Pub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588541
Shu-Wei Yu;Meng-Jin Liao;Xiao Zhang;Qiong-Sen Wu;Lei Zhu;Qing-Hua Jiang;Zhi Quan;Kai-Dong Hong
A dual-polarized antenna array loaded with hybrid decoupling structures is proposed in this article. This special hybrid decoupling method combines interception and neutralization to simultaneously suppress co- and cross-polarized mutual couplings over a wide band. A novel tree-structured split-ring resonator (T-SRR) is proposed and analyzed. The loaded T-SRR baffles realize wideband coupling wave intercepting. In the meantime, it significantly reduces the profile of array. Later, as a complement of interception decoupling, coupled neutralization line (CNL) and defected ground structure (DGS) are introduced to generate an extra neutralizing coupling path. After the hybrid structures are loaded, the proposed array operates within 1.7–2.6 GHz (42%), and the maximum in-band mutual coupling level is reduced from −12.5 dB to −20 dB. Furthermore, the profile of the proposed array decreases from $0.25{lambda }_{0}$ to $0.1{lambda }_{0}$ , exhibiting a 60% reduction. These merits make it suitable for miniaturized wireless communication systems. Compared with other dual-polarized antenna array decoupling methods, the proposed technique drastically reduces the overall profile while maintaining wide bandwidth. The radiation pattern decoupling and optimization effects of the hybrid decoupling method are also considerable.
{"title":"Low-Profile, Wideband, and Decoupled Dual-Polarized Antenna Array Loaded With T-SRR, CNL, and DGS","authors":"Shu-Wei Yu;Meng-Jin Liao;Xiao Zhang;Qiong-Sen Wu;Lei Zhu;Qing-Hua Jiang;Zhi Quan;Kai-Dong Hong","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588541","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-polarized antenna array loaded with hybrid decoupling structures is proposed in this article. This special hybrid decoupling method combines interception and neutralization to simultaneously suppress co- and cross-polarized mutual couplings over a wide band. A novel tree-structured split-ring resonator (T-SRR) is proposed and analyzed. The loaded T-SRR baffles realize wideband coupling wave intercepting. In the meantime, it significantly reduces the profile of array. Later, as a complement of interception decoupling, coupled neutralization line (CNL) and defected ground structure (DGS) are introduced to generate an extra neutralizing coupling path. After the hybrid structures are loaded, the proposed array operates within 1.7–2.6 GHz (42%), and the maximum in-band mutual coupling level is reduced from −12.5 dB to −20 dB. Furthermore, the profile of the proposed array decreases from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.25{lambda }_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1{lambda }_{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, exhibiting a 60% reduction. These merits make it suitable for miniaturized wireless communication systems. Compared with other dual-polarized antenna array decoupling methods, the proposed technique drastically reduces the overall profile while maintaining wide bandwidth. The radiation pattern decoupling and optimization effects of the hybrid decoupling method are also considerable.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1524-1534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11079659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588252
B. G. Parveez Shariff;Tanweer Ali;Pallavi R. Mane;Sameena Pathan;Qammer H. Abbasi;Masood Ur-Rehman;Yahia M. M. Antar;Satish Kumar Sharma;Ahmed A. Kishk
An eight-element linear array antenna is designed to provide a narrow beam, wide bandwidth, and high gain for compact electronic devices while mitigating propagation losses. The design is extended to a two-port MIMO array to enhance channel capacity and reduce RF chain complexity, and can be further scaled to an N-port configuration. A parallel feeding network ensures uniform power distribution. Wideband impedance matching and self-decoupling are achieved by optimizing the ground plane using characteristic mode theory (CMT). Both array and MIMO antennas are fabricated and measured, validating the simulations. The array antenna demonstrates good matching from 20.7 to 42.4 GHz and exhibits circular polarization (CP) with 3 dB axial ratio over 37.5-40.5 GHz at $theta _{E}=pm 20^{circ }$ . The MIMO antenna shows similar matching and CP performance over 37.5-39 GHz. Both achieve narrow beamwidths of 16.5°-7.5° in YZ-plane (H-plane) and fan-shaped beams in the XZ-plane (E-plane), with sidelobe levels between –7 and –16 dB. The MIMO antenna meets all diversity metrics, achieving isolation better than 30.5 dB. Further, the MIMO antenna performance is verified with the frequency-modulated wave and beam-steering radar architecture for automotive radar applications.
