Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399
Reza Shamsaee Malfajani;Reza Damansabz;Sampada Bodkhe;Daniel Therriault;Jean-Jacques Laurin;Mohammad S. Sharawi
Shared aperture antennas are versatile structures that can fulfill the demand for multi-band compact antennas in multi-standard emerging communication systems. However, the requirement of operation at widely separated frequency bands, such as sub-6-GHz band and mm-wave band in 5G, poses a challenge. This paper introduces a novel Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas (E-DRAs) designed for operation at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications. The DRA part of the antenna consists of an array of small cylindrical DRAs (cDRA) encapsulated in a larger cylinder. At mm-wave band, the small cDRAs are radiating elements while the larger cylinder acts as a lens to enhance the gain and provide beam switching at discrete angles by switching the feed between the small cDRAs. At sub-6-GHz band, the large cylinder is the main radiator. The antenna is realized with a 3D printing process using two distinct ABS materials with different infills. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show a maximum gain of 7.8 dBi at 3.35 GHz and 19.7 dBi at 27 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 20.2% centered at 3.45 GHz and 28.7% centered at 28.5 GHz. The array of small cDRAs with five elements enables beam switching within ±30°.
{"title":"3-D-Printed Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas With Large Operation Frequency Ratio for Future Wireless Communications","authors":"Reza Shamsaee Malfajani;Reza Damansabz;Sampada Bodkhe;Daniel Therriault;Jean-Jacques Laurin;Mohammad S. Sharawi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3416399","url":null,"abstract":"Shared aperture antennas are versatile structures that can fulfill the demand for multi-band compact antennas in multi-standard emerging communication systems. However, the requirement of operation at widely separated frequency bands, such as sub-6-GHz band and mm-wave band in 5G, poses a challenge. This paper introduces a novel Encapsulated Dielectric Resonator Antennas (E-DRAs) designed for operation at sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands for 5G and beyond applications. The DRA part of the antenna consists of an array of small cylindrical DRAs (cDRA) encapsulated in a larger cylinder. At mm-wave band, the small cDRAs are radiating elements while the larger cylinder acts as a lens to enhance the gain and provide beam switching at discrete angles by switching the feed between the small cDRAs. At sub-6-GHz band, the large cylinder is the main radiator. The antenna is realized with a 3D printing process using two distinct ABS materials with different infills. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show a maximum gain of 7.8 dBi at 3.35 GHz and 19.7 dBi at 27 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 20.2% centered at 3.45 GHz and 28.7% centered at 28.5 GHz. The array of small cDRAs with five elements enables beam switching within ±30°.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1351-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10561523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020
Heng-Tung Hsu;Yi-Fan Tsao;Arpan Desai
This paper introduces a novel technique for inducing circular polarization in a single radiator through the implementation of a sequentially rotated feeding network. Analogous to the operational principles of sequentially rotated antennas employing multiple radiators, the creation of circular polarization (CP) with a solitary radiator becomes achievable through the distinctive phase and angular arrangement facilitated by the feeding network. This innovative approach not only results in a substantial reduction in complexity but also contributes to an overall reduction in antenna size, all while upholding commendable CP performance in terms of both axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth.
{"title":"A Single Radiator-Based Circularly Polarized Antenna for Indoor Wireless Communication Applications","authors":"Heng-Tung Hsu;Yi-Fan Tsao;Arpan Desai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a novel technique for inducing circular polarization in a single radiator through the implementation of a sequentially rotated feeding network. Analogous to the operational principles of sequentially rotated antennas employing multiple radiators, the creation of circular polarization (CP) with a solitary radiator becomes achievable through the distinctive phase and angular arrangement facilitated by the feeding network. This innovative approach not only results in a substantial reduction in complexity but also contributes to an overall reduction in antenna size, all while upholding commendable CP performance in terms of both axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1320-1327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162
Thomas Reum
This predominantly theoretical article focuses on a qualitative discussion of peculiarities, which are introduced in practical electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation scenarios when the gauge for the electrodynamic potentials is not chosen in accordance to the appropriate space-time metric of the underlying physical framework. Based on ordinary vector calculus, this is done for the viewpoint of radio frequency (RF) engineers by using two examples of guided EM waves: one large-scale case of a terrestrial scenario and one small-scale case involving a device level setup. Readers may benefit especially from this practical orientation, since gauging is often analyzed primarily mathematical by solely arguing on terms of equations instead of discussing concrete applications. The provided context aims to enhance the usual perspective and is applicable for a wide class of situations involving various wave types at any frequency.
