times Chu’s limit among four bands, which is considered good for ES antennas, especially given that the proposed antenna is cylindrical rather than spherical. As far as the authors know, the proposed antenna is the first quad-band fully ES antenna.
{"title":"A Novel Quad-Band Electrically Small Antenna With Low Q","authors":"Hanguang Liao;Atif Shamim","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554722","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-band Electrically Small (ES) antennas are promising candidates for wireless sensing nodes and wearable devices, where multiple protocols are required along with a compact size. However, designing ES antennas for multi-band operation is challenging. While various methods for multi-band ES antenna designs have been explored, none have successfully achieved fully ES performance (ka < 1 for all bands) for a quad-band design, as the increasing number of bands often leads to significantly reduced or even vanished bandwidths. Herein, a novel method to design a quad-band fully ES antenna is presented. The proposed method is based on the even and odd modes of a split-ring antenna and uses radio frequency trap loading to achieve dual-band operation for each mode. The proposed antenna is ES for all bands. At each band, the radiating structure uses almost the whole available volume, so a good bandwidth is obtained for all four bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated, and the performance at each band is measured in a proper setup designed for multi-band ES antennas. The measured results validate the proposed method, with Q values only roughly 3–8 times Chu’s limit among four bands, which is considered good for ES antennas, especially given that the proposed antenna is cylindrical rather than spherical. As far as the authors know, the proposed antenna is the first quad-band fully ES antenna.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"902-912"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938574","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554457
Will Tyndall;Alex Reda;J. Richard Shaw;Kevin Bandura;Arnab Chakraborty;Mark Halpern;Maile Harris;Emily Kuhn;Joshua Maceachern;Juan Mena-Parra;Laura B. Newburgh;Anna Ordog;Tristan Pinsonneault-Marotte;Anna Rose Polish;Ben Saliwanchik;Pranav Sanghavi;Seth R. Siegel;Audrey Whitmer;Dallas Wulf
We present beam measurements of the CHIME telescope using a radio calibration source deployed on a drone payload. During test flights, the pulsing calibration source and the telescope were synchronized to GPS time, enabling in-situ background subtraction for the full $N^{2}$ visibility matrix for one CHIME cylindrical reflector. We use the autocorrelation products to estimate the primary beam width and centroid location, and compare these quantities to solar transit measurements and holographic measurements where they overlap on the sky. We find that the drone, solar, and holography data have similar beam parameter evolution across frequency and both spatial coordinates. This paper presents the first drone-based beam measurement of a large cylindrical radio interferometer. Furthermore, the unique analysis and instrumentation described in this paper lays the foundation for near-field measurements of experiments like CHIME.
{"title":"Beam Maps of the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) Measured With a Drone","authors":"Will Tyndall;Alex Reda;J. Richard Shaw;Kevin Bandura;Arnab Chakraborty;Mark Halpern;Maile Harris;Emily Kuhn;Joshua Maceachern;Juan Mena-Parra;Laura B. Newburgh;Anna Ordog;Tristan Pinsonneault-Marotte;Anna Rose Polish;Ben Saliwanchik;Pranav Sanghavi;Seth R. Siegel;Audrey Whitmer;Dallas Wulf","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554457","url":null,"abstract":"We present beam measurements of the CHIME telescope using a radio calibration source deployed on a drone payload. During test flights, the pulsing calibration source and the telescope were synchronized to GPS time, enabling in-situ background subtraction for the full <inline-formula> <tex-math>$N^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> visibility matrix for one CHIME cylindrical reflector. We use the autocorrelation products to estimate the primary beam width and centroid location, and compare these quantities to solar transit measurements and holographic measurements where they overlap on the sky. We find that the drone, solar, and holography data have similar beam parameter evolution across frequency and both spatial coordinates. This paper presents the first drone-based beam measurement of a large cylindrical radio interferometer. Furthermore, the unique analysis and instrumentation described in this paper lays the foundation for near-field measurements of experiments like CHIME.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"928-940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10938182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554043
Hanieh Kiani Amiri;Michal Okoniewski
This paper presents measurement results and analysis of an innovative active retrodirective Rotman lens antenna architecture, designed to enhance the radar cross-section (RCS) for backscattering applications. Unlike conventional passive retrodirective systems, our design integrates custom-designed reflection amplifiers to significantly boost backscattered signal gain while maintaining low DC power consumption. A novel biasing technique enables independent phase and gain control of the amplifiers, ensuring a uniform array response and reducing DC power consumption by approximately 30%. Experimental monostatic RCS measurements at 5.15 GHz with a linearly polarized incident wave demonstrate a uniform RCS response over a ±40° scan angle. The integration of reflection amplifiers enhances backscattering, allowing the lens to maintain a consistent −0.5 dB RCS across the entire scan angle, which is 9 dB higher than the average RCS of a metal plate with the same effective aperture. The compact design (approximately $6lambda times 6lambda $ ) and ultra-low power consumption (approximately 0.19 mW) make this system well-suited for low-power radar applications, such as mm-wave automotive radar sensors. These results confirm the feasibility of active-loaded phase conjugating systems for high-performance backscattering applications.