{"title":"Wideband Narrow-Beam 16-Element Two-Port MIMO Array Antenna With High Isolation for Automotive Radar and 5G Millimeter Wave Applications","authors":"B. G. Parveez Shariff;Tanweer Ali;Pallavi R. Mane;Sameena Pathan;Qammer H. Abbasi;Masood Ur-Rehman;Yahia M. M. Antar;Satish Kumar Sharma;Ahmed A. Kishk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3588252","url":null,"abstract":"An eight-element linear array antenna is designed to provide a narrow beam, wide bandwidth, and high gain for compact electronic devices while mitigating propagation losses. The design is extended to a two-port MIMO array to enhance channel capacity and reduce RF chain complexity, and can be further scaled to an N-port configuration. A parallel feeding network ensures uniform power distribution. Wideband impedance matching and self-decoupling are achieved by optimizing the ground plane using characteristic mode theory (CMT). Both array and MIMO antennas are fabricated and measured, validating the simulations. The array antenna demonstrates good matching from 20.7 to 42.4 GHz and exhibits circular polarization (CP) with 3 dB axial ratio over 37.5-40.5 GHz at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta _{E}=pm 20^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The MIMO antenna shows similar matching and CP performance over 37.5-39 GHz. Both achieve narrow beamwidths of 16.5°-7.5° in YZ-plane (H-plane) and fan-shaped beams in the XZ-plane (E-plane), with sidelobe levels between –7 and –16 dB. The MIMO antenna meets all diversity metrics, achieving isolation better than 30.5 dB. Further, the MIMO antenna performance is verified with the frequency-modulated wave and beam-steering radar architecture for automotive radar applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 5","pages":"1502-1523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11078418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a novel receiving-transmitting (RA-TA) metasurface unit cell is introduced for folded transmitarray/reflectarray antennas (FTAs/FRAs). The unit cell comprises two substrates with an air gap to ensure optimal transmission and integration of PIN diodes. Polarizer grids are employed for selecting desired polarization while each grid metal provides DC bias independently to a single unit cell with two PIN diodes surface-mounted and their orientation perpendicular to each other, i.e., along ±45°, respectively, enabling 1-bit phase compensation and polarization conversion. Thus, the proposed antenna achieves 1-bit reconfigurability and maintains polarization consistency with the feeding source. Additionally, unlike conventional FTAs and FRAs that necessitate a “±1” voltage configuration, the proposed unit cell offers cost-effectiveness and design simplicity by independently providing a positive voltage to each PIN diode. Thus, the unit cell finds application in FTA for 1-bit beam scanning and FRA for dual-beam operation in both the x- and y-directions, depending on voltage configurations. A 15 × 15 FRA array is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated to validate the proposed concept. This design provides potential applications in wireless communications, particularly in multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems.
{"title":"A Single-Bit Reconfigurable Folded Reflectarray/Transmitarray Antenna","authors":"Manting Wang;Jiachen Du;Dashuang Liao;Chi Hou Chan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3565661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3565661","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel receiving-transmitting (RA-TA) metasurface unit cell is introduced for folded transmitarray/reflectarray antennas (FTAs/FRAs). The unit cell comprises two substrates with an air gap to ensure optimal transmission and integration of PIN diodes. Polarizer grids are employed for selecting desired polarization while each grid metal provides DC bias independently to a single unit cell with two PIN diodes surface-mounted and their orientation perpendicular to each other, i.e., along ±45°, respectively, enabling 1-bit phase compensation and polarization conversion. Thus, the proposed antenna achieves 1-bit reconfigurability and maintains polarization consistency with the feeding source. Additionally, unlike conventional FTAs and FRAs that necessitate a “±1” voltage configuration, the proposed unit cell offers cost-effectiveness and design simplicity by independently providing a positive voltage to each PIN diode. Thus, the unit cell finds application in FTA for 1-bit beam scanning and FRA for dual-beam operation in both the x- and y-directions, depending on voltage configurations. A 15 × 15 FRA array is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated to validate the proposed concept. This design provides potential applications in wireless communications, particularly in multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) systems.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1156-1165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10980345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-30DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3565837
Sami Ullah Khan;Muhammad Aamir;Muhammad Abbas;Uzman Ali;Usman Ali;Sadiq Ullah;Abdul Basir;Toni Björninen
