Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932
Vahid Sharbati;Xiulong Bao;John J. Healy;Nan Zhang;Khatereh Nadali;Max J. Ammann
This article introduces an innovative reconfigurable antenna (RA) designed for circular polarization on the dual WiMAX frequency bands (3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz) utilizing liquid metal switching capabilities. The antenna achieves circular polarization reconfiguration by employing a liquid metal switch connecting the parasitic element (R2) to the feed line. Notably, the liquid metal switch offers distinct advantages, including power savings in the ON state and precise control of liquid metal movement through applied voltage. The dynamic manipulation of Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) within microfluidic channels enables efficient displacement, resulting in a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of (2.5–3.7 GHz) in the OFF state and (5.45–6 GHz) in the ON state. For the first time, the concept of liquid metal switches introduces a novel capability: the ability to maintain the “ON” state without the need for a continuous voltage supply. The proposed reconfigurable antenna demonstrates notable improvements in switching performance, with observed effectiveness in RF switching.
{"title":"Circularly Polarized Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Liquid Metal Switching for Dual WiMAX Bands","authors":"Vahid Sharbati;Xiulong Bao;John J. Healy;Nan Zhang;Khatereh Nadali;Max J. Ammann","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3421932","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces an innovative reconfigurable antenna (RA) designed for circular polarization on the dual WiMAX frequency bands (3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz) utilizing liquid metal switching capabilities. The antenna achieves circular polarization reconfiguration by employing a liquid metal switch connecting the parasitic element (R2) to the feed line. Notably, the liquid metal switch offers distinct advantages, including power savings in the ON state and precise control of liquid metal movement through applied voltage. The dynamic manipulation of Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) within microfluidic channels enables efficient displacement, resulting in a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of (2.5–3.7 GHz) in the OFF state and (5.45–6 GHz) in the ON state. For the first time, the concept of liquid metal switches introduces a novel capability: the ability to maintain the “ON” state without the need for a continuous voltage supply. The proposed reconfigurable antenna demonstrates notable improvements in switching performance, with observed effectiveness in RF switching.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1563-1570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10580923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764
Prabhat Khanal;Jian Yang
This paper presents a rigorous new analytical derivation of the theorem on the embedded element radiation function of ideally infinite planar array antennas, along with a formula for accurately calculating the main beam direction of finite-sized array antennas based on the theorem. It validates the previously established formula of the embedded element radiation function, where the amplitude is proportional to $sqrt {cos theta }$ , based on the intuitive reasoning that the effective area of an element should be proportional to its projected area in the direction of interest angle $theta $ , provided that the array antenna has no grating lobes for the full scan, no surface waves, no losses, and active impedance matched. More importantly, the new analytical derivation can accurately predict the embedded element radiation function in cases where there are grating lobes for the array antenna with the full scan, which the intuitive area projection reasoning cannot provide. The theorem concludes that the array’s active element reflection coefficient and inter-element spacing fully determine the embedded element radiation function in all cases. Utilizing this theorem, a new formula for the element phase progression is derived to accurately steer the main beam in the desired direction of the array with a finite number of elements. Several verification cases of wide-scanning array antennas are presented, and the comparisons between numerical simulations, measurements, theoretical results, and some interesting conclusions are discussed in the paper.
{"title":"On Embedded Element Radiation Function and Beam Direction of Wide-Scanning Array Antennas","authors":"Prabhat Khanal;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3420764","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a rigorous new analytical derivation of the theorem on the embedded element radiation function of ideally infinite planar array antennas, along with a formula for accurately calculating the main beam direction of finite-sized array antennas based on the theorem. It validates the previously established formula of the embedded element radiation function, where the amplitude is proportional to \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {cos theta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, based on the intuitive reasoning that the effective area of an element should be proportional to its projected area in the direction of interest angle \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, provided that the array antenna has no grating lobes for the full scan, no surface waves, no losses, and active impedance matched. More importantly, the new analytical derivation can accurately predict the embedded element radiation function in cases where there are grating lobes for the array antenna with the full scan, which the intuitive area projection reasoning cannot provide. The theorem concludes that the array’s active element reflection coefficient and inter-element spacing fully determine the embedded element radiation function in all cases. Utilizing this theorem, a new formula for the element phase progression is derived to accurately steer the main beam in the desired direction of the array with a finite number of elements. Several verification cases of wide-scanning array antennas are presented, and the comparisons between numerical simulations, measurements, theoretical results, and some interesting conclusions are discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1377-1389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10577453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318
Li Wang;Fenggan Zhang;Banghuan Hou
To optimize the antenna performance in a sparse linear array (SLA) subject to specific constraints of the antenna aperture, number of elements and element spacing, this paper proposes an improved Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm integrating the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy. The initial value of the algorithm is generated through the chaotic Piecewise map, while the scaling factor is adjusted dynamically in line with the iterations and fitness values. When the algorithm indicates signs of premature convergence, the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy is applied to the population to escape local optima, so as to produce the global optimal solution. Standard function tests validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, proving its excellent accuracy and global search performance. Three diverse antenna-based simulation instances show that the improved algorithm can effectively reduce the peak sidelobe level (PSLL), thus elevating the antenna performance.