{"title":"Consequences of the Potential Gauging Process for Modeling Electromagnetic Wave Propagation","authors":"Thomas Reum","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412162","url":null,"abstract":"This predominantly theoretical article focuses on a qualitative discussion of peculiarities, which are introduced in practical electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation scenarios when the gauge for the electrodynamic potentials is not chosen in accordance to the appropriate space-time metric of the underlying physical framework. Based on ordinary vector calculus, this is done for the viewpoint of radio frequency (RF) engineers by using two examples of guided EM waves: one large-scale case of a terrestrial scenario and one small-scale case involving a device level setup. Readers may benefit especially from this practical orientation, since gauging is often analyzed primarily mathematical by solely arguing on terms of equations instead of discussing concrete applications. The provided context aims to enhance the usual perspective and is applicable for a wide class of situations involving various wave types at any frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1328-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012
Eric D. Robinson;Carey M. Rappaport
Unbalanced-fed Tightly-Coupled Dipole Arrays (TCDAs) allow for the realization of ultrawideband, wide-scanning phased arrays without the need for baluns, which may increase size, weight, and cost. However, unbalanced-fed TCDAs often have additional radiating modes and common-mode resonances which may degrade performance. In this paper, a scan impedance model is presented which describes performance in terms of a combination of even and odd monopole and dipole radiating modes. An intermodal coupling term is included to account for performance when scanning in the E-plane. Each mode is calculated individually in a full-wave solver and the model is then validated by comparing the proposed combination to a full simulation of the unbalanced-fed TCDA. A coaxial extension technique is then introduced to increase the impedance of the monopole-like radiating even mode, allowing the unbalanced-fed array to match the performance of the balanced-fed version without shorting posts or significant redesign of the elements or lattice.
非平衡馈电紧耦合偶极子阵列（TCDA）可实现超宽带、宽扫描相控阵，而无需使用平衡器，平衡器可能会增加尺寸、重量和成本。然而，非平衡馈电 TCDA 通常具有额外的辐射模式和共模谐振，可能会降低性能。本文介绍了一种扫描阻抗模型，该模型通过偶数和奇数单极子和偶极子辐射模式的组合来描述性能。其中还包括一个模间耦合项，以说明在 E 平面扫描时的性能。在全波求解器中对每种模式进行单独计算，然后通过比较建议的组合与非平衡馈电 TCDA 的完整模拟，对模型进行验证。然后引入同轴延伸技术，以增加单极辐射偶数模式的阻抗，从而使非平衡馈电阵列的性能与平衡馈电版本相匹配，而无需短接柱或对元件或晶格进行重大的重新设计。
{"title":"Unbalanced-Fed TCDA Performance Improvement Using a Scan Impedance Model","authors":"Eric D. Robinson;Carey M. Rappaport","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3413012","url":null,"abstract":"Unbalanced-fed Tightly-Coupled Dipole Arrays (TCDAs) allow for the realization of ultrawideband, wide-scanning phased arrays without the need for baluns, which may increase size, weight, and cost. However, unbalanced-fed TCDAs often have additional radiating modes and common-mode resonances which may degrade performance. In this paper, a scan impedance model is presented which describes performance in terms of a combination of even and odd monopole and dipole radiating modes. An intermodal coupling term is included to account for performance when scanning in the E-plane. Each mode is calculated individually in a full-wave solver and the model is then validated by comparing the proposed combination to a full simulation of the unbalanced-fed TCDA. A coaxial extension technique is then introduced to increase the impedance of the monopole-like radiating even mode, allowing the unbalanced-fed array to match the performance of the balanced-fed version without shorting posts or significant redesign of the elements or lattice.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1340-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10555425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410
Na Liu;Yansheng Gong;Rui Xu;Huanyang Chen;Guoxiong Cai
Recently, hyperbolic media (HM) has attracted considerable interest due to their open isofrequency contour (IFC) and high-k modes, while their numerical computational methods in infinite space are challenging. Although the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) has been successfully utilized, its failure in absorbing electromagnetic waves with HM has been shown in recent research. In this work, the reason for the failure is thoroughly analyzed, and an improved UPML is proposed based on the frequency domain finite element method (FEM) to truncate the unbound hyperbolic computational domain. Finally, the excellent absorption effect of the improved UPML is verified by representative examples such as an infinite HM, a linear-crossing metamaterial, and a Bessel beam.