In this paper, a miniaturized implantable antenna is designed for biomedical applications operating within the industrial, scientific, and medical band (ISM, 2.4–2.48 GHz). The proposed implantable antenna has a compact size of $5.5times 5.5times 0$ .64 mm3 and is manufactured using a biocompatible substrate, Roger RO3010 with permittivity of $ varepsilon _{r} = 10.2 quad text {and} quad text {loss tangent of}~ , tan (delta)=0.0022 $ . To enhance safety, a superstrate and a silicon coating around the antenna are employed to isolate the antenna from the surrounding biological tissues. The simulation software from the HFSS and CST studio suite was utilized to simulate and optimize the proposed implantable antenna, followed by fabrication and testing. The simulation of the proposed antenna was evaluated in terms of its reflection coefficient and gain within a three-layered body phantom, while the testing of the proposed design was carried out using minced pork. The proposed implantable antenna exhibits an 811 MHz bandwidth and a −21 dBi measured gain at 2.45 GHz. Furthermore, for safety evaluation, the specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis was conducted and was found to be within standard limits. The simulated and measured results show a strong correlation, demonstrating that the antenna delivers state-of-the-art performance for implantable biomedical applications.
本文设计了一种小型植入式天线，用于在工业、科学和医疗频段（ISM, 2.4-2.48 GHz）内运行的生物医学应用。所提出的可植入天线的紧凑尺寸为$5.5times 5.5times 0$ .64 mm3，使用生物相容性衬底Roger RO3010制造，其介电常数为$ varepsilon _{r} = 10.2 quad text {and} quad text {loss tangent of}~ , tan (delta)=0.0022 $。为了提高安全性，天线周围采用了上覆层和硅涂层，将天线与周围的生物组织隔离开来。利用HFSS和CST studio套件的仿真软件对所提出的植入式天线进行仿真和优化，然后进行制作和测试。根据天线在三层体模体中的反射系数和增益对天线进行了仿真评估，并使用碎猪肉对天线设计进行了测试。该可植入天线在2.45 GHz时的带宽为811 MHz，测量增益为- 21 dBi。此外，在安全性评价方面，进行了比吸收率（SAR）分析，发现其在标准范围内。模拟和测量结果显示出很强的相关性，表明该天线为植入式生物医学应用提供了最先进的性能。
{"title":"A Wideband and Low-SAR Antenna Design at 2.45 GHz for Biomedical Applications","authors":"Sami Ullah Khan;Muhammad Aamir;Muhammad Abbas;Uzman Ali;Usman Ali;Sadiq Ullah;Abdul Basir;Toni Björninen","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3565837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3565837","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a miniaturized implantable antenna is designed for biomedical applications operating within the industrial, scientific, and medical band (ISM, 2.4–2.48 GHz). The proposed implantable antenna has a compact size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.5times 5.5times 0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.64 mm3 and is manufactured using a biocompatible substrate, Roger RO3010 with permittivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ varepsilon _{r} = 10.2 quad text {and} quad text {loss tangent of}~ , tan (delta)=0.0022 $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. To enhance safety, a superstrate and a silicon coating around the antenna are employed to isolate the antenna from the surrounding biological tissues. The simulation software from the HFSS and CST studio suite was utilized to simulate and optimize the proposed implantable antenna, followed by fabrication and testing. The simulation of the proposed antenna was evaluated in terms of its reflection coefficient and gain within a three-layered body phantom, while the testing of the proposed design was carried out using minced pork. The proposed implantable antenna exhibits an 811 MHz bandwidth and a −21 dBi measured gain at 2.45 GHz. Furthermore, for safety evaluation, the specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis was conducted and was found to be within standard limits. The simulated and measured results show a strong correlation, demonstrating that the antenna delivers state-of-the-art performance for implantable biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1166-1174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10980331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a novel Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) operating in the K-band with enhanced directivity at broadside. A rigorous method that combines the analysis of the band diagrams of Bloch waves propagating within two-dimensional (2-D) EBG structures and the properties of bound and leaky modes in transversely open lattice waveguides is used to design the antenna. For the first time, a three-dimensional (3-D) realistic configuration of the EBG structure is designed, manufactured, and measured in the K-band. An effective leaky-wave approach is applied in conjunction with the use of “ad-hoc” and commercial EM full-wave software for the accurate design of the structure to be realized. The prototype consists of $7times {times }8$ alumina cylinders positioned above a ground plane and supported by two vertical metal plates. The antenna is fed by two counterphase monopoles. A rat-race hybrid junction, located just below the antenna, feeds the two monopoles. The measurements show a very good agreement with the adopted leaky-wave model. Experimental results show a broadside directivity of 12.8 dBi and a return loss of 24 dB at the frequency of $f = 24.6$ GHz. The design reported operates in the K-band in reason of its application for the project PRIN 2017 WPT4WID under grant 2017YJE9XK005.