{"title":"Optimal Design of Low Sidelobe Sparse Linear Arrays","authors":"Li Wang;Fenggan Zhang;Banghuan Hou","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3417318","url":null,"abstract":"To optimize the antenna performance in a sparse linear array (SLA) subject to specific constraints of the antenna aperture, number of elements and element spacing, this paper proposes an improved Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm integrating the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy. The initial value of the algorithm is generated through the chaotic Piecewise map, while the scaling factor is adjusted dynamically in line with the iterations and fitness values. When the algorithm indicates signs of premature convergence, the Cauchy-Gauss mutation strategy is applied to the population to escape local optima, so as to produce the global optimal solution. Standard function tests validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, proving its excellent accuracy and global search performance. Three diverse antenna-based simulation instances show that the improved algorithm can effectively reduce the peak sidelobe level (PSLL), thus elevating the antenna performance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1365-1376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10565854","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141507853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399
Reza Shamsaee Malfajani;Reza Damansabz;Sampada Bodkhe;Daniel Therriault;Jean-Jacques Laurin;Mohammad S. Sharawi
Shared aperture antennas are versatile structures that can fulfill the demand for multi-band compact antennas in multi-standard emerging communication systems. However, the requirement of operation at widely separated frequency bands, such as sub-6-GHz band and mm-wave band in 5G, poses a challenge. This paper introduces a novel Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas (E-DRAs) designed for operation at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications. The DRA part of the antenna consists of an array of small cylindrical DRAs (cDRA) encapsulated in a larger cylinder. At mm-wave band, the small cDRAs are radiating elements while the larger cylinder acts as a lens to enhance the gain and provide beam switching at discrete angles by switching the feed between the small cDRAs. At sub-6-GHz band, the large cylinder is the main radiator. The antenna is realized with a 3D printing process using two distinct ABS materials with different infills. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show a maximum gain of 7.8 dBi at 3.35 GHz and 19.7 dBi at 27 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 20.2% centered at 3.45 GHz and 28.7% centered at 28.5 GHz. The array of small cDRAs with five elements enables beam switching within ±30°.
{"title":"3-D-Printed Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas With Large Operation Frequency Ratio for Future Wireless Communications","authors":"Reza Shamsaee Malfajani;Reza Damansabz;Sampada Bodkhe;Daniel Therriault;Jean-Jacques Laurin;Mohammad S. Sharawi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399","url":null,"abstract":"Shared aperture antennas are versatile structures that can fulfill the demand for multi-band compact antennas in multi-standard emerging communication systems. However, the requirement of operation at widely separated frequency bands, such as sub-6-GHz band and mm-wave band in 5G, poses a challenge. This paper introduces a novel Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas (E-DRAs) designed for operation at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications. The DRA part of the antenna consists of an array of small cylindrical DRAs (cDRA) encapsulated in a larger cylinder. At mm-wave band, the small cDRAs are radiating elements while the larger cylinder acts as a lens to enhance the gain and provide beam switching at discrete angles by switching the feed between the small cDRAs. At sub-6-GHz band, the large cylinder is the main radiator. The antenna is realized with a 3D printing process using two distinct ABS materials with different infills. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show a maximum gain of 7.8 dBi at 3.35 GHz and 19.7 dBi at 27 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 20.2% centered at 3.45 GHz and 28.7% centered at 28.5 GHz. The array of small cDRAs with five elements enables beam switching within ±30°.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1351-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10561523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020
Heng-Tung Hsu;Yi-Fan Tsao;Arpan Desai
This paper introduces a novel technique for inducing circular polarization in a single radiator through the implementation of a sequentially rotated feeding network. Analogous to the operational principles of sequentially rotated antennas employing multiple radiators, the creation of circular polarization (CP) with a solitary radiator becomes achievable through the distinctive phase and angular arrangement facilitated by the feeding network. This innovative approach not only results in a substantial reduction in complexity but also contributes to an overall reduction in antenna size, all while upholding commendable CP performance in terms of both axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth.