最近，双曲介质（HM）因其开放式等频轮廓（IFC）和高 K 模而引起了广泛关注，但其在无限空间中的数值计算方法却极具挑战性。虽然单轴完全匹配层（UPML）已被成功利用，但最近的研究表明，它在用 HM 吸收电磁波时失效了。本文深入分析了失效原因，并基于频域有限元法（FEM）提出了一种改进的 UPML，以截断非约束双曲计算域。最后，通过无限 HM、线性交叉超材料和贝塞尔梁等代表性实例验证了改进型 UPML 的出色吸收效果。
{"title":"An Improved Uniaxial Perfectly Matched Layer Based on Finite Element Method for Hyperbolic Media","authors":"Na Liu;Yansheng Gong;Rui Xu;Huanyang Chen;Guoxiong Cai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412410","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, hyperbolic media (HM) has attracted considerable interest due to their open isofrequency contour (IFC) and high-k modes, while their numerical computational methods in infinite space are challenging. Although the uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) has been successfully utilized, its failure in absorbing electromagnetic waves with HM has been shown in recent research. In this work, the reason for the failure is thoroughly analyzed, and an improved UPML is proposed based on the frequency domain finite element method (FEM) to truncate the unbound hyperbolic computational domain. Finally, the excellent absorption effect of the improved UPML is verified by representative examples such as an infinite HM, a linear-crossing metamaterial, and a Bessel beam.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1113-1120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a $2 times 32$ array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a $mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of $ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ . It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.
{"title":"Sub-THz Conformal Lens Integrated WR3.4 Antenna for High-Gain Beam-Steering","authors":"Akanksha Bhutani;Joel Dittmer;Luca Valenziano;Thomas Zwick","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412282","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the first conformal lens-integrated rectangular waveguide antenna that achieves high-gain beam-steering in the sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. The antenna consists of a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 array of elliptical slots (E-slots) fed by a standard WR3.4 rectangular waveguide, ensuring that the antenna operates in its dominant TE10 mode. The E-slots are spaced by less than half of the guided wavelength, which causes them to be fed with a constant phase difference, thus leading to a progressive phase shift along the antenna aperture. Consequently, the antenna main lobe steers from -71° to -16° as the operating frequency varies from 230 GHz to 330 GHz, respectively. The WR3.4 antenna gain is enhanced by integrating it with a conformal plano-convex parabolic lens. The conformal lens is designed taking into consideration the phase center of multiple steered beams, which leads to a significant gain enhancement of up to 10 dB over the complete beam-steering range. The conformal lens integrated WR3.4 antenna achieves a peak antenna gain of up to 30 dBi. An antenna prototype is manufactured using a mechanical assembly concept based on standard computerized numerical control (CNC) milling and a laser ablation process. For the prototype, a WR3.4 waveguide with an H-plane bend and a short termination is fabricated in a brass split-block module using CNC milling. The E-slots are ablated on a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {125~mu text { m} }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 thick aluminum (Al) sheet using a picosecond laser. Furthermore, a laser-structured die attach foil is interposed between the Al sheet and the brass split-block module to minimize the contact resistance between the E-slots and the WR3.4 waveguide. Additionally, a standard WR3.4 flange is manufactured to facilitate the antenna measurement.The conformal lens-integrated WR3.4 antenna has a compact size of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {mathrm {65~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {30~text {m}text {m} }} times {mathrm {32.35~text {m}text {m} }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It achieves the largest beam-steering range combined with the highest peak antenna gain in the broadband sub-THz range of 230 GHz to 330 GHz published to date.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1306-1319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609
Masoud Salmani Arani;Reza Shahidi;Lihong Zhang
Research on electromagnetic (EM) components is essential to enabling the design and optimization of such devices as antennas and filters, leading to improved functionality, reduced costs, and enhanced overall performance. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in optimization and design automation techniques for EM-component design and modeling. Limitations of conventional optimization methods are discussed, while the need for novel machine learning techniques capable of handling multiple objectives and large design spaces is highlighted. In this study, existing methods in the literature are reviewed from four viewpoints: structural view, algorithm view, component view, and application view. Different schemes in distinct design stages or applications are examined with advantages and drawbacks laid out for easier comprehension. Finally, to broaden the scope of optimization in the field of EM design and modeling, some prospective trends are pointed out to shed light on emerging research hotspots.