本文介绍了一种创新的有源反向定向罗特曼透镜天线结构的测量结果和分析，该结构旨在提高后向散射应用的雷达截面（RCS）。与传统的无源反向指示系统不同，我们的设计集成了定制设计的反射放大器，可显着提高反向散射信号增益，同时保持低直流功耗。一种新颖的偏置技术可以实现放大器的独立相位和增益控制，确保均匀的阵列响应并将直流功耗降低约30%。在5.15 GHz线偏振入射波下的单稳态RCS实验测量表明，在±40°扫描角范围内，RCS响应均匀。反射放大器的集成增强了后向散射，使透镜在整个扫描角度内保持一致的- 0.5 dB RCS，比具有相同有效孔径的金属板的平均RCS高9 dB。紧凑的设计（约6lambda 乘以6lambda $）和超低功耗（约0.19 mW）使该系统非常适合低功耗雷达应用，如毫米波汽车雷达传感器。这些结果证实了有源负载相位共轭系统在高性能后向散射应用中的可行性。
{"title":"Active Retrodirective Rotman Lens Antenna for Wide-Angle RCS Enhancement","authors":"Hanieh Kiani Amiri;Michal Okoniewski","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3554043","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents measurement results and analysis of an innovative active retrodirective Rotman lens antenna architecture, designed to enhance the radar cross-section (RCS) for backscattering applications. Unlike conventional passive retrodirective systems, our design integrates custom-designed reflection amplifiers to significantly boost backscattered signal gain while maintaining low DC power consumption. A novel biasing technique enables independent phase and gain control of the amplifiers, ensuring a uniform array response and reducing DC power consumption by approximately 30%. Experimental monostatic RCS measurements at 5.15 GHz with a linearly polarized incident wave demonstrate a uniform RCS response over a ±40° scan angle. The integration of reflection amplifiers enhances backscattering, allowing the lens to maintain a consistent −0.5 dB RCS across the entire scan angle, which is 9 dB higher than the average RCS of a metal plate with the same effective aperture. The compact design (approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6lambda times 6lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and ultra-low power consumption (approximately 0.19 mW) make this system well-suited for low-power radar applications, such as mm-wave automotive radar sensors. These results confirm the feasibility of active-loaded phase conjugating systems for high-performance backscattering applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"894-901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10937983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3572218
Alejandro Fernández;Mireia Vera;Jose Luis Pina;Aurora Andújar;Jaume Anguera
The Bluetooth standard is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) and other wireless devices, typically embedded in modules as they are easier to use and integrate into a design, and they are already certified. In this paper, a common meander-type antenna is compared to an antenna booster in a $21 times 14 mathrm{~mm}^2$ module. Furthermore, as the final placement of the module on the device and its dimensions remain undetermined, both modules have been evaluated in four different positions of the device (left corner, short-edge center, right corner, long-edge center) for three different Printed Circuit Board (PCB) sizes of $50 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2, 75 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2$ , and $100 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2$ . A module antenna system should be robust enough to cover $2.4-2.484 mathrm{GHz}$ for all 12 setups without the need to change either the antenna geometry and/or the matching network, as you cannot change the Bill of Materials (BoM) of the module once you have passed certification. This ensures optimal antenna performance regardless of its position. The results demonstrate that the antenna booster outperforms the meander antenna in all four module positions, with an average measured total efficiency improvement of 2 dB, 1.7 times more range, and more resilience to module positions on the PCB.