{"title":"Dielectric EBG Leaky-Wave Antenna: Design and Experimental Validation","authors":"Ludovica Tognolatti;Paolo Baccarelli;Cristina Ponti;Silvio Ceccuzzi;Vakhtang Jandieri;Giuseppe Schettini","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3564352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3564352","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) operating in the K-band with enhanced directivity at broadside. A rigorous method that combines the analysis of the band diagrams of Bloch waves propagating within two-dimensional (2-D) EBG structures and the properties of bound and leaky modes in transversely open lattice waveguides is used to design the antenna. For the first time, a three-dimensional (3-D) realistic configuration of the EBG structure is designed, manufactured, and measured in the K-band. An effective leaky-wave approach is applied in conjunction with the use of “ad-hoc” and commercial EM full-wave software for the accurate design of the structure to be realized. The prototype consists of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$7times {times }8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> alumina cylinders positioned above a ground plane and supported by two vertical metal plates. The antenna is fed by two counterphase monopoles. A rat-race hybrid junction, located just below the antenna, feeds the two monopoles. The measurements show a very good agreement with the adopted leaky-wave model. Experimental results show a broadside directivity of 12.8 dBi and a return loss of 24 dB at the frequency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$f = 24.6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> GHz. The design reported operates in the K-band in reason of its application for the project PRIN 2017 WPT4WID under grant 2017YJE9XK005.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1126-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10976693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3564481
Ahmed Abdelraheem;Duhan Eroglu;Karim Seddik;Dimitrios Peroulis
Wheeler’s definition of an electrically small antenna is one circumscribed by a one-radian sphere $(kalt 1)$ . The electrical size ka approximates the highest-order multipole contributing to radiation. Thus, antenna miniaturization should consider the excited multipoles. Following this definition, current literature lacks references to electrically small dielectric resonator antennas (ESDRAs) in the microwave regime. One reason is the lack of design approaches that monitor and engineer the excited multipoles in the dielectric resonator. In this study, a Mie scattering-based approach is proposed, employing multipolar decomposition to tailor the dielectric resonator multipoles. The poor radiation efficiency associated with small size $(kalt 1)$ is remedied by on-resonance multipole overlapping, subsequently increasing aperture efficiency and gain. Two simple single-ported ESDRAs with the smallest reported ka of 0.99 and 0.62 are presented. Driven by a deeply subwavelength, poorly radiating elementary electric dipole, high-efficiency ESDRAs are obtained. The presented ESDRAs have similar geometrical configurations yet drastically different radiation characteristics: unidirectional and magnetic omnidirectional patterns, 2.2 dB and 1.9 dB peak realized gains, 166% and 403% aperture efficiencies, 66% and 86% radiation efficiencies, −41 dB and −25 dB reflection losses, and 42% and 64% smaller size than the smallest reported ESDRA in the microwave regime—$ka {=}1.7$ .