{"title":"A State-of-the-Art Survey on Advanced Electromagnetic Design: A Machine-Learning Perspective","authors":"Masoud Salmani Arani;Reza Shahidi;Lihong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3412609","url":null,"abstract":"Research on electromagnetic (EM) components is essential to enabling the design and optimization of such devices as antennas and filters, leading to improved functionality, reduced costs, and enhanced overall performance. This paper presents an overview of recent developments in optimization and design automation techniques for EM-component design and modeling. Limitations of conventional optimization methods are discussed, while the need for novel machine learning techniques capable of handling multiple objectives and large design spaces is highlighted. In this study, existing methods in the literature are reviewed from four viewpoints: structural view, algorithm view, component view, and application view. Different schemes in distinct design stages or applications are examined with advantages and drawbacks laid out for easier comprehension. Finally, to broaden the scope of optimization in the field of EM design and modeling, some prospective trends are pointed out to shed light on emerging research hotspots.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1077-1094"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746
Alessandro de Oliveira Cabral Junior;Hamza Kaouach;André Barka
This paper presents a novel approach for linear to circular polarization (LP-CP) conversion in transmitarray antennas. The proposed conversion mechanism differs significantly from previous published realizations. The concept utilizes a transmission line modeling-based excitation technique, in which a centralized via excitation is split into two striplines carefully designed to balance excitations and guarantee a phase quadrature. The striplines are embedded at the center of the patch antenna allowing a compact footprint and a simple design structure. The applied true-time delay (TTD) technique assures the radiation of a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) field. To optimize bandwidth and transmission efficiency, a stacked patch configuration is also employed, allowing for simultaneous high polarization conversion and transmission efficiency. The unit-cell design methodology is detailed, and two transmitarray designs are realized in both X and Ka bands. Experimental results from a fabricated X-band $20 times 20$ cell array prototype demonstrate a peak aperture efficiency of 30%, accompanied by a simultaneous 16% -1 dB gain and 1 dB axial ratio bandwidths. Furthermore, the measured wideband and highly efficient Ka-band transmitarray with a $70 times 70$ cell array confirmed a remarkable gain of 39.8 dB and 55% aperture efficiency at 29 GHz, surpassing previous LP-CP transmitarray antennas, while maintaining axial ratio values below 1 dB in a bandwidth larger than 26%.