{"title":"A Single Radiator-Based Circularly Polarized Antenna for Indoor Wireless Communication Applications","authors":"Heng-Tung Hsu;Yi-Fan Tsao;Arpan Desai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a novel technique for inducing circular polarization in a single radiator through the implementation of a sequentially rotated feeding network. Analogous to the operational principles of sequentially rotated antennas employing multiple radiators, the creation of circular polarization (CP) with a solitary radiator becomes achievable through the distinctive phase and angular arrangement facilitated by the feeding network. This innovative approach not only results in a substantial reduction in complexity but also contributes to an overall reduction in antenna size, all while upholding commendable CP performance in terms of both axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1320-1327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162
Thomas Reum
This predominantly theoretical article focuses on a qualitative discussion of peculiarities, which are introduced in practical electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation scenarios when the gauge for the electrodynamic potentials is not chosen in accordance to the appropriate space-time metric of the underlying physical framework. Based on ordinary vector calculus, this is done for the viewpoint of radio frequency (RF) engineers by using two examples of guided EM waves: one large-scale case of a terrestrial scenario and one small-scale case involving a device level setup. Readers may benefit especially from this practical orientation, since gauging is often analyzed primarily mathematical by solely arguing on terms of equations instead of discussing concrete applications. The provided context aims to enhance the usual perspective and is applicable for a wide class of situations involving various wave types at any frequency.
{"title":"Consequences of the Potential Gauging Process for Modeling Electromagnetic Wave Propagation","authors":"Thomas Reum","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162","url":null,"abstract":"This predominantly theoretical article focuses on a qualitative discussion of peculiarities, which are introduced in practical electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation scenarios when the gauge for the electrodynamic potentials is not chosen in accordance to the appropriate space-time metric of the underlying physical framework. Based on ordinary vector calculus, this is done for the viewpoint of radio frequency (RF) engineers by using two examples of guided EM waves: one large-scale case of a terrestrial scenario and one small-scale case involving a device level setup. Readers may benefit especially from this practical orientation, since gauging is often analyzed primarily mathematical by solely arguing on terms of equations instead of discussing concrete applications. The provided context aims to enhance the usual perspective and is applicable for a wide class of situations involving various wave types at any frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1328-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012
Eric D. Robinson;Carey M. Rappaport
Unbalanced-fed Tightly-Coupled Dipole Arrays (TCDAs) allow for the realization of ultrawideband, wide-scanning phased arrays without the need for baluns, which may increase size, weight, and cost. However, unbalanced-fed TCDAs often have additional radiating modes and common-mode resonances which may degrade performance. In this paper, a scan impedance model is presented which describes performance in terms of a combination of even and odd monopole and dipole radiating modes. An intermodal coupling term is included to account for performance when scanning in the E-plane. Each mode is calculated individually in a full-wave solver and the model is then validated by comparing the proposed combination to a full simulation of the unbalanced-fed TCDA. A coaxial extension technique is then introduced to increase the impedance of the monopole-like radiating even mode, allowing the unbalanced-fed array to match the performance of the balanced-fed version without shorting posts or significant redesign of the elements or lattice.