{"title":"Multipolar On-Resonance Interference for Super-Gain Electrically Small Dielectric Resonator Antenna (ESDRA) Design","authors":"Ahmed Abdelraheem;Duhan Eroglu;Karim Seddik;Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3564481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3564481","url":null,"abstract":"Wheeler’s definition of an electrically small antenna is one circumscribed by a one-radian sphere <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(kalt 1)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The electrical size ka approximates the highest-order multipole contributing to radiation. Thus, antenna miniaturization should consider the excited multipoles. Following this definition, current literature lacks references to electrically small dielectric resonator antennas (ESDRAs) in the microwave regime. One reason is the lack of design approaches that monitor and engineer the excited multipoles in the dielectric resonator. In this study, a Mie scattering-based approach is proposed, employing multipolar decomposition to tailor the dielectric resonator multipoles. The poor radiation efficiency associated with small size <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(kalt 1)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is remedied by on-resonance multipole overlapping, subsequently increasing aperture efficiency and gain. Two simple single-ported ESDRAs with the smallest reported ka of 0.99 and 0.62 are presented. Driven by a deeply subwavelength, poorly radiating elementary electric dipole, high-efficiency ESDRAs are obtained. The presented ESDRAs have similar geometrical configurations yet drastically different radiation characteristics: unidirectional and magnetic omnidirectional patterns, 2.2 dB and 1.9 dB peak realized gains, 166% and 403% aperture efficiencies, 66% and 86% radiation efficiencies, −41 dB and −25 dB reflection losses, and 42% and 64% smaller size than the smallest reported ESDRA in the microwave regime—<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ka {=}1.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1135-1155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10976707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562609
Afiza Nur Binti Jaafar;Hajar Ja’Afar;Yoshihide Yamada;Nurul Huda Abd Rahman;Naobumi Michishita;Norsiha Zainudin;Fatemeh Sedeghikia;Rina Abdullah
In the next generation of 6G mobile system, communication network will be extending to the underwater area. Underwater comprises of seawater and freshwater areas. Recently, the need of communication tools in freshwater are rising particularly in remote sensing, monitoring, aquaculture and surveillance operations in lakes and rivers. Previous studies were limited to some experiment data in propagation attenuation and low-gain antenna configurations. Previously, because antenna performances in the water condition was not clearly analysed, radio link design could not well discuss. In this paper, antenna design and electrical performance in underwater use is clarified. Then, analysis of electric field distributions underwater and radio link design equation are clarified using electromagnetic simulations. A frequency of 433 MHz is selected from the ISM band. For a high gain antenna, an axial mode helical antenna is selected because of structural simplicity and adaptability of gain change by changing number of turns. The antenna is placed in a capsule to prevent direct contact with surrounding water. In order to achieve effective antenna gain, it is shown to fill the capsule with distilled water of zero conductivity. In the analysis of radio propagation, the increment of power density degradation at distance is compared between simulation and theoretical results. From the good agreement of simulation and theoretical results, effectiveness of antenna gain in the water condition is ensured. To evaluate the link design equation, simulation results for both the transmitting and receiving conditions of the antenna were obtained. It is clarified that the Friis transmission formula is useful for the link design equation. Finally, propagation measurement results at a swimming pool of 1.2-meter depth are compared with the simulation results. It is noted that water surface reflections disturb propagation attenuation.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Analysis of Radio Propagation in Fresh Water and Measurement by Axial Mode Helical Antenna at 433 MHz","authors":"Afiza Nur Binti Jaafar;Hajar Ja’Afar;Yoshihide Yamada;Nurul Huda Abd Rahman;Naobumi Michishita;Norsiha Zainudin;Fatemeh Sedeghikia;Rina Abdullah","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562609","url":null,"abstract":"In the next generation of 6G mobile system, communication network will be extending to the underwater area. Underwater comprises of seawater and freshwater areas. Recently, the need of communication tools in freshwater are rising particularly in remote sensing, monitoring, aquaculture and surveillance operations in lakes and rivers. Previous studies were limited to some experiment data in propagation attenuation and low-gain antenna configurations. Previously, because antenna performances in the water condition was not clearly analysed, radio link design could not well discuss. In this paper, antenna design and electrical performance in underwater use is clarified. Then, analysis of electric field distributions underwater and radio link design equation are clarified using electromagnetic simulations. A frequency of 433 MHz is selected from the ISM band. For a high gain antenna, an axial mode helical antenna is selected because of structural simplicity and adaptability of gain change by changing number of turns. The antenna is placed in a capsule to prevent direct contact with surrounding water. In order to achieve effective antenna gain, it is shown to fill the capsule with distilled water of zero conductivity. In the analysis of radio propagation, the increment of power density degradation at distance is compared between simulation and theoretical results. From the good agreement of simulation and theoretical results, effectiveness of antenna gain in the water condition is ensured. To evaluate the link design equation, simulation results for both the transmitting and receiving conditions of the antenna were obtained. It is clarified that the Friis transmission formula is useful for the link design equation. Finally, propagation measurement results at a swimming pool of 1.2-meter depth are compared with the simulation results. It is noted that water surface reflections disturb propagation attenuation.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1112-1125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10970736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562292