{"title":"Antenna Boosters Versus Meander Antennas for Bluetooth Module Integration","authors":"Alejandro Fernández;Mireia Vera;Jose Luis Pina;Aurora Andújar;Jaume Anguera","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3572218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3572218","url":null,"abstract":"The Bluetooth standard is widely used in the Internet of Things (IoT) and other wireless devices, typically embedded in modules as they are easier to use and integrate into a design, and they are already certified. In this paper, a common meander-type antenna is compared to an antenna booster in a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$21 times 14 mathrm{~mm}^2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> module. Furthermore, as the final placement of the module on the device and its dimensions remain undetermined, both modules have been evaluated in four different positions of the device (left corner, short-edge center, right corner, long-edge center) for three different Printed Circuit Board (PCB) sizes of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2, 75 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$100 times 50 mathrm{~mm}^2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. A module antenna system should be robust enough to cover <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.4-2.484 mathrm{GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for all 12 setups without the need to change either the antenna geometry and/or the matching network, as you cannot change the Bill of Materials (BoM) of the module once you have passed certification. This ensures optimal antenna performance regardless of its position. The results demonstrate that the antenna booster outperforms the meander antenna in all four module positions, with an average measured total efficiency improvement of 2 dB, 1.7 times more range, and more resilience to module positions on the PCB.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1632-1646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11008543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3553440
Rais Ahmad Sheikh;Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi;Thennarasan Sabapathy;Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir;Rizwan Khan;Prayoot Akkaraekthalin;Che Muhammad Nor Che Isa;Surentiran Padmanathan;Toufiq Md Hossain;Ping Jack Soh
This paper presents the design of a tri-band antenna operating in the Cospas-Sarsat (C-S) and GPS/GNSS bands applicable for the Internet of Things (IoT). Implemented with flexible and robust materials, the antenna operates in three distinct frequencies: 406 MHz for C-S applications and 1227 MHz (L2) and 1575 MHz (L1) for GPS/GNSS applications. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth is from 1.517-1.587 MHz (in L1 band) and from 1.192-1.232 MHz (in L2 band). In C-S band, the measured 6-dB bandwidth is from 393 to 406.5 MHz. The 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth in the L1 and L2 bands are 17 MHz (1.08%) and 18 MHz (1.47%), respectively. The antenna demonstrates a measured gain of 1.61 dB at 406 MHz, exceeding the simulated gain of 0.573 dB, and features a beamwidth of 140°. The measured gains for the L2 and L1 bands closely align with the simulations, although a slight reduction in gain is observed for the L2 band. In the H-plane, zenith-directed main lobes produce measured gains of 1.61 dB for 406 MHz, 2.71 dB for L2, and 3.51 dB for L1. On the other hand, the measured efficiency for the antenna is 36.32% (in the C-S band), 54% (in L1 band) and 60.12% (in L2 band). Both measured and simulated results consistently showed good agreements in terms of gain, polarization, and efficiency. Moreover, the antenna design incorporates effective shielding against electromagnetic radiation, conforming to specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 0.046, 0.077, and 0.035 W/Kg in C-S, L1 and L2 bands respectively. Antenna integration into the life vest foam prior to placement on the human chest significantly influenced axial ratio variations. In the L1 band, the AR increased from 0.43 dB to 3.34 dB, while in the L2 band, it rose from 0.56 dB to 8.66 dB. This indicates a more pronounced effect on polarization characteristics at the lower frequency. Overall, the proposed tri-band antenna presents promising capabilities for location tracking applications, with potential for integration into wearable devices for enhanced safety and tracking functionalities.