本文提出了一种在发射天线阵中实现线性极化到圆极化（LP-CP）转换的新方法。所提出的转换机制与以往发表的实现方法有很大不同。这一概念利用了基于传输线建模的激励技术，其中，集中的通激被分成精心设计的两条带状线，以平衡激励并保证相位正交。条纹嵌入贴片天线的中心，从而实现了紧凑的占地面积和简单的设计结构。应用的真实时间延迟（TTD）技术确保了宽带和低轴向比圆极化（CP）场的辐射。为了优化带宽和传输效率，还采用了堆叠式贴片配置，可同时实现高极化转换和传输效率。详细介绍了单元单元设计方法，并在 X 和 Ka 波段实现了两种发射阵列设计。从制造的 X 波段 $20 times 20$ 单元阵列原型获得的实验结果表明，其峰值孔径效率为 30%，同时具有 16% -1 dB 增益和 1 dB 轴向比带宽。此外，使用 70 美元乘以 70 美元的单元阵列测量的宽带高效 Ka 波段发射阵列证实，在 29 GHz 频率下具有 39.8 dB 的显著增益和 55% 的孔径效率，超过了以前的 LP-CP 发射阵列天线，同时在大于 26% 的带宽内保持低于 1 dB 的轴向比值。
{"title":"Wideband and High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Unit-Cell for X and Ka-Band Transmitarrays","authors":"Alessandro de Oliveira Cabral Junior;Hamza Kaouach;André Barka","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel approach for linear to circular polarization (LP-CP) conversion in transmitarray antennas. The proposed conversion mechanism differs significantly from previous published realizations. The concept utilizes a transmission line modeling-based excitation technique, in which a centralized via excitation is split into two striplines carefully designed to balance excitations and guarantee a phase quadrature. The striplines are embedded at the center of the patch antenna allowing a compact footprint and a simple design structure. The applied true-time delay (TTD) technique assures the radiation of a wideband and low axial ratio circularly polarized (CP) field. To optimize bandwidth and transmission efficiency, a stacked patch configuration is also employed, allowing for simultaneous high polarization conversion and transmission efficiency. The unit-cell design methodology is detailed, and two transmitarray designs are realized in both X and Ka bands. Experimental results from a fabricated X-band \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20 times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cell array prototype demonstrate a peak aperture efficiency of 30%, accompanied by a simultaneous 16% -1 dB gain and 1 dB axial ratio bandwidths. Furthermore, the measured wideband and highly efficient Ka-band transmitarray with a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$70 times 70$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cell array confirmed a remarkable gain of 39.8 dB and 55% aperture efficiency at 29 GHz, surpassing previous LP-CP transmitarray antennas, while maintaining axial ratio values below 1 dB in a bandwidth larger than 26%.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1061-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10552367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-06DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678
Andrés Gómez-Álvarez;Álvaro F. Vaquero;Manuel Arrebola;Marcos Rodriguez Pino
In this article, two multibeam reflectarray antennas are presented for Ka-band in a multi-feed configuration. Both feature a wide-angle scanning range with very low scan losses. They are designed using an iterative optimization process based on a phase-only optimization (POO) which allows fine control over the gain for each beam. The phase responses of the lattice cells are selected taking into account the illumination levels and radiation requirements of all feeds in the system. Minimization of scanning losses and overall antenna compactness are prioritized in the design. The feeding elements are placed along a tilted arc with a low F/D of 0.58. Compared to other beam scanning reflectarray designs in the literature, inter-feed blockage is avoided and thus simultaneous multibeam operation is supported. The two reflectarray designs are implemented using a unit cell with low losses and high angular stability, and they operate in different orthogonal linear polarizations. They are manufactured and measured, showing very low scan losses of 0.5 dB and 1.4 dB across a ±45-degree scanning range, while having maximum gain levels of 28.2 dBi and 29.4 dBi respectively. Moreover, they present extremely low beam squint across the evaluated 3 GHz band, and a measured 1 dB fractional bandwidth over 6.8% and 10%.