Hafsa Talpur;Ulan Myrzakhan;Juan Andres Vásquez-Peralvo;Shuai Zhang;Symeon Chatzinotas
In the past few years, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has developed into a revolutionary factor in the design and manufacturing of satellite RF/antenna components, providing benefits over traditional manufacturing techniques, such as cost-efficient, lightweight structure, complex design flexibility, and monolithically integrates different parts in signal structure. AM profoundly impacts how satellite antennas, waveguides, and other RF components are manufactured and deployed across several orbital regimes. However, complex atmospheric conditions in space primarily affect satellite system performance, degrading antenna efficiency and longevity. This is due to many reasons, mainly extreme thermal cycle variation, atmospheric radiations, vacuum environment, and mechanical pressure; hence the choice of AM technique and material are crucial for onboard satellite components design to ensure system performance stability. Based on the latest research, this paper provides a review of current state-of-the-art AM printed antennas and RF components incorporating different AM techniques and materials to obtain specific design characteristics such as high gain, wide bandwidth, beamforming, and better power handling capacity, particularly for Ku, K, and Ka-band satellite communication (SATCOM). Furthermore, the paper highlights some techniques to enhance the performance of existing AM technologies and material properties, making them suitable for onboard SATCOM applications that withstand extreme atmospheric conditions. The paper serves as a valuable guide on the AM of SATCOM antenna/RF component design, providing insights into material selection and AM techniques for efficient fabrication.
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Antennas and RF Components for SATCOM: A Review","authors":"Hafsa Talpur;Ulan Myrzakhan;Juan Andres Vásquez-Peralvo;Shuai Zhang;Symeon Chatzinotas","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562292","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few years, additive manufacturing (AM) technology has developed into a revolutionary factor in the design and manufacturing of satellite RF/antenna components, providing benefits over traditional manufacturing techniques, such as cost-efficient, lightweight structure, complex design flexibility, and monolithically integrates different parts in signal structure. AM profoundly impacts how satellite antennas, waveguides, and other RF components are manufactured and deployed across several orbital regimes. However, complex atmospheric conditions in space primarily affect satellite system performance, degrading antenna efficiency and longevity. This is due to many reasons, mainly extreme thermal cycle variation, atmospheric radiations, vacuum environment, and mechanical pressure; hence the choice of AM technique and material are crucial for onboard satellite components design to ensure system performance stability. Based on the latest research, this paper provides a review of current state-of-the-art AM printed antennas and RF components incorporating different AM techniques and materials to obtain specific design characteristics such as high gain, wide bandwidth, beamforming, and better power handling capacity, particularly for Ku, K, and Ka-band satellite communication (SATCOM). Furthermore, the paper highlights some techniques to enhance the performance of existing AM technologies and material properties, making them suitable for onboard SATCOM applications that withstand extreme atmospheric conditions. The paper serves as a valuable guide on the AM of SATCOM antenna/RF component design, providing insights into material selection and AM techniques for efficient fabrication.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"943-977"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10970055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562228
Yunhao Fu;King Yuk Chan;Rodica Ramer
This paper investigates orthogonal modes and their space harmonics in a dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide (RWG) leaky-wave structure. The dispersion analysis on orthogonal modes in periodic structures aims to determine the feasibility of two individual beams steering in different spatial regions. The Brillouin diagrams explain the basic principles of the constructed leaky-wave structure; a feeding network is developed for mode excitation. The proposed two-port prototype utilizes standard printed circuit board (PCB) and 3D printing techniques, and the dispersion properties reveal an agreement between measurements and simulations. From 19.6 to 22.2 GHz, the measurements showcase two separate beams steered for each port excitation. One excited port steers a beam in the forward quadrant, from +35° to +65°, while the other port excitation results in the second beam steered in the backward quadrant, from −66° to −35°. Since these two beams are produced by orthogonal modes that are independently excited from different ports, the measured in-band isolation of −20 dB between two input ports confirms that the two beams can be separately driven within the same frequency band. In addition, the two beams maintain linear polarization consistency in different spatial quadrants while scanning with frequency.