{"title":"A Triband Wearable Antenna for Location Tracking Using Cospas-Sarsat and GNSS","authors":"Rais Ahmad Sheikh;Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi;Thennarasan Sabapathy;Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir;Rizwan Khan;Prayoot Akkaraekthalin;Che Muhammad Nor Che Isa;Surentiran Padmanathan;Toufiq Md Hossain;Ping Jack Soh","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3553440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3553440","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of a tri-band antenna operating in the Cospas-Sarsat (C-S) and GPS/GNSS bands applicable for the Internet of Things (IoT). Implemented with flexible and robust materials, the antenna operates in three distinct frequencies: 406 MHz for C-S applications and 1227 MHz (L2) and 1575 MHz (L1) for GPS/GNSS applications. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth is from 1.517-1.587 MHz (in L1 band) and from 1.192-1.232 MHz (in L2 band). In C-S band, the measured 6-dB bandwidth is from 393 to 406.5 MHz. The 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth in the L1 and L2 bands are 17 MHz (1.08%) and 18 MHz (1.47%), respectively. The antenna demonstrates a measured gain of 1.61 dB at 406 MHz, exceeding the simulated gain of 0.573 dB, and features a beamwidth of 140°. The measured gains for the L2 and L1 bands closely align with the simulations, although a slight reduction in gain is observed for the L2 band. In the H-plane, zenith-directed main lobes produce measured gains of 1.61 dB for 406 MHz, 2.71 dB for L2, and 3.51 dB for L1. On the other hand, the measured efficiency for the antenna is 36.32% (in the C-S band), 54% (in L1 band) and 60.12% (in L2 band). Both measured and simulated results consistently showed good agreements in terms of gain, polarization, and efficiency. Moreover, the antenna design incorporates effective shielding against electromagnetic radiation, conforming to specific absorption rate (SAR) values of 0.046, 0.077, and 0.035 W/Kg in C-S, L1 and L2 bands respectively. Antenna integration into the life vest foam prior to placement on the human chest significantly influenced axial ratio variations. In the L1 band, the AR increased from 0.43 dB to 3.34 dB, while in the L2 band, it rose from 0.56 dB to 8.66 dB. This indicates a more pronounced effect on polarization characteristics at the lower frequency. Overall, the proposed tri-band antenna presents promising capabilities for location tracking applications, with potential for integration into wearable devices for enhanced safety and tracking functionalities.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"879-893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10935660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3571228
Simone Del Prete;Marina Barbiroli;Mohammad Hossein Zadeh;Franco Fuschini
Spatial (de-)correlation plays an important role in physical layer security for wireless applications, where the presence of an eavesdropper represents a serious concern as long as he/she is closer to the legitimate users than some spatial correlation distance. Reliable evaluation of such distance has therefore paramount importance. This paper presents a general, analytical spatial correlation model tailored to Rice fading channels, whereas most of the existing studies are basically limited to the Rayleigh fading case. Results show that the spatial correlation distance is clearly affected by both the power angle profile at the receiver side and the channel Rice factor. Depending on the propagation conditions, the correlation distance can be significantly larger than the value commonly and hurriedly assumed in many previous works on physical layer security, even several times the commonly assumed half-wavelength correlation distance.