本文介绍了两种多馈源配置的 Ka 波段多波束反射阵列天线。这两种天线都具有扫描损耗极低的广角扫描范围。它们的设计采用了基于纯相位优化（POO）的迭代优化过程，可对每个波束的增益进行精细控制。在选择晶格单元的相位响应时，会考虑到系统中所有馈电的照明水平和辐射要求。扫描损耗最小化和天线整体紧凑性是设计中的优先考虑因素。馈电元件沿倾斜弧线放置，F/D 值低至 0.58。与文献中的其他波束扫描反射阵列设计相比，该设计避免了馈电间的阻塞，因此可支持多波束同时运行。这两种反射阵列设计都采用了具有低损耗和高角度稳定性的单元单元，并在不同的正交线性极化下工作。经过制造和测量，它们在 ±45 度扫描范围内的扫描损耗分别为 0.5 dB 和 1.4 dB，而最大增益水平分别为 28.2 dBi 和 29.4 dBi。此外，它们在评估的 3 GHz 波段内波束斜视极低，测量的 1 dB 分数带宽超过 6.8% 和 10%。
{"title":"Multibeam Compact Reflectarray Antenna With Low Scan Loss and Wide-Angle Performance Using a Multi-Feed Configuration","authors":"Andrés Gómez-Álvarez;Álvaro F. Vaquero;Manuel Arrebola;Marcos Rodriguez Pino","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3410678","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, two multibeam reflectarray antennas are presented for Ka-band in a multi-feed configuration. Both feature a wide-angle scanning range with very low scan losses. They are designed using an iterative optimization process based on a phase-only optimization (POO) which allows fine control over the gain for each beam. The phase responses of the lattice cells are selected taking into account the illumination levels and radiation requirements of all feeds in the system. Minimization of scanning losses and overall antenna compactness are prioritized in the design. The feeding elements are placed along a tilted arc with a low F/D of 0.58. Compared to other beam scanning reflectarray designs in the literature, inter-feed blockage is avoided and thus simultaneous multibeam operation is supported. The two reflectarray designs are implemented using a unit cell with low losses and high angular stability, and they operate in different orthogonal linear polarizations. They are manufactured and measured, showing very low scan losses of 0.5 dB and 1.4 dB across a ±45-degree scanning range, while having maximum gain levels of 28.2 dBi and 29.4 dBi respectively. Moreover, they present extremely low beam squint across the evaluated 3 GHz band, and a measured 1 dB fractional bandwidth over 6.8% and 10%.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"1095-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10550926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827
Sara Fontana;Simona D’Agostino;Alessandra Paffi;Paolo Marracino;Marco Balucani;Giancarlo Ruocco;Salvatore Maria Aglioti;Francesca Apollonio;Micaela Liberti
In the last decades an innovative technique has emerged in clinical gastroenterology as a compelling alternative to the traditional wired endoscopy, known as Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). Such cutting-edge application is able to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through a miniaturized, swallowable and biocompatible capsule, equipped with electronic components. This allows for the noninvasive measurement of biological data, that is then sent to an external receiving unit through a wireless link. This systematic review prepared according to PRISMA guidelines focuses on the main technological advances of data transmission from the in-body ingestible capsule to an external receiver. A total of 142 studies were screened from a comprehensive literature search, performed in Scopus, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore database. A final number of 47 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results highlight innovative technologies to optimize the wireless link efficacy and safety to an external receiver. High gain, wideband, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and low levels of specific absorption rate (SAR) are of crucial importance. Despite the capsule telemetry design being rather advanced, the bulk of the existing studies focus on the transmission unit design, rather than the receiving one. Moreover, comprehensive numerical studies on realistic human body models are lacking.
{"title":"State of the Art on Advancements in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Telemetry: A Systematic Approach","authors":"Sara Fontana;Simona D’Agostino;Alessandra Paffi;Paolo Marracino;Marco Balucani;Giancarlo Ruocco;Salvatore Maria Aglioti;Francesca Apollonio;Micaela Liberti","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3409827","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades an innovative technique has emerged in clinical gastroenterology as a compelling alternative to the traditional wired endoscopy, known as Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). Such cutting-edge application is able to investigate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through a miniaturized, swallowable and biocompatible capsule, equipped with electronic components. This allows for the noninvasive measurement of biological data, that is then sent to an external receiving unit through a wireless link. This systematic review prepared according to PRISMA guidelines focuses on the main technological advances of data transmission from the in-body ingestible capsule to an external receiver. A total of 142 studies were screened from a comprehensive literature search, performed in Scopus, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore database. A final number of 47 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The results highlight innovative technologies to optimize the wireless link efficacy and safety to an external receiver. High gain, wideband, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and low levels of specific absorption rate (SAR) are of crucial importance. Despite the capsule telemetry design being rather advanced, the bulk of the existing studies focus on the transmission unit design, rather than the receiving one. Moreover, comprehensive numerical studies on realistic human body models are lacking.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1282-1294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10549967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：