{"title":"Investigation of Orthogonal Modes in a Periodic Structure and Application to Two-Separate Beams Steering Within the Same Frequency Band","authors":"Yunhao Fu;King Yuk Chan;Rodica Ramer","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3562228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates orthogonal modes and their space harmonics in a dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide (RWG) leaky-wave structure. The dispersion analysis on orthogonal modes in periodic structures aims to determine the feasibility of two individual beams steering in different spatial regions. The Brillouin diagrams explain the basic principles of the constructed leaky-wave structure; a feeding network is developed for mode excitation. The proposed two-port prototype utilizes standard printed circuit board (PCB) and 3D printing techniques, and the dispersion properties reveal an agreement between measurements and simulations. From 19.6 to 22.2 GHz, the measurements showcase two separate beams steered for each port excitation. One excited port steers a beam in the forward quadrant, from +35° to +65°, while the other port excitation results in the second beam steered in the backward quadrant, from −66° to −35°. Since these two beams are produced by orthogonal modes that are independently excited from different ports, the measured in-band isolation of −20 dB between two input ports confirms that the two beams can be separately driven within the same frequency band. In addition, the two beams maintain linear polarization consistency in different spatial quadrants while scanning with frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1096-1111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10970078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3561450
Maximilian Döring;Thomas Frey;Dominik Schwarz;Felix Matt;Christian Waldschmidt;Tobias Chaloun
Phased array systems have become an integral part of many communication and sensor applications. Despite advancements in suppressing scan blindness, existing methods lack adaptive features to enhance radiation efficiency for specific frequency-angle pairs. In this article, a dual-polarized stacked patch antenna with a novel electronically tunable coupling circuit is introduced, enabling adaptive control of the coupling mechanism between adjacent unit cells. An infinity array simulation demonstrates the advantages of integrating varactor diodes into the coupling circuit, enhancing the radiation efficiency for discrete frequency-angle pairs. Furthermore, additional degree of design freedom is achieved through the adaptive control of the coupling mechanism of adjacent unit cells. An $11times 11$ demonstrator antenna is realized to validate the full-wave simulation results. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulations. Through far-field measurements the impact of the electronically tunable coupling circuit is demonstrated, enhancing the scan efficiency at frequencies of 27.5 GHz and 31.5 GHz. For both principal planes at 27.5 GHz, a measured gain improvement of at least 2 dB is achieved, while in the E-plane at 31.5 GHz, the onset of a scan degradation within the range of $pm {mathrm {60~ {^{circ}}}}$ can be mitigated.
{"title":"A Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array With Tunable Element Coupling for Enhanced Scan Capabilities","authors":"Maximilian Döring;Thomas Frey;Dominik Schwarz;Felix Matt;Christian Waldschmidt;Tobias Chaloun","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3561450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3561450","url":null,"abstract":"Phased array systems have become an integral part of many communication and sensor applications. Despite advancements in suppressing scan blindness, existing methods lack adaptive features to enhance radiation efficiency for specific frequency-angle pairs. In this article, a dual-polarized stacked patch antenna with a novel electronically tunable coupling circuit is introduced, enabling adaptive control of the coupling mechanism between adjacent unit cells. An infinity array simulation demonstrates the advantages of integrating varactor diodes into the coupling circuit, enhancing the radiation efficiency for discrete frequency-angle pairs. Furthermore, additional degree of design freedom is achieved through the adaptive control of the coupling mechanism of adjacent unit cells. An <inline-formula> <tex-math>$11times 11$ </tex-math></inline-formula> demonstrator antenna is realized to validate the full-wave simulation results. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulations. Through far-field measurements the impact of the electronically tunable coupling circuit is demonstrated, enhancing the scan efficiency at frequencies of 27.5 GHz and 31.5 GHz. For both principal planes at 27.5 GHz, a measured gain improvement of at least 2 dB is achieved, while in the E-plane at 31.5 GHz, the onset of a scan degradation within the range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm {mathrm {60~ {^{circ}}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be mitigated.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1071-1083"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10966438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：