{"title":"On Spatial Correlation Properties in Rice Wireless Channels for Physical Layer Security","authors":"Simone Del Prete;Marina Barbiroli;Mohammad Hossein Zadeh;Franco Fuschini","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3571228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3571228","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial (de-)correlation plays an important role in physical layer security for wireless applications, where the presence of an eavesdropper represents a serious concern as long as he/she is closer to the legitimate users than some spatial correlation distance. Reliable evaluation of such distance has therefore paramount importance. This paper presents a general, analytical spatial correlation model tailored to Rice fading channels, whereas most of the existing studies are basically limited to the Rayleigh fading case. Results show that the spatial correlation distance is clearly affected by both the power angle profile at the receiver side and the channel Rice factor. Depending on the propagation conditions, the correlation distance can be significantly larger than the value commonly and hurriedly assumed in many previous works on physical layer security, even several times the commonly assumed half-wavelength correlation distance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1248-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11006839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3552517
Sandra Costanzo;Giovanni Buonanno
The analysis of phased-arrays exploiting the paradigm of collaborative beamforming together with excitation and position diversity is illustrated in this work. Excitation diversity is based on a thinned arrays framework, while position diversity is implemented in terms of binned arrays paradigm. The proposed approach can fall under collaborative beamforming related to wireless sensor networks. After introducing the description of the above arrays and the related mathematical model, stochastic analysis is carried out to highlight the main characteristics, by modeling the excitation coefficients and the element positions in terms of random variables. In particular, adequately exploiting the diversity framework, it is shown the possibility to flexibly control the pattern behaviour. The proposed analysis can be useful to characterize the performance of distributed phased-array radars exploiting collaborative beamforming and diversity techniques in drone applications for remote sensing.
{"title":"Distributed Phased-Array Radars Exploiting Collaborative Beamforming and Diversity Techniques for Remote Sensing Applications","authors":"Sandra Costanzo;Giovanni Buonanno","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3552517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3552517","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of phased-arrays exploiting the paradigm of collaborative beamforming together with excitation and position diversity is illustrated in this work. Excitation diversity is based on a thinned arrays framework, while position diversity is implemented in terms of binned arrays paradigm. The proposed approach can fall under collaborative beamforming related to wireless sensor networks. After introducing the description of the above arrays and the related mathematical model, stochastic analysis is carried out to highlight the main characteristics, by modeling the excitation coefficients and the element positions in terms of random variables. In particular, adequately exploiting the diversity framework, it is shown the possibility to flexibly control the pattern behaviour. The proposed analysis can be useful to characterize the performance of distributed phased-array radars exploiting collaborative beamforming and diversity techniques in drone applications for remote sensing.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"864-878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10930880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624
Behzad Yektakhah;Abdelhamid M. H. Nasr;Abdel Halim Mohamed;Kamal Sarabandi
This paper presents a low-complexity wideband circularly polarized (CP) array in X-band for vehicular satellite communication. The array comprises dual-polarized corner-fed patch elements for achieving wide bandwidth. The active elements are integrated in a modular manner using interposers that enables the scalability of the array and simplicity of routing RF signals, as well as dc bias and digital control lines on the array surface. The building block of the scalable array is a $2 times 2$ subarray of dual-polarized patch elements and an interposer with an 8-channel beamformer integrated circuit mounted on it. The interposer circuit simplifies the routing of dc and digital lines on the surface of larger arrays, lowers the cost of fabrication, and makes the array debugging simple. To show the scalability of the design, an $8 times 8$ array made of $16 ; 2 times 2$ arrays is designed, fabricated, and tested both in free space and the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. The array exhibits a minimum measured realized CP gain of 26.7 dBi and 25.8 dBi over the band 10.7–12.7 GHz in free space and the presence of the laminated glass, respectively. The array beam is steerable over the range of ±40° in all directions, both in free space and in the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. Remarkably, the array is shown to maintain its high gain, bandwidth, axial ratio, and scan range when operated behind laminated moonroof glass, making it suitable for its installation inside vehicles for satellite communication without necessitating any alterations to the array or the vehicle’s exterior design.