非平衡馈电紧耦合偶极子阵列（TCDA）可实现超宽带、宽扫描相控阵，而无需使用平衡器，平衡器可能会增加尺寸、重量和成本。然而，非平衡馈电 TCDA 通常具有额外的辐射模式和共模谐振，可能会降低性能。本文介绍了一种扫描阻抗模型，该模型通过偶数和奇数单极子和偶极子辐射模式的组合来描述性能。其中还包括一个模间耦合项，以说明在 E 平面扫描时的性能。在全波求解器中对每种模式进行单独计算，然后通过比较建议的组合与非平衡馈电 TCDA 的完整模拟，对模型进行验证。然后引入同轴延伸技术，以增加单极辐射偶数模式的阻抗，从而使非平衡馈电阵列的性能与平衡馈电版本相匹配，而无需短接柱或对元件或晶格进行重大的重新设计。
{"title":"Unbalanced-Fed TCDA Performance Improvement Using a Scan Impedance Model","authors":"Eric D. Robinson;Carey M. Rappaport","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012","url":null,"abstract":"Unbalanced-fed Tightly-Coupled Dipole Arrays (TCDAs) allow for the realization of ultrawideband, wide-scanning phased arrays without the need for baluns, which may increase size, weight, and cost. However, unbalanced-fed TCDAs often have additional radiating modes and common-mode resonances which may degrade performance. In this paper, a scan impedance model is presented which describes performance in terms of a combination of even and odd monopole and dipole radiating modes. An intermodal coupling term is included to account for performance when scanning in the E-plane. Each mode is calculated individually in a full-wave solver and the model is then validated by comparing the proposed combination to a full simulation of the unbalanced-fed TCDA. A coaxial extension technique is then introduced to increase the impedance of the monopole-like radiating even mode, allowing the unbalanced-fed array to match the performance of the balanced-fed version without shorting posts or significant redesign of the elements or lattice.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1340-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410
Na Liu;Yansheng Gong;Rui Xu;Huanyang Chen;Guoxiong Cai
Recently, hyperbolic media (HM) has attracted considerable interest due to their open isofrequency contour (IFC) and high-k modes, while their numerical computational methods in infinite space are challenging. Although the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) has been successfully utilized, its failure in absorbing electromagnetic waves with HM has been shown in recent research. In this work, the reason for the failure is thoroughly analyzed, and an improved UPML is proposed based on the frequency domain finite element method (FEM) to truncate the unbound hyperbolic computational domain. Finally, the excellent absorption effect of the improved UPML is verified by representative examples such as an infinite HM, a linear-crossing metamaterial, and a Bessel beam.
最近，双曲介质（HM）因其开放式等频轮廓（IFC）和高 K 模而引起了广泛关注，但其在无限空间中的数值计算方法却极具挑战性。虽然单轴完全匹配层（UPML）已被成功利用，但最近的研究表明，它在用 HM 吸收电磁波时失效了。本文深入分析了失效原因，并基于频域有限元法（FEM）提出了一种改进的 UPML，以截断非约束双曲计算域。最后，通过无限 HM、线性交叉超材料和贝塞尔梁等代表性实例验证了改进型 UPML 的出色吸收效果。
{"title":"An Improved Uniaxial Perfectly Matched Layer Based on Finite Element Method for Hyperbolic Media","authors":"Na Liu;Yansheng Gong;Rui Xu;Huanyang Chen;Guoxiong Cai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, hyperbolic media (HM) has attracted considerable interest due to their open isofrequency contour (IFC) and high-k modes, while their numerical computational methods in infinite space are challenging. Although the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) has been successfully utilized, its failure in absorbing electromagnetic waves with HM has been shown in recent research. In this work, the reason for the failure is thoroughly analyzed, and an improved UPML is proposed based on the frequency domain finite element method (FEM) to truncate the unbound hyperbolic computational domain. Finally, the excellent absorption effect of the improved UPML is verified by representative examples such as an infinite HM, a linear-crossing metamaterial, and a Bessel beam.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1113-1120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a $2 times 32$ array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a $mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of $ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ . It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.
{"title":"Sub-THz Conformal Lens Integrated WR3.4 Antenna for High-Gain Beam-Steering","authors":"Akanksha Bhutani;Joel Dittmer;Luca Valenziano;Thomas Zwick","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1306-1319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609
Masoud Salmani Arani;Reza Shahidi;Lihong Zhang
Research on electromagnetic (EM) components is essential to enabling the design and optimization of such devices as antennas and filters, leading to improved functionality, reduced costs, and enhanced overall performance. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in optimization and design automation techniques for EM-component design and modeling. Limitations of conventional optimization methods are discussed, while the need for novel machine learning techniques capable of handling multiple objectives and large design spaces is highlighted. In this study, existing methods in the literature are reviewed from four viewpoints: structural view, algorithm view, component view, and application view. Different schemes in distinct design stages or applications are examined with advantages and drawbacks laid out for easier comprehension. Finally, to broaden the scope of optimization in the field of EM design and modeling, some prospective trends are pointed out to shed light on emerging research hotspots.
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