{"title":"Low-Complexity Wideband Circularly Polarized Modular Scalable Phased Array for Vehicular Satellite Communication","authors":"Behzad Yektakhah;Abdelhamid M. H. Nasr;Abdel Halim Mohamed;Kamal Sarabandi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a low-complexity wideband circularly polarized (CP) array in X-band for vehicular satellite communication. The array comprises dual-polarized corner-fed patch elements for achieving wide bandwidth. The active elements are integrated in a modular manner using interposers that enables the scalability of the array and simplicity of routing RF signals, as well as dc bias and digital control lines on the array surface. The building block of the scalable array is a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> subarray of dual-polarized patch elements and an interposer with an 8-channel beamformer integrated circuit mounted on it. The interposer circuit simplifies the routing of dc and digital lines on the surface of larger arrays, lowers the cost of fabrication, and makes the array debugging simple. To show the scalability of the design, an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8 times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array made of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16 ; 2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arrays is designed, fabricated, and tested both in free space and the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. The array exhibits a minimum measured realized CP gain of 26.7 dBi and 25.8 dBi over the band 10.7–12.7 GHz in free space and the presence of the laminated glass, respectively. The array beam is steerable over the range of ±40° in all directions, both in free space and in the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. Remarkably, the array is shown to maintain its high gain, bandwidth, axial ratio, and scan range when operated behind laminated moonroof glass, making it suitable for its installation inside vehicles for satellite communication without necessitating any alterations to the array or the vehicle’s exterior design.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"854-863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350
Georg Gramlich;Elizabeth Bekker;Luca Valenziano;Joel Dittmer;Martin Roemhild;Holger Baur;Fabian Thome;Axel Tessmann;Michael Kuri;Tom Neerfeld;Andreas Stöhr;Sebastian Randel;Christian Koos;Norbert Fruehauf;Thomas Zwick;Akanksha Bhutani
This paper presents the first hybrid-integration assembly of a power amplifier (PA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and a beam-steering leaky wave antenna (LWA) using an ultra-precise deposition (UPD) printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnect operating in a broad sub- THz range of 220 GHz to 325 GHz. The hybrid assembly uses an InGaAs PA with a saturated output power of up to 14.5 dBm and an InP LWA with a peak antenna gain of up to 13.5 dBi and a beam-steering range from -60° to 35°. The hybrid assembly employs a submount that compensates for the height difference of $approx 300 mu mathrm{m}$ between the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. The PA MMIC and LWA are positioned at an edge-to-edge distance of just $11 mu mathrm{m}$ on the submount using a die bonder with sub-micrometer accuracy. The small gap between the PA MMIC and LWA is filled with a polymer that provides a stable dielectric constant in the target sub-THz range. The UPD-printed CPW interconnect is optimized to maintain a characteristic impedance of $50 Omega$ by analyzing the dielectric properties and thickness of the various materials on which the printing is performed. Moreover, the surface topology is measured using a white light interferometer, to enable fully conformal printing. The electromagnetic simulation results of the CPW interconnect show an insertion loss of 1.1 dB to 1.7 dB, which includes the RF pads of the PA MMIC, LWA, and the short segments of CPW designed on the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. A separate UPD-printed CPW test assembly is manufactured on a single polymer substrate, and custom through-reflect-line calibration standards are printed on the same substrate to experimentally validate the insertion loss of a UPD-printed CPW in the 220 GHz to 325 GHz range. A probe-based measurement setup is used to characterize the hybrid assembly. The hybrid assembly achieves a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and a peak gain of up to 26 dBi across the sub- THz range. The beamsteering functionality of the hybrid assembly is successfully validated only in the forward quadrant due to measurement restrictions in the backward quadrant. In the forward quadrant, the measured beam-steering angle of the hybrid assembly varies from 0° to 37°, which is in good agreement with the standalone LWA.
{"title":"Hybrid Integration of a Beam-Steering Leaky-Wave Antenna and Power Amplifier MMIC Using UPD Printing in 220 to 325 GHz Range","authors":"Georg Gramlich;Elizabeth Bekker;Luca Valenziano;Joel Dittmer;Martin Roemhild;Holger Baur;Fabian Thome;Axel Tessmann;Michael Kuri;Tom Neerfeld;Andreas Stöhr;Sebastian Randel;Christian Koos;Norbert Fruehauf;Thomas Zwick;Akanksha Bhutani","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first hybrid-integration assembly of a power amplifier (PA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and a beam-steering leaky wave antenna (LWA) using an ultra-precise deposition (UPD) printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnect operating in a broad sub- THz range of 220 GHz to 325 GHz. The hybrid assembly uses an InGaAs PA with a saturated output power of up to 14.5 dBm and an InP LWA with a peak antenna gain of up to 13.5 dBi and a beam-steering range from -60° to 35°. The hybrid assembly employs a submount that compensates for the height difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 300 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. The PA MMIC and LWA are positioned at an edge-to-edge distance of just <inline-formula> <tex-math>$11 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on the submount using a die bonder with sub-micrometer accuracy. The small gap between the PA MMIC and LWA is filled with a polymer that provides a stable dielectric constant in the target sub-THz range. The UPD-printed CPW interconnect is optimized to maintain a characteristic impedance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 Omega$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by analyzing the dielectric properties and thickness of the various materials on which the printing is performed. Moreover, the surface topology is measured using a white light interferometer, to enable fully conformal printing. The electromagnetic simulation results of the CPW interconnect show an insertion loss of 1.1 dB to 1.7 dB, which includes the RF pads of the PA MMIC, LWA, and the short segments of CPW designed on the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. A separate UPD-printed CPW test assembly is manufactured on a single polymer substrate, and custom through-reflect-line calibration standards are printed on the same substrate to experimentally validate the insertion loss of a UPD-printed CPW in the 220 GHz to 325 GHz range. A probe-based measurement setup is used to characterize the hybrid assembly. The hybrid assembly achieves a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and a peak gain of up to 26 dBi across the sub- THz range. The beamsteering functionality of the hybrid assembly is successfully validated only in the forward quadrant due to measurement restrictions in the backward quadrant. In the forward quadrant, the measured beam-steering angle of the hybrid assembly varies from 0° to 37°, which is in good agreement with the standalone LWA.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"837-853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents three novel low-profile optically transparent meshed patch antennas with enhanced bandwidth that can be fully integrated into a solar cell. The bandwidth enhancement was achieved by applying a stacking technique to two square meshed patches with close resonance frequencies. The first antenna used fused silica glass substrates for both lower and upper dielectric layers to maintain transparency and high integrability with the solar cells. The antenna resonated at 2.43 GHz and exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 6.2% and a peak gain of 6.5 dBi. In the second design, a polymer layer replaced the upper glass substrate and was partially removed to reduce the antenna mass. 65% mass reduction was achieved at the expense of lower efficiency. To further reduce the mass, the polymer layer was perforated. The perforated design resulted in a lightweight stacked meshed patch antenna with a normal transparency of 94%, which can be placed directly on top of the solar cells without affecting the cell performance.
{"title":"Low Profile Enhanced Bandwidth Optically Transparent and Semi-Transparent Meshed Patch Antennas for Integration With Solar Cells","authors":"Shirin Ramezanzadehyazdi;Dustin Isleifson;Philip Ferguson;Lotfollah Shafai;Cyrus Shafai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3569162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3569162","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents three novel low-profile optically transparent meshed patch antennas with enhanced bandwidth that can be fully integrated into a solar cell. The bandwidth enhancement was achieved by applying a stacking technique to two square meshed patches with close resonance frequencies. The first antenna used fused silica glass substrates for both lower and upper dielectric layers to maintain transparency and high integrability with the solar cells. The antenna resonated at 2.43 GHz and exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 6.2% and a peak gain of 6.5 dBi. In the second design, a polymer layer replaced the upper glass substrate and was partially removed to reduce the antenna mass. 65% mass reduction was achieved at the expense of lower efficiency. To further reduce the mass, the polymer layer was perforated. The perforated design resulted in a lightweight stacked meshed patch antenna with a normal transparency of 94%, which can be placed directly on top of the solar cells without affecting the cell performance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1237-1247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10999